MSc (Zoology) / Department of Zoology / See the attached abstract below

The research of this thesis will focus on the performance of farm forestry trees in Mubende district, Uganda. In order to this, the research will help to fill the existing knowledge gap on the performance of farm forestry trees of east Africa specially Uganda. The conducted tree species are Markhamia lutea, Ficus natalensis, Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Anitaris toxicaria, Persea americana, Albizia coriaria and Spathodea campanulata. The selection of the trees was mainly driven through the availability of age information. The trees were measured in height, age, DBH, length of commercial stem, diameter at specific height and visual observations e.g. occurrence and stem quality. To compare the performance of the conducted tree species a regression analysis with eight different functions was carried out for each tree species. The results are reproducible Stand- Height-Curves, height curves, DBH curves and curves for the single tree volume. The decision on the best curve was made on their biological plausibility and their statistical calculations. Additionally, the farmers of the trees were interviewed about their tree species for e.g. purposes of the tree, value of the wood and their own impressions on the growth of the tree species. The recommendation for the best applicable function is the Petterson function for the Stand-Height- Curve and the function of Richards for the height-, DBH- and single tree volume curve. Still these functions shouldn’t be used without comparison to other functions, especially because the used functions were developed for tree stand conditions and not specially for agroforestry conditions were the tree growth is in general higher. Additionally, an upscaling and prediction of the monetary tree values is made on the basis of the single tree volume curves and the interview results. The prediction of the farmers possible income through the cultivation of trees is made for Markhamia lutea, Ficus natalensis, Anitaris toxicaria and Albizia coriaria and assumes that 100 trees are planted on one hectare. Albizia coriaria 3.630 € achieves the highest possible extra income for the farmer followed by Ficus natalensis with 1.300 €, Anitaris toxicaria with 910€ and Markhamia lutea with 880 €. This thesis gives an example on the performance and possible monetary value of tree species in Mubende district, Uganda. Further investigation is needed to fill the knowledge gap in the performance of east African tree species and their values completely. Keywords: performance, tree growth, utilization, Uganda, East-Africa

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-15T17:40:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO JONES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 1781652 bytes, checksum: 5ecbeafd5b48184bce3785273190c6dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T17:40:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO JONES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 1781652 bytes, checksum: 5ecbeafd5b48184bce3785273190c6dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / A Região Nordeste do Brasil é caracterizada por clima semiárido, sendo os volumes precipitados normalmente inferiores à evaporação e, tornando o uso da irrigação imprescindível para uma produção agrícola sustentável, entretanto, o manejo inadequado da irrigação atrelado às condições locais, tem favorecido os processos de salinização e sodificação de solos, promovendo a degradação e o abandono de extensas áreas anteriormente produtivas. Entre as áreas afetadas por sais nessa região, destaca-se o Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo - PB em situação de degradação de solos com problemas de sais, isso ensejou a propositura de estudar métodos e técnicas visando o melhoramento das características físicas e químicas do solo. O experimento foi instalado em área previamente identificada como possuidora de solo salino-sódico no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo, e para a recuperação fez-se da aplicação dos métodos e da técnica da fitorremediação com Erva-Sal (Atriplex numulária L.), Capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica L.), Salsa - Brava (Ipomoea asarifolia L.) e Gesso agrícola. A pesquisa constou de oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram submetidos a um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com os seguintes tratamentos: i) cultivo de atriplex; ii) cultivo de capim-pé-galinha, iii) cultivo de salsa, iv) solo com gesso; v)aplicação de gesso agrícola associado ao cultivo de atriplex; vi)aplicação de gesso agrícola associado ao cultivo de capim pé-de-galinha; vii)aplicação de gesso agrícola associado ao cultivo de salsa e viii) solo sem manejo (testemunha), numa área total de 62 m² conduzido em campo, em parcelas de 1,40 x 1,40 m. Com esse estudo pretende-se recuperar solo afetados por sais, utilizando um método alternativo, mais viável economicamente e sustentável através de plantas capazes de extrair os sais em excesso do solo. / Brazil's Northeast region is characterized by semi-arid climate, and the precipitated volumes usually lower than the evaporation and, making use of vital irrigation for sustainable agricultural production, however, inadequate irrigation management linked to local conditions, has favored processes salinization and sodification soils, promoting the degradation and abandonment of extensive formerly productive areas. Among the areas affected by salts in this region, we highlight the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo - PB in soil degradation situation with salt problems and this gave rise to the filing of study methods and techniques aimed at improving the physical and chemical characteristics ground. The experiment was installed in previously identified area as saline-sodic soil possessed in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, and the recovery was made of the application of methods and phytoremediation technique with herb-salt (Atriplex moneywort L.), grass crow's foot bath (Eleusine indica L.), Salsa - Brava (Ipomoea asarifolia L.) and Agricultural Gypsum. The survey consisted of eight treatments, with four replications, the treatments were subjected to a randomized block design (RBD), with the following treatments: i) atriplex cultivation; ii) grass-foot-chicken farming, iii) salsa culture, iv) soil with gypsum; v) application of gypsum associated with atriplex cultivation; vi) application of gypsum associated with grass growing chicken's foot; vii) application of gypsum associated with the parsley cultivation and viii) soil without management (control), a total area of 62 m² conducted under field conditions in portions of 1.40 x 1.40 m. With this study we intend to recover salt affected soil, using an alternative method more economically viable and sustainable through plants capable of extracting soil excess salts.

The word 'marijuana' was introduced to Australia by the US Bureau of Narcotics via the Diggers newspaper, Smith's Weekly, in 1938. Marijuana was said to be 'a new drug that maddens victims' and it was sensationally described as an 'evil sex drug'. The resulting tabloid furore saw the plant cannabis sativa banned in Australia, even though cannabis had been a well-known and widely used drug in Australia for many decades. In 1964, a massive infestation of wild cannabis was found growing along a stretch of the Hunter River between Singleton and Maitland in New South Wales. The explosion in Australian marijuana use began there. It was fuelled after 1967 by US soldiers on rest and recreation leave from Vietnam. It was the Baby-Boomer young who were turning on. Pot smoking was overwhelmingly associated with the generation born in the decade after the Second World War. As the conflict over the Vietnam War raged in Australia, it provoked intense generational conflict between the Baby-Boomers and older generations. Just as in the US, pot was adopted by Australian Baby-Boomers as their symbol; and, as in the US, the attack on pot users served as code for an attack on the young, the Left, and the alternative. In 1976, the 'War on Drugs' began in earnest in Australia with paramilitary attacks on the hippie colonies at Cedar Bay in Queensland and Tuntable Falls in New South Wales. It was a time of increasing US style prohibition characterised by 'tough-on-drugs' right-wing rhetoric, police crackdowns, numerous murders, and a marijuana drought followed quickly by a heroin plague; in short by a massive worsening of 'the drug problem'. During this decade, organised crime moved into the pot scene and the price of pot skyrocketed, reaching $450 an ounce in 1988. Thanks to the Americanisation of drugs policy, the black market made 'a killing'. In Marijuana Australiana I argue that the 'War on Drugs' developed -- not for health reasons -- but for reasons of social control; as a domestic counter-revolution against the Whitlamite, Baby-Boomer generation by older Nixonite Drug War warriors like Queensland Premier, Bjelke-Petersen. It was a misuse of drugs policy which greatly worsened drug problems, bringing with it American-style organised crime. As the subtitle suggests, Marijuana Australiana relies significantly on 'alternative' sources, and I trawl the waters of popular culture, looking for songs, posters, comics and underground magazines to produce an 'underground' history of cannabis in Australia. This 'pop' approach is balanced with a hard-edged, quantitative analysis of the size of the marijuana market, the movement of price, and the seizure figures in the section called 'History By Numbers'. As Alfred McCoy notes, we need to understand drugs as commodities. It is only through a detailed understanding of the drug trade that the deeper secrets of this underground world can be revealed. In this section, I present an economic history of the cannabis market and formulate three laws of the market.