Die vorliegende Arbeit prüft bei der gärtnerischen Modell-Kultur Cyclamen den Einfluss des Genotyps (interspezifische Hybriden) auf generative Merkmale sowie bei C. persicum `Melody´ den Einfluss von Kultivierungsmaßnahmen wie die Besiedelung der Wurzeln durch einen symbiontischen Pilz (Piriformospora indica) in Kombination mit einem differenzierten Phosphor-Angebot auf vegetative und generative Merkmale: (1) Pflanzendurchmesser, (2) Blühzeitpunkt und Blütenanzahl, (3) Anzahl Samenanlagen pro Fruchtknoten, (4) Vitalität von Pollen und Samenanlagen, (5) Mikrosporogenese, (6) Befruchtungsvorgang (Pollenschlauchwachstum, Anteil Fruchtknoten mit Pollenschläuchen, Anzahl Pollenschläuche im Griffel und Penetration der Pollenschläuche in die Micropyle), (7) abortierte Blüten nach der Bestäubung (8) Samenbildung und (9) Samenanzahl. / The present paper investigates Cyclamen as an horticultural model-culture. A main Focus is on the characteristics of the Cyclamen genotype, notably with interspecific hybrids. Further, Cyclamen persicum cv. served as a model to analyse effects on parameters of pollination, seed development and number of ovules per ovary, which are caused by a root colonization of the seed bearer with the symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica (Piri) in combination with a differentiated phosphorus supply. In this regard, plant diameter, flowering time and flower number, the viability of pollen and ovules, the microsporogenesis, the growth of pollen tubes, the seed formation and the seed count were considered among important parameters of pollination and seed development.

Banco do Nordeste do Brasil / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuÃria / AgÃncia do Desenvolvimento do Estado do Cearà / Cearà has about 750 furniture industries, among medium and small. The extraction and the lack of wood to meet demand represent the main problems of the sector. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the development and physiological responses of native tree species and exotic scrub under two water regimes in Baixo - AcaraÃ, CearÃ. The seedlings were grown in plastic pots containing 288 cm3 as carbonized rice husk substrate, carnauba straw chopped and hydromorphic soil volumetric proportion of 3:2:2. The experiment was conducted in Marco Ceara explored in the postharvest area. The species aroeira (Myracroduon urundeuva AllemÃo), acÃcia australiana (Acacia mangium Willd), frei jorge (Cordia trichotoma (Vellozo) ArrÃb. ex Steud.), nim (Azadirachtha indica A. Juss.), jatobà (Hymenaea courbaril L.) mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) e sobrasil (Colubrina glandulosa var. reizzi) were planted at 2x3 m spacing with 15 plants/row. We conducted a fertilization foundation(120 g of NPK (10-28-20) + 30 g of FTE BR 12) and semiannually and fertilizer training (50 g of NPK (10-28-20). The first 12 months the entire area was irrigated by micro which was suspended after this period until the end of the experiment only one side, dividing into two sub (plots), with and without irrigation scheme. Monthly for 36 months held up measurements of height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in 12 plants of the central row of the plot of each species in each treatment, also led physiological evaluations for individuals marked during the dry and rainy season each treatment. The experiment followed a design in repeated measures, in an arrangement with split plots. Acacia species studied stood out over the others reaching a height at 36 months of age of 15,18 m and 14,69 m under irrigation under rainfed conditions . Regarding the DBH at 36 months the acaciaa was superior to the others, but developing - better under irrigated conditions (16,88 cm) than under dryland (15,78 cm). Generally the species showed decreases in conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis when exposed to water deficit, on the other hand proved to be efficient in water use indicating strong stomatal regulation. There were no severe damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the species. We conclude that the species have the potential to be explored in the soil and climatic conditions of the region. / O Cearà possui cerca de 750 indÃstrias moveleiras, entre mÃdias e pequenas. O extrativismo e a falta de madeira para atender a demanda representam os principais problemas do setor. Diante disso, objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar o desenvolvimento e respostas fisiolÃgicas de espÃcies arbÃreas nativas da caatinga e exÃticas sob dois regimes hÃdricos no perÃmetro irrigado Baixo AcaraÃ, CearÃ. AtravÃs de mudas que foram produzidas em tubetes de 288 cm3 contendo como substrato casca de arroz carbonizada, bagana de carnaÃba triturada e solo hidromÃrfico na proporÃÃo volumÃtrica de 3:2:2. O experimento foi conduzido em AcaraÃ, Cearà em Ãrea experimental conduzida pela Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical, com as espÃcies aroeira (Myracroduon urundeuva AllemÃo), acÃcia (Acacia mangium Willd), frei jorge (Cordia trichotoma (Vellozo) ArrÃb. ex Steud.), nim (Azadirachtha indica A. Juss.), jatobà (Hymenaea courbaril L.) mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) e sobrasil (Colubrina glandulosa var. reizzi). Plantadas no espaÃamento 2x3 m em trÃs linhas com 15 plantas/linha. Efetuou-se uma adubaÃÃo de fundaÃÃo (120 g de NPK (10-28-20) + 30 g de FTE BR 12) e semestralmente adubaÃÃo de formaÃÃo (50 g de NPK (10-28-20). Nos primeiros 12 meses toda a Ãrea foi irrigada por microaspersÃo, suspensa apÃs este perÃodo atà o final do experimento somente de um lado, dividindo em duas subÃreas (parcelas), regime irrigado e irrigaÃÃo de salvamento. Semestralmente durante 36 meses procederam-se avaliaÃÃes da altura e diÃmetro a altura do peito (DAP) em 12 plantas da fileira central das espÃcies em cada regime hÃdrico. TambÃm foram conduzidas avaliaÃÃes fisiolÃgicas durante a estaÃÃo seca e chuvosa em cada regime hÃdrico. O experimento seguiu um delineamento em medidas repetidas, em um arranjo com parcelas subsubdivididas. AcÃcia destacou-se em relaÃÃo Ãs demais atingindo altura e DAP aos 36 meses de idade de 15,18 m e 16,88 cm sob irrigaÃÃo e 14,69 m e 15,78 cm sob irrigaÃÃo de salvamento. De modo geral as espÃcies apresentaram decrÃscimos na condutÃncia, transpiraÃÃo e fotossÃntese quando submetidas a dÃficit hÃdrico, por outro lado mostraram-se eficiente no uso da Ãgua indicando forte regulaÃÃo estomÃtica. NÃo foi verificado danos severos no aparato fotossintÃtico das espÃcies. Conclui-se que as espÃcies possuem potencial para serem exploradas nas condiÃÃes edafoclimÃticas da regiÃo.

Le taro (Colocasia esculenta L SCHOTT) est un tubercule d’une grande importance alimentaire au Tchad pour la consommation humaine et animale. La littérature sur les pratiques culturales et les technologies traditionnelles post-récolte des variétés tchadiennes demeure presque inexistante. Une enquête a donc été menée dans la région du Mayo-Kebbi (Tchad) où le taro est très cultivé. Il résulte qu’il existe principalement deux variétés de taro au Tchad : la variété « Gouning souol» ou variété locale qui est caractérisée par une âcreté importante et un temps de cuisson prolongé (6 à 8 h). Ces propriétés ont entraîné l’abandon de la culture de cette variété au profit de la variété « Gouning sosso » qui présente une âcreté moindre et un temps de cuisson plus court (45 à 60 minutes). Une technique traditionnelle pour réduire l’âcreté et diminuer le temps de cuisson consiste à tremper les tranches de taro frais soit dans l’eau, soit dans une solution de trempage de maïs ou soit dans une infusion de tamarin pendant 24 à 48 h selon l'intensité de l'âcreté. Après séchage au soleil, les cossettes sèches sont transformées en farine. Ces produits de transformation servent à la préparation de boules de pâtes, de bouillie, de soupes ou de beignets. Des analyses ont été effectuées sur une gamme d’échantillon de farine de taro produite conformément à la recette artisanale dans l’optique de comprendre l’effet de cette technologie traditionnelle. Des cossettes fraîches de taro ont été trempées pendant 0, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h et 24 h dans de l’eau, ou dans une solution de trempage de maïs ou dans une infusion de tamarin. Chaque échantillon a ensuite été séché au soleil pendant 48 h puis broyé en farine. La matière sèche, les protéines brutes, les cendres, les fibres brutes, les macroéléments minéraux et oligoéléments ont été évalués dans le but de déterminer les effets du trempage traditionnel sur le profil nutritionnel du taro. La digestibilité in vitro de l’amidon sous l’action de l’α-amylase et la teneur en oxalates de différentes farines de taro ont été également déterminées. Il ressort de ces analyses que seul le trempage dans une infusion de tamarin a induit une baisse significative (P < 0,001) de la teneur en protéines brutes (de 3,26 % pour T0 à 2,68 % pour le traitement au tamarin à T24). L’infusion de tamarin n’a pas modifié la teneur en fibres brutes alors que les autres traitements l’ont assez significativement diminuée (P < 0,001). Toutes les méthodes de trempage ont entraîné une diminution significative des teneurs en minéraux, à l’exception d’une augmentation des teneurs en sodium (due à la qualité de l’eau des préparations) et en phosphore (probablement due à l’hydrolyse des phytates du maïs). Une perte significative en fer a été constatée passant de 144 mg/kg de MS (témoin) à 78 mg/kg de MS (échantillon traité à l’eau pendant 12 h), soit une perte de 45,83 %. La plus faible diminution de taux de fer est observée dans le cas de l'échantillon trempé dans l'infusion de tamarin avec une perte maximale de 31,25 % après 24 h. La teneur en zinc ne varie pas. Les procédés de trempage entraînent globalement une amélioration de la digestibilité du taro après une simple cuisson (95°C pendant 30 minutes) qui passe de 39,30 % (échantillon témoin non trempé) à 78,67 % pour le taro trempé dans l’eau. Après 3 h de trempage, la farine de taro traitée par la solution de maïs est significativement plus digestible (77,12 %) que les échantillons résultant de deux autres traitements [tamarin (60,86 %), eau (60,45 %)] qui sont statistiquement similaires. (...) / Colocasia esculenta L SCHOTT is a valuable tuber widely consumed in Chad by humans and livestock. There is very little available literature about the cultivation and the post-harvest traditional technologies of the Chadian varieties of taro. A survey was carried out in the Mayo-Kebbi region ( Chad) where taro is a widely cultivated. There are two main varieties of taro in Chad : the " Gouning souol " variety, a local variety characterized by an important level of acridity and the prolonged cooking time (6 to 8 hours). The presence of these properties led to the replacement of the cultivation of this variety by the " Gouning sosso " variety which presents a lower level of acridity and a shorter cooking time (45 to 60 minutes). A traditional process to reduce the acridity and decrease the cooking time consists in dipping the slices of fresh taro in the water, or in a corn solution or in a tamarind infusion for a period of 24 to 48 hours according to the intensity of the acridity. After drying in the sun, the dried chips are ground into flour. This flour is then used to prepare mixtures of porridge, soups and cakes. Analyses were carried out on samples of taro flour produced in accordance with the traditional methods of soaking to determine the effects of this traditional process. Fresh taro chips were dipped over a period of 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours in the water, or in the corn infusion or in the tamarind infusion. Each sample was then dried in the sun for 48 hours and ground into flour. Dry matter, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, minerals and various trace elements were assessed. The in vitro digestibility of taro starch using α-amylase enzyme and the amount of total oxalates in the different taro flour were also determined. The soaking in the tamarind infusion induced a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in protein content (from 3.26 % for the control sample to 2.68 % for the treatment with the tamarind infusion at T24). The other treatments (corn solution and water) reduced also the protein level of taro but not significantly. The crude fibre content was not affected by the tamarind infusion but decreased significantly in the other treatments at the threshold level of 5 %. All methods of soaking led to a significant decrease of the mineral contents, except for an increase in sodium (due to the quality of the water used to prepare solutions) and in phosphorus (probably due to the hydrolysis of phytates by the corn infusion). A significant loss in trace element (Iron) was observed, decreasing from 144 mg / kg of DM (control sample) to 78 mg / kg of DM (after 12 hours of water soaking) corresponding to a loss of 45.83 %. The lowest decrease in iron level was observed after the treatment by the tamarind infusion (31.25 % after 24 hours). All the soaking processes were seen to have improved the digestibility of taro flour. By simply cooking (at a temperature of 95°C for 30 minutes), the in vitro digestibility increased from 39.30 % for the control sample to 78.67 % for the water treated samples of taro. After three hours of soaking, the taro flour treated by the solution of corn becomes significantly more digestible (77.12 %) than by the two other treatments [tamarind (60.86 %), water (60.45 %)] that are statistically similar. (...)

La coiffe racinaire est cruciale à la croissance et survie du méristème subapical de racine. Elle libère des cellules frontières (CFs) qui assurent la protection de l’apex racinaire. Les CFs associées à leur mucilage forment le piège extracellaire de racine (RET). La caractérisation du RET et des exsudats racinaires de trois essences ligneuses sahéliennes à partir de plantules cultivées in vitro a été réalisée. B. aegyptiaca et A. raddiana prospèrent dans les zones semi-arides, à l’opposé de T. indica. La morphologie des CFs et l’organisation du RET ont été déterminées par microscopie. La compostion en glycopolymères et la détection des arabinogalactanes proteines (AGPs) dans le RET et les exsudats racinaires ont été déterminées par des analyses biochimiques. L’effet des exsudats racinaires sur la croissance d’Azospirillum brasilense, une bactérie bénéfique pour la plante a été évalué. B. aegyptiaca produit des CFs de type border cells (BCs) alors que les autres Fabaceae produisent des BCs et des border-like cells. Les BCs sont entourées d’un dense mucilage riche en polymères de paroi. Le RET et les exsudats racinaires issus de B. aegyptiaca et A. raddiana sont plus riches en AGPs que ceux provenant T. indica. Les AGPs pourraient contribuer à la survie des plantules dans un contexte semiaride. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche concernant l'implication du RET dans la survie des plantes à l'aridité. / The root cap is primordial for seedling growth and supports root apical meristem integrity. The root cap releases root border cells (RBCs) that surround the root tip and ensure seedling protection against numerous stresses. RBCs and their associated mucilage form the root extracellular trap (RET). Here, RET and root exudate characterization of three Sahelian woody seedlings are performed. In contrast to B. aegyptiaca and A. raddiana which thrive in semi-arid areas, T. indica is more sensitive to drought. B. aegyptiaca, A. raddiana and T. indica seedlings were sub-cultured in vitro. RBC morphologies and RET organization were determined using microscopic approaches. The polysaccharide composition and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) content were determined by biochemical approaches in the RET and the root exudates. Moreover, the effect of root exudates on the growth of Azospirillum brasilense a plant benefical bacteria has been performed. While B. aegyptiaca produces only border cell (BC) type, the two Fabaceae seedlings release both BCs and border-like cells (BLCs). BCs are enclosed in a dense mucilage enriched in cell wall polymers. Compared to T. indica, RET and root exudates of B. aegyptiaca and A. raddiana include more abundant AGPs. In this context, AGPs could contribute to woody seedling survival. This work opens new research perspectives regarding involvement of RET in plant survival to aridity.

[Truncated abstract] The use of constructed wetlands for tertiary purification of municipal wastewater has received increasing attention around the world because direct discharge of secondary-treated municipal wastewater to water bodies has caused eutrophication. Plant species selection and vegetation management may enhance nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the relations between plant growth and nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. The objective of this study is to better understand how plant growth and resource allocation are influenced by nutrients in wastewater and how nutrient removal efficiencies are affected by plant species and vegetation management. The preliminary experiment was conducted to select macrophytes, especially ornamental species, to grow in the wastewater in the wetland microcosms. Ten plant species, comprising six ornamental species: Alocasia macrorrhiza, Canna indica, Iris louisiana, Lythrum sp., Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zantedeschia sp., and four sedge species: Baumea articulate, Baumea juncea, Carex tereticaulis and Schoenoplectus validus, were planted in the wetland microcosms and fed a simulated wastewater solution in the concentrations similar to the secondary-treated municipal wastewater. C. indica has shown vigorous and healthy growth, and a relatively high potential of rooting-zone aeration and nutrient removal efficiency. B. articulata and S. validus also showed relatively high nutrient removal efficiency. ... The high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio were required for stimulating plant growth, resulting in allocation of more resources to above-ground tissues compared to below-ground parts, and enhancing nutrient removal efficiency. Nutrient removal efficiencies were significantly influenced by growth of C. indica and S. validus, nutrient loading rates and N/P ratios in the wastewater. The nutrient uptake kinetics of C. indica and S. validus were investigated to elucidate the differences in nutrient uptake between species. Wetland plant species have shown differential nutrient uptake efficiency and different preferences for inorganic N source, with C. indica preferring NO3-N and S. validus preferring NH4-N. C. indica had greater capacity than S. validus to take up PO4-P when the concentration of PO4-P in the solution was relatively low, whereas S. validus was more capable than C. indica to take up NO3-N when the concentration of NO3-N in the solution was relatively low. The PO4-P uptake capacity was higher in younger than older plants. Overall, the study has suggested that different plant species have differential capacity to take up nutrients. In addition to nutrient uptake, plants have significant other roles in terms of nutrient removal from the wastewater (such as leaking oxygen into the rhizosphere in which oxidation of substances like ammonia can occur). The properly high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio are required to stimulate the plant growth, resulting in enhancing the treatment performance in the wetlands. These findings have important implications for improving our ability to engineer ecological solutions to the problems associated with nutrient-rich wastewater.

Dans un contexte général de valorisation alimentaire et non alimentaire du figuier de barbarie, nous nous sommes intéressés lors de cette étude à l'analyse morphologique de la pelure et des graines du fruit. Les polysaccharides pariétaux des différentes parois ont été isolés, purifiés, et leurs caractérisations ont été réalisées grâce aux méthodes chimiques ainsi qu'à la RMN haute résolution (1H et 13C) et en phase solide (CP/MAS). L'autre aspect du travail décrit la modification chimique des microfibrilles de cellulose. Il traite, dans un premier temps, de l'oxydation de la cellulose par le système TEMPO-NaOCl-NaBr et les conditions opératoires ont été optimisées dans le but de préparer des échantillons d'acide polyglucuroniques. La seconde étape met l'accent sur le greffage, via un couplage peptidique, du poly-N-isopropylacrylamide en vue d'élaborer des biopolymères thermostimulables à partir de la cellulose oxydée.

Le taro (Colocasia esculenta L SCHOTT) est un tubercule d'une grande importance alimentaire au Tchad pour la consommation humaine et animale. La littérature sur les pratiques culturales et les technologies traditionnelles post-récolte des variétés tchadiennes demeure presque inexistante. Une enquête a donc été menée dans la région du Mayo-Kebbi (Tchad) où le taro est très cultivé. Il résulte qu'il existe principalement deux variétés de taro au Tchad : la variété " Gouning souol" ou variété locale qui est caractérisée par une âcreté importante et un temps de cuisson prolongé (6 à 8 h). Ces propriétés ont entraîné l'abandon de la culture de cette variété au profit de la variété " Gouning sosso " qui présente une âcreté moindre et un temps de cuisson plus court (45 à 60 minutes). Une technique traditionnelle pour réduire l'âcreté et diminuer le temps de cuisson consiste à tremper les tranches de taro frais soit dans l'eau, soit dans une solution de trempage de maïs ou soit dans une infusion de tamarin pendant 24 à 48 h selon l'intensité de l'âcreté. Après séchage au soleil, les cossettes sèches sont transformées en farine. Ces produits de transformation servent à la préparation de boules de pâtes, de bouillie, de soupes ou de beignets. Des analyses ont été effectuées sur une gamme d'échantillon de farine de taro produite conformément à la recette artisanale dans l'optique de comprendre l'effet de cette technologie traditionnelle. Des cossettes fraîches de taro ont été trempées pendant 0, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h et 24 h dans de l'eau, ou dans une solution de trempage de maïs ou dans une infusion de tamarin. Chaque échantillon a ensuite été séché au soleil pendant 48 h puis broyé en farine. La matière sèche, les protéines brutes, les cendres, les fibres brutes, les macroéléments minéraux et oligoéléments ont été évalués dans le but de déterminer les effets du trempage traditionnel sur le profil nutritionnel du taro. La digestibilité in vitro de l'amidon sous l'action de l'α-amylase et la teneur en oxalates de différentes farines de taro ont été également déterminées. Il ressort de ces analyses que seul le trempage dans une infusion de tamarin a induit une baisse significative (P < 0,001) de la teneur en protéines brutes (de 3,26 % pour T0 à 2,68 % pour le traitement au tamarin à T24). L'infusion de tamarin n'a pas modifié la teneur en fibres brutes alors que les autres traitements l'ont assez significativement diminuée (P < 0,001). Toutes les méthodes de trempage ont entraîné une diminution significative des teneurs en minéraux, à l'exception d'une augmentation des teneurs en sodium (due à la qualité de l'eau des préparations) et en phosphore (probablement due à l'hydrolyse des phytates du maïs). Une perte significative en fer a été constatée passant de 144 mg/kg de MS (témoin) à 78 mg/kg de MS (échantillon traité à l'eau pendant 12 h), soit une perte de 45,83 %. La plus faible diminution de taux de fer est observée dans le cas de l'échantillon trempé dans l'infusion de tamarin avec une perte maximale de 31,25 % après 24 h. La teneur en zinc ne varie pas. Les procédés de trempage entraînent globalement une amélioration de la digestibilité du taro après une simple cuisson (95°C pendant 30 minutes) qui passe de 39,30 % (échantillon témoin non trempé) à 78,67 % pour le taro trempé dans l'eau. Après 3 h de trempage, la farine de taro traitée par la solution de maïs est significativement plus digestible (77,12 %) que les échantillons résultant de deux autres traitements [tamarin (60,86 %), eau (60,45 %)] qui sont statistiquement similaires. (...)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T17:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO BRANDÃO TORRES NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2009..pdf: 8942773 bytes, checksum: 5e58ef74c4a8c8c72d4700726c6be397 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T17:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO BRANDÃO TORRES NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2009..pdf: 8942773 bytes, checksum: 5e58ef74c4a8c8c72d4700726c6be397 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09 / Desde a primeira crise do petróleo, em 1973, o álcool etílico vem despertando um crescente interesse do Governo Federal do Brasil e dos pesquisadores do mundo, e atualmente dos governos dos países desenvolvidos, como os Estados Unidos, Alemanha, França e países em desenvolvimento, como a índia e a China. Este fato se deve às pressões do esgotamento das fontes não-renováveis de combustíveis fósseis, como também à geopolítica do mundo (maiores reservas de petróleo em países com problemas de conflitos e instabilidade política). Surge, também, a busca por novas fontes de obtenção do álcool, os materiais lignocelulósicos. A palma forrageira foi introduzida no Brasil para dar suporte à criação de um inseto conhecido como cochonilha, este responsável pela produção de um corante de alto valor comercial na época. Com o passar dos anos o uso da palma passou a ser bastante diversificado pois, além de servir como forragem, ela produz frutas e verduras para consumo humano, biomassa para fins energéticos (combustível e biogás) e inúmeros produtos como bebidas, queijo vegetariano, remédios e cosméticos; elas servem, ainda, para abrigar e alimentar diversas espécies selvagens que vivem em ambientes áridos. A palma forrageira vem despertando interesse de muitos pesquisadores por se tratar de uma cultura bastante difundida e apresentar, em sua composição, celulose e hemicelulose, substâncias que podem ser utilizadas para obtenção de açúcares fermentescíveis; ela é, também, uma cultura bastante resistente à seca e produzida o ano inteiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o processo de pré-hidrólise ácida da palma para obtenção de um licor pré-hidrolisado rico em pentoses diminuindo, assim, suas concentrações na matéria-prima, sendo esta o cladódio da palma forrageira do tipo gigante. O cladódio da palma foi recepcionado no Laboratório de Engenharia Bioquímica, onde se determinou sua umidade e se obteve a matéria seca. Fez-se a caracterização desta matéria (pH, açúcares redutores totais, sólidos solúveis, cinzas, hemicelulose, celulose, lignina e concentração de pentoses e hexoses). Foram realizados dois planejamentos experimentais 23 da pré-hidrólise para verificar a influência das variáveis temperatura, concentração de ácido e razão matéria seca/ácido sobre as respostas soma de pentoses e percentual de aumento de pentoses e, em seguida, foi realizada uma hidrólise preliminar acompanhada de uma fermentação. Com os resultados do planejamento fatorial experimental 23 verificou-se que apenas o segundo planejamento foi estatisticamente significativo ao nível de 95% de confiança para a média e a variável razão. Operando-se com razão abaixo de 1/10, para quaisquer valores de temperatura e concentração de ácido, obtém-se soma e percentual de aumento de pentoses acima de 8 g/L e 8000%, respectivamente. Durante a fermentação não houve produção de álcool etílico, devido, provavelmente, à formação de inibidores no processo de hidrólise, que se demonstrou através da forte coloração no licor hidrolisado. / Since the first petroleum crisis in 1973, ethylic alcohol has been arousing a growing interest by the Federal Government in Brazil and by researchers worldwide, and nowadays by governments of developed countries, such as the United States, Germany, and France, and by developing countries, such as índia and China. This is due to the pressure caused by the depletion of non-renewable sources of fóssil fuels, as well as to world geopolitics (greater reserves of petroleum in countries with problems of conflicts and politicai instability). The search for new sources for obtaining alcohol, such as lignocelluloses materiais, is also arising. Forage cactus was introduced in Brazil to support the raising of an insect known as cochonilha, which is responsible for the production of a dye that was of high commercial value at that time. Throughout the years, the use of this cactus has become very diversified, because aside from being used as forage, it produces fruit and greens for human consumption, biomass for energy reasons (fuels and biogas) and countless other products, such and beverages, vegetarian cheese, medicines and cosmetics. Furthermore, it is useful to shelter and feed various wild species that live in arid environments. Forage cactus has been arousing interest among many researchers because it is not only a greatly diffused culture and presents cellulose and hemicelluloses in its composition, and these substances can be used for obtaining fermentable sugars, but it is also a culture which is resistant to drought and can be produced ali year long. The purpose of this paper was to study the process of acid pre-hydrolysis of the cactus to obtain a prehydrolyzed liquor, high in pentose, thus diminishing the concentration in this raw material, which is the cladode of the giant forage cactus. The cactus cladode was received at the Biochemistry Engineering Laboratory, where its moisture content was determined and a dry matter was obtained. This matter was characterized (pH, total reducing sugars, soluble solids, ashes, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, and the concentration of pentose and hexoses). Two factorial designs 23 of pre-hydrolysis were performed to verify the influence of the variables of temperature, acid concentration and dry matter/acid ratio over the responses to the sum of pentose and the percentile of pentose increase, and then a preliminary hydrolysis followed by fermentation was performed. With the results to the factorial design 23, it was verified that only the second design was statistically significant to a 95% levei of confidence for the mean and the variable ratio. Operating with the ratio below 1/10, for any value of temperature and acid concentration the sum and percentile increase in pentose is obtained above 8 g/L and 8000%, respectively. During fermentation, there wasn't production of ethylic acid, probably due to the formation of inhibitors in the hydrolysis process that was demonstrated through the strong color of the hydrolyzed liquor.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-01T13:46:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARCOS FREITAS DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 8394725 bytes, checksum: c724d80a99ec4cb907ef7c29ea570318 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-01T13:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARCOS FREITAS DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 8394725 bytes, checksum: c724d80a99ec4cb907ef7c29ea570318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09 / CNPq / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o processo de secagem das farinhas de palma gigante e da farinha da cabeça de camarão para alimentação humana. Foram utilizados cladódios de palma gigante e cabeça de camarão, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com um arranjo 2x6; (2 farinhas: farinha de palma e farinha com diferentes teores de camarão) e (6 tratamentos de secagem: in natura, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C e 100°C) com 3 repetições. Foram analisados teor de água, cinzas, protídeos, lipídios, carboidratos, valor calórico total (VCT), pH, açúcares totais e redutores, sólidos solúveis totais. Na análise sensorial com população de 80 provadores, foram avaliados aparência, cor e odor da farinha de palma com 15, 20 e 25% de farinha de camarão, utilizando-se uma escala hedônica de 1 a 7 pontos. Os resultados de secagem foram analisados com a utilização do programa Statistica 7 e a comparação entre os parâmetros fisioquímicos foi utilizado o programa Assistat versão 7.5. Conclui- se que: Dentre os três modelos aplicados no ajuste das curvas de secagem aos dados experimentais de secagem da palma e da cabeça de camarão, o que melhor representa osdados experimentais de secagem é o de Page, em todas as temperaturas; Os produtos elaborados com maiores percentuais de farinha de cabeça de camarão, 20 e 25 %, foram os preferidos pelos provadores, quanto aos parâmetros Aparência e cor, com médias entre 6 e 7, correspondendo a um conceito entre gostei ligeiramente e gostei regularmente. / The objective of this research was to study the drying process of flour and palm giant head flour shrimp for human consumption. Cladodes of giant palm and shrimp head were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with a 2x6 arrangement, (2 flour: palm flour and palm flour with different leveis of shrimp) and (6 drying treatments: fresh, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C and 100 °C) with 3 replications. We analyzed water content, ash, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, total caloric value (TCV), pH, total and reducing sugars, soluble solids. A sensory analysis with a population of 80 tasters was performed; appearance, color and odor of palm flour with 15, 20 and 25% flour of shrimp had been evaluated, a hedonic scale of 1 to 7 points was used. The drying results were analyzed using Statistica 7 and comparing the physical chemical parameters we used software version 7.5 Assistat. It was concluded that: Among the three models used in adjusting the drying curve to experimental data and drying palm head shrimps, which best represents the experimental data of drying is to Page, at ali temperatures; Products manufactured with the highest percentages of shrimp head meai, 20 and 25%, were preferred by tasters, with averages between 6 and 7, corresponding to a concept between enjoyed slightly and enjoyed regularly.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-18T18:10:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA LUIZA CÂNDIDO GUIMARÃES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2016.pdf: 617660 bytes, checksum: 1456a50dfce33633c3a33265c9c936a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T18:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA LUIZA CÂNDIDO GUIMARÃES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2016.pdf: 617660 bytes, checksum: 1456a50dfce33633c3a33265c9c936a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20 / A berinjela e a rúcula são hortaliças exigentes em nitrogênio (N) para uma produção adequada, fazendo com que o N encontre-se como o nutriente mais aplicado na agricultura na forma de fertilizantes minerais e, o que apresenta menor eficiência, devido suas perdas por diversos processos. Entretanto, uma das formas de evitar tais perdas em solos de elevada CTC, é inibir o processo de nitrificação. Desta forma o fornecimento adequado de N associados a produtos que retardem esse processo podem reduzir os impactos negativos causados por tais perdas. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de extratos e folhas de Nim sobre a mineralização e nitrificação do nitrogênio no solo, bem como seu efeito no crescimento e nutrição nitrogenada da berinjela e rúcula. Três experimentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram conduzidos com amostras de um solo de textura franco arenosa. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram constituídos por um arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, compreendendo 4 tratamentos referentes a inibição da nitrificação à base de nim (extratos de folhas; extrato de sementes; folhas secas e sem inibidor) e duas doses de N (0 e 320 mg dm-3), com cinco repetições. No primeiro experimento, durante 28 dias, a cada sete dias, foram avaliados, os teores de nitrato (NO3-), amônio (NH4+), N-mineral e a relação amônio/nitrato presente no solo. O segundo, foi realizado com plantas de berinjela, da cultivar “Embú”, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por um arranjo fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro tratamentos da inibição da nitrificação (extratos de folhas; extrato de sementes; folhas secas e sem inibidor) e quatro doses de N (20; 120; 220 e 320 mg dm-3), com três repetições. Na fase de préflorescimento, foram determinados as variáveis de crescimento; os teores foliares e os acúmulos das de nitrogênio. No terceiro experimento, utilizou-se plantas de rúcula, da cultivar “rúcula cultivada” onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por um arranjo fatorial 4 x 4, compreendendo quatro tratamentos da inibição da nitrificação (extratos de folhas; extrato de sementes; folhas secas e sem inibidor) e quatro doses de N (10; 120; 220 e 320 mg dm-3), com três repetições. No ponto de colheita da rúcula, avaliou-se o crescimento; teores foliares e acúmulos das frações de nitrogênio. Durante os 28 dias de incubação, os produtos à base de nim não inibiram claramente o processo de mineração ou nitrificação do N aplicado ao solo, houve apenas uma retardação da mineração deste N quando esteve associado a extratos de folhas ou de sementes. A adubação nitrogenada influenciou no crescimento da berinjela e da rúcula, proporcionando incremento na produção e nos teores e acúmulos de N nas folhas. A resposta da rúcula a adubação nitrogenada, foi dependente dos produtos à base de nim. / The eggplant and arugula are demanding vegetables in nitrogen (N) to a suitable production, making the N meet as the nutrient usually applied in agriculture in the form of mineral fertilizer and which has lower efficiency, because their losses various processes. However, one way to avoid such loss in high CTC soils isinhibit nitrification. Thus, the adequate supply of N associated with products that retard this process can reduce the negative impacts caused by such losses. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of extracts and leaves of neem on the mineralization and nitrification of nitrogen in the soil and its effect on growth and nitrogen nutrition eggplant and arugula. Three experiments in completely randomized design were conducted with samples of soil sandy loam texture. In the first experiment, the treatments were factorial arrangement 4 x 2, comprising 4 treatments related to nitrification inhibition based on neem (leaf extracts; seed extract, dried leaves and without inhibitor) and two N rates (0 and 320 mg dm-3), with five repetitions. In the first experiment for 28 days, every seven days, were evaluated the levels of nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), N-mineral and ammonium relationship/nitrate in the soil. The second was made with eggplants, cultivar "Embu" where treatments were factorial arrangement 4 x 4, with four treatments of nitrification inhibition (leaf extracts; seed extract, dried leaves and without inhibitor) and four nitrogen rates (20, 120, 220 and 320 mg dm-3) with three replications. In the pre-flowering stage, they were determined growth variables; leaf contents and accumulations of nitrogen. In the third experiment, used rocket plants, cultivar "grown arugula" where treatments were factorial arrangement 4 x 4, comprising four treatments of nitrification inhibition (leaf extracts; seed extract, dried leaves and without inhibitor) and four nitrogen rates (10, 120, 220 and 320 mg dm-3) with three replications. At the point of picking arugula, was evaluated growth; foliar and accumulations of nitrogen fractions. During the 28 days of incubation, the neem-based products not clearly inhibited the process of mining or nitrification of N applied to the soil, there was only a deceleration of mining this when N was associated with extracts of leaves or seeds. Nitrogen fertilization influenced the growth of eggplant and arugula, providing an increase in production and content and accumulation of N in the leaves. The Arugula response to nitrogen fertilization was dependent on the products of neem