This thesis addresses the question of how data protection law should respond to the challenges arising from the ever-increasing prevalence of big data. The investigation is conducted with the case study of online behavioural advertising (OBA) and within the EU data protection legal framework, especially the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is argued that data protection law should respond to the big data challenges by leveraging the regulatory options that are either already in place in the current legal regime or potentially available to policymakers. With the highly complex, powerful and opaque OBA network, in both technical and economic terms, the use of big data may pose fundamental threats to certain individualistic, collective or societal values. Despite a limited number of economic benefits such as free access to online services and the growth of the digital market, the latent risks of OBA call for an effective regulatory regime on big data. While the EU's GDPR represents the latest and most comprehensive legal framework regulating the use of personal data, it has still fallen short on certain important aspects. The regulatory model characterised by individualised consent and the necessity test remains insufficient in fully protecting data subjects as autonomous persons, consumers and citizens in the context of OBA. There is thus a pressing need for policymakers to review their regulatory toolbox in the light of the potential threats. On the one hand, it is necessary to reconsider the possibilities to blacklist or whitelist certain data uses with mechanisms that are either in place in the legal framework or can be introduced additionally. On the other hand, it is also necessary to realise the full range of policy options that can be adopted to assist individuals in making informed decisions in the age of big data.

The aim was to investigate the effects of an intervention, based on education given to staff and implementation of an individualized nutritional programme given to the residents, to compare assessments on admission with a previous study, and to perform diagnostic test and inter-rater reliability of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). A further aim was to identify and describe factors with regard to appetite among the residents. Upon admission, and after a four month intervention period, residents were classified as being either protein energy malnourished (PEM), or not, based on anthropometry and biochemical measurements. On both occasions, the Activity Index and the Mini Mental State Examination were used. In order to identify individuals in need of nutritional care, the MNA was performed. Information about medical data was obtained. A total of 127 residents were consecutively admitted to eight resident homes in a municipality in Sweden. Three resident homes constituted the experimental unit (n = 68) and five the control unit (n = 59). Fifteen residents were interviewed using a qualitative method, to investigate what affects their appetite. On admission 32 % of the residents were classified as PEM, which was similar to in the previous study. A higher frequency of residents in the present study had severe medical diseases and cognitive impairment, compared with the previous study, indicating changed admission criteria in the present study. Between the experimental and the control groups, no differences were seen in any specific anthropometric or biochemical variable. Within the groups, statistically significant differences were seen, as the number of PEM residents in the experimental group decreased, and motor activity and overall cognitive function improved. In the control group, motor activity deteriorated. This indicates that the intervention improved nutritional status and functional capacity in the residents. Diagnostic sensitivity was 73 % regarding MNA versus PEM, and 89 % regarding MNA short form (MNA-SF) versus MNA, which indicates a rather high degree of sensitivity in both tests. Inter-rater reliability of MNA, carried out by simultaneous assessments by registered nurses and researcher showed a moderate agreement of 62 % (kappa 0.41). The interview study showed that the willingness to eat was what affected the residents´ appetite. The willingness to eat contains internal factors, dependent on mood and personal values, as well as external factors, dependent on wholesomeness, food, eating environment and meal fellowship. When planning and realizing residents´ nutritional care, factors affecting the residents´ appetite have to be taken into consideration. In conclusion, the results show that it is important to implement and develop strategies for individual nutritional care, in order to prevent and treat malnutrition in elderly people, which is in line with recommendations given by the European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) and with the Swedish goal of nursing actions.

It is critical for researchers to be confident of the quality of survey data. Problems with data quality often relate to measurement method design, through choices made by researchers in their creation of standardised measurement instruments. This is known to affect the way respondents interpret and respond to these instruments, and can result in substantial measurement error. Current methods for removing measurement error are post-hoc and have been shown to be problematic. This research proposes that innovations can be made through the creation of measurement methods that take respondents¿ individual cognitions into consideration, to reduce measurement error in survey data. Specifically, the aim of the study was to develop and test a measurement instrument capable of having respondents individualise their own rating-scales. A mixed methodology was employed. The qualitative phase provided insights that led to the development of the Individualised Rating-Scale Procedure (IRSP). This electronic measurement method was then tested in a large multi-group experimental study, where its measurement properties were compared to those of Likert-Type Rating-Scales (LTRSs). The survey included pre-validated psychometric constructs which provided a baseline for comparing the methods, as well as to explore whether certain individual characteristics are linked to respondent choices. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the survey data. Whilst no strong associations were found between individual characteristics and respondent choices, the results demonstrated that the IRSP is reliable and valid. This study has produced a dynamic measurement instrument that accommodates individual-level differences, not addressed by typical fixed rating-scales.

This research comprised an investigation into the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational creativity. The overall aim of the research was to determine whether creativity in organisations can be linked to transformational leadership behaviours. A literature review was done to conceptualise transformational leadership and organisational creativity and to identify the theoretical relationship between these concepts. During the investigation it was found that a relationship does exist between transformational leadership and organisational creativity. A one-way ANOVA analysis and post hoc analysis were performed to address the empirical research questions. The descriptive statistics were analysed in terms of senior management and middle management, and their raters. The data analysis revealed that the research results were largely supportive of the theoretical research findings on the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational creativity. With regard to senior management, it was found that most raters rated their teams as creative, despite the fact that a relationship between transformational leadership and organisational creativity could not be determined due to the small sample size. With regard to middle management, it was found that a correlation existed between inspirational motivation, idealised influence (attributes and behaviour) and organisational creativity. It was further found that there was a correlation between senior management’s perceptions of their transformational leadership attributes and their direct reportees’ perceptions. There were significant differences between middle managers’ perceptions of certain elements of transformational leadership and that of their direct reportees. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The aim of the thesis is to highlight and to problematize conceptions of unemployment in Swedish society. The questions guiding my work have been: Which conceptions of unemployment emerge in society? How are these dealt with by the unemployed? Work on the thesis has been guided by a social constructionist approach. The empirical findings are constituted by four publications which, in various ways, are linked to overarching aim of the thesis. These publications consist of an analysis of the legal regulation surrounding the unemployed, a study of the activities of civil society organisations working with unemployed and two publications based on interviews with long-term unemployed young adults. The thesis provides increased knowledge of conceptions of unemployment in Swedish society. It shows that there is a widespread societal discourse concerning the individual being responsible for her/his unemployment, and that this conception has historically been well-grounded in Swedish labour market and social policy, as well as in people’s understandings. Among representatives of civil society organisations and unemployed individuals, there is also both a questioning of and a resistance to this understanding, indicating a possible change in the discourse. The thesis further shows that the individualisation of responsibility greatly affects individuals’ approaches in social contexts, as well as in their contacts with government agencies, but also when it comes to relationships with politics and political involvement. These insights are significant, for example during both policy formulation and efforts for the unemployed, bearing in mind that consideration needs to be paid to individual prerequisites in order for the individual’s strengths and abilities to be utilized. This is particulary important when it comes to those in an exposed position. / ”Men alltså grejen är ju att i dagens samhälle, i min ålder... Det är så många som är arbetslösa så det är så godkänt nu liksom. Folk tänker bara ’jaha är du också arbetslös’... Liksom antingen är dom arbetslösa själva, eller så har dom i alla fall en kompis eller tre som också är arbetslösa.” Den bild som framkommer i intervjun med Fredrik skiljer sig betydligt från den bild som ofta återspeglas i medier och politiska debatter, där individens egna ansvar och skyldigheter för att befinna sig i arbetslöshet betonas i allt högre grad. Dessa skilda utgångspunkter kan få olika följder ifråga om exempelvis förväntningar på arbetslösa, arbetslösa människors självbild eller arbetslöshetspolitik. Denna avhandling ger en ökad kunskap om vilka föreställningar om arbetslöshet som finns i det svenska samhället idag. Genom analyser av rättslig reglering, civilsamhälleliga organisationers verksamheter samt intervjuer med arbetslösa människor söker denna avhandling att synliggöra och problematisera förståelser av arbetslöshet samt hur dessa förståelser hanteras av arbetslösa.

The aim of the thesis is to highlight and to problematize conceptions of unemployment in Swedish society. The questions guiding my work have been: Which conceptions of unemployment emerge in society? How are these dealt with by the unemployed? Work on the thesis has been guided by a social constructionist approach. The empirical findings are constituted by four publications which, in various ways, are linked to overarching aim of the thesis. These publications consist of an analysis of the legal regulation surrounding the unemployed, a study of the activities of civil society organisations working with unemployed and two publications based on interviews with long-term unemployed young adults. The thesis provides increased knowledge of conceptions of unemployment in Swedish society. It shows that there is a widespread societal discourse concerning the individual being responsible for her/his unemployment, and that this conception has historically been well-grounded in Swedish labour market and social policy, as well as in people’s understandings. Among representatives of civil society organisations and unemployed individuals, there is also both a questioning of and a resistance to this understanding, indicating a possible change in the discourse. The thesis further shows that the individualisation of responsibility greatly affects individuals’ approaches in social contexts, as well as in their contacts with government agencies, but also when it comes to relationships with politics and political involvement. These insights are significant, for example during both policy formulation and efforts for the unemployed, bearing in mind that consideration needs to be paid to individual prerequisites in order for the individual’s strengths and abilities to be utilized. This is particulary important when it comes to those in an exposed position. / ”Men alltså grejen är ju att i dagens samhälle, i min ålder... Det är så många som är arbetslösa så det är så godkänt nu liksom. Folk tänker bara ’jaha är du också arbetslös’... Liksom antingen är dom arbetslösa själva, eller så har dom i alla fall en kompis eller tre som också är arbetslösa.” Den bild som framkommer i intervjun med Fredrik skiljer sig betydligt från den bild som ofta återspeglas i medier och politiska debatter, där individens egna ansvar och skyldigheter för att befinna sig i arbetslöshet betonas i allt högre grad. Dessa skilda utgångspunkter kan få olika följder ifråga om exempelvis förväntningar på arbetslösa, arbetslösa människors självbild eller arbetslöshetspolitik. Denna avhandling ger en ökad kunskap om vilka föreställningar om arbetslöshet som finns i det svenska samhället idag. Genom analyser av rättslig reglering, civilsamhälleliga organisationers verksamheter samt intervjuer med arbetslösa människor söker denna avhandling att synliggöra och problematisera förståelser av arbetslöshet samt hur dessa förståelser hanteras av arbetslösa.

This research comprised an investigation into the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational creativity. The overall aim of the research was to determine whether creativity in organisations can be linked to transformational leadership behaviours. A literature review was done to conceptualise transformational leadership and organisational creativity and to identify the theoretical relationship between these concepts. During the investigation it was found that a relationship does exist between transformational leadership and organisational creativity. A one-way ANOVA analysis and post hoc analysis were performed to address the empirical research questions. The descriptive statistics were analysed in terms of senior management and middle management, and their raters. The data analysis revealed that the research results were largely supportive of the theoretical research findings on the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational creativity. With regard to senior management, it was found that most raters rated their teams as creative, despite the fact that a relationship between transformational leadership and organisational creativity could not be determined due to the small sample size. With regard to middle management, it was found that a correlation existed between inspirational motivation, idealised influence (attributes and behaviour) and organisational creativity. It was further found that there was a correlation between senior management’s perceptions of their transformational leadership attributes and their direct reportees’ perceptions. There were significant differences between middle managers’ perceptions of certain elements of transformational leadership and that of their direct reportees. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This theses Brand product as a symbol of young participants is focused on the phenomenon of brands, which is interpreted through its relation to social status. In the theoretical part of the theses there are two contradictory views discussed (T. Veblen's and G. Lipovetsky's), which provide two different points of view concerning contemporary society and the relation between luxurious goods and social status. Through this discussion the thesis provides the characteritics of youth in the context of its developement during the 20th century. Another discussed topic are marketing techniques focusing on today's young generation. In the research part the author aims to find a connection between luxurious brands consumption and the concept of status among young adults studying Czech high schools. Results did not prove this connection to be very strong, and it seems therefore that Lipovetsky's point of view was the one closer to our analysis.

Es wird ein umfassendes Verkehrskonzept für das urbane Umfeld beschrieben, welches durch den neuen kollaborativen Fahrzeugtyp mit dem Namen goG [go 'dschi] ermöglicht wird. Fahrzeuge dieses Typs können sich nahtlos im bestehenden Straßenverkehr eingliedern, ohne dass daran Anpassungen vorzunehmen sind. Auf Grund seiner kollaborativen Fähigkeiten können goGs aber auch zu Konvois des ÖPNVs formiert werden und annähernd 80% der im Vergleich für PKWs benötigten Parkplatzfläche einsparen. Des weiteren befähigen sie das goG in voller Fahrt von der Straße an eine über der Straße verlaufenden Umlaufseilbahn zu wechseln. Ein gittergleiches Netzwerk solcher Seilbahnen erlaubt das automatische Durchrouten von goGs 6 Meter über dem Straßenniveau, bei einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit von 50 km/h. An Seilbahnknotenpunkten werden durch Manipulatoren die goGs in voller Fahrt von einer Seilbahn in die vorgesehene nächste Seilbahn umgehängt. Durch hängebrückenartige Aufhängung der Umlaufseilbahnen oberhalb bestehender Straßenzüge werden keine zusätzlichen Flächen benötigt. Der Durchsatz einer Fahrbahn vergrößert sich durch die darüber geführte Umlaufseilbahn um mehr als das Doppelte. Ein autonomes Fahren bei maximal 6km/h zur nächsten goG-Linie des ÖPNV bzw. Seilbahn führt zu einer Vielzahl von Synergieeffekten.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to increase the knowledge of how Montessori teachers include mathematically gifted pupils through differentiated teaching. This was accomplished through semi-structured interviews with nine Montessori teachers from all over Sweden. The teachers were asked to describe how they plan their teaching, how they execute it and to share their thoughts and attitudes regarding this part of their job.    The results show that the Montessori teachers in this study use differentiated teaching based on the Montessori principles of individualisation. They make individual lesson plans for every pupil, based on the pupil’s level of knowledge, interests and needs. These plans are made together with the pupils, who thus have an impact on their own education. As the lesson plans are put into practice the pupils get to choose what to do when, during three hour work cycles. This means there are many different activities happening at the same time in the Montessori classroom. This seems to be beneficial to mathematically gifted pupils, as they appear to be offered an education at their individual level of knowledge. They are also able to set their own work pace and thus advance at their own speed. The Montessori manipulatives are important to the teachers, but the mathematically gifted pupils are able to leave them behind quickly and instead work with more abstract mathematics.    The study also shows that the teachers consider it exceedingly important that the mathematically gifted pupils are challenged and stimulated. For that reason, the teachers do not limit the pupils’ knowledge acquisition. The pupils are allowed to advance much further than what is expected at their age. In addition, the results of this study show that the Montessori teachers view working with gifted pupils as a positive and fun challenge and they consider it important to include these pupils in their teaching, instead of letting them work on their own.    The results of this study may also suggest that Montessori schools can be beneficial to mathematically gifted pupils. / Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att öka kunskapen om hur montessorilärare inkluderar matematiskt särbegåvade elever genom en differentierad undervisning. Detta gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio montessorilärare från hela Sverige. Samtliga undervisar, eller har undervisat, i matematik i årskurs f-3 och de har alla erfarenhet av matematiskt särbegåvade elever. Montessorilärarna ombads beskriva hur de planerar sin undervisning, hur de genomför den rent praktiskt samt att reflektera kring den här aspekten av deras jobb.    Resultatet visar att montessorilärarna differentierar undervisningen utifrån montessoripedagogikens principer om individualisering. De gör i stort sett helt individuella planeringar för varje elev som baseras på individens nivå, intressen och behov. Denna planering görs tillsammans med eleverna, som alltså kan påverka sin undervisning. När undervisningen sedan omsätts i praktik görs detta under arbetspass som är tre timmar långa. Där får eleverna själva välja vad de vill arbeta med och när. Detta innebär att det pågår en mängd olika aktiviteter samtidigt. Detta tycks vara gynnsamt för de matematiskt särbegåvade eleverna, då de tycks få en undervisning på just deras nivå. De kan också själva välja arbetstempo och därmed avancera i sin takt. Montessorimaterielen har en stor plats i lärarnas undervisning, men de särbegåvade eleverna kan, enligt de intervjuade lärarna, snabbt övergå till en abstrakt matematik.   Resultatet visar också att lärarna anser att det är av stor vikt att de matematiskt särbegåvade eleverna får utmaning och stimulans och begränsar dem därför inte i deras kunskapsinhämtning. Eleverna tillåts avancera långt över sin årskurstillhörighet. Studien visar dessutom att lärarna ser de särbegåvade eleverna som en positiv och rolig utmaning och att de tycker att det är viktigt att dessa elever inkluderas i undervisningen, istället för att lämnas ensamma i sin inlärning.    Sammantaget kan studien tyda på att montessoripedagogiken kan vara gynnsam för matematiskt särbegåvade elever.