As espécies Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg. e Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Muell. Arg. pertencentes à família Apocynaceae, de ocorrência natural no estado de São Paulo, foram objeto de investigação química e estabelecimento de culturas in vitro. Como não havia relatos da composição dos alcalóides presentes nas folhas de ambas as espécies, nossos estudos foram concentrados nessa parte do vegetal. Adicionalmente, foi analisado a composição dos óleos voláteis destas espécies. Como são descritas diversas atividades biológicas para os alcaloides indólicos, foram analisados as atividades antitumoral, antimicrobiana e antimalárica dos extratos de alcalóides totais. Os alcalóides das folhas de A. polyneuron foram obtidos através de partição ácido-base com solventes orgânicos e foram isolados por técnicas cromatográficas de adsorção, sendo analisadas por CG/MS. Na espécie A. polyneuron foram identificados 5 alcalóides indólicos do tipo aspidospermatano: aspidospermina, desmetil-aspidospermina, desmetóxi-aspidospermina, cilindrocarina e pirifolidina. O estudo químico das folhas de A. cylindrocarpon, através de técnicas cromatográficas e CG/MS permitiu a identificação de alcalóides indólico do tipo aspidospermatano (aspidospermina, N-benzoíl-cilindrocarina, N-benzoíl-20-hidróxi-cilindrocarina, N-cinamoíl-20-hidróxi-cilindrocarina) do tipo erbunano (16-epi-vincamina) e do tipo hetero-ioimbano (tetra-hidro-alstonina). Os óleos voláteis foram obtidos das folhas por destilação por arraste a vapor. O óleo de A. polyneuron apresentou um constituinte majoritário, o diterpeno caureno (73,7%), e aldeídos de cadeia longa. No óleo volátil das folhas de A cylindrocarpon foram identificados 25 constituintes que correspondem a 96,1 % do óleo bruto. Principalmente sesquiterpenos hidrocarbonados (germacreno-D, β-cariofileno) e sesquiterpenos oxigenados (espatulenol, epi-globulol e globulol), além de monoterpenos hidrocarbonados (α-pineno) e oxigenado (linalol) e aldeídos de cadeia longa. Na cultura de células in vitro de A. polyneuron, foi possível apenas a indução de calos friávies. A cultura de células da A. cylindrocarpon foi estabelecida desde as células não diferenciadas. Dos calos até as suspensões celulares. As culturas apresentram fase lag com aproximadamente 4 dias, seguida de uma fase de crescimento exponencial e de uma fase com crescimento linear, com duração de 15 dias. Após essa fase as células entram numa fase estacionária de crescimento. Nos ensaios de autobiografia para determinação da atividade antifúngica frente aos fungos Clasdosporium cladosporiodes e Clasdosporium sphaerospermum, ambos extratos de alcalóides totais apresentaram respostas positivas. A atividade antimalárica foi avaliada em cepas mutantes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficientes em sistema de reparo do DNA (RS321, Rad 52Y). Neste ensaio, apenas os alcalóides das folhas de A. cylindrocarpon apresentaram atividade. A atividade antitumoral foi determinada in vitro com isolados de Plasmodium falciparum sensíveis a cloroquina (K1) e resistentes (Palo Alto). Como havia relato dessa atividade para A. polyneuron foram feitos testes apenas para A. cylindrocarpon (folhas e ramos). Os extratos alcaloídicos apresentaram uma forte inibição do desenvolvimento dos parasitas. A Cl50 para o isolado K1 foi de 9,0µg/ml para os ramos e folhas 8,0µg/ml e para o isolado Palo Alto, ramos foi de 13,3µg/ml e folhas 10,5µg/ml. / Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg. and Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Muell. Arg. belong to Apocynaceae and naturally occur in São Paulo State (Brazil). Both species were chemically investigated and in vitro cultures established. As there were no previous studies concerning the alkaloid composition from the leaves, our studies were focused on this plant part. Moreover, the volatile oil composition was determined for both species. As several biological activities have been described for indole alkaloids, the antimicrobial, antitumor and antimalarial activities were assayed for the total alkaloids. The leaf alkaloids were extracted by acid/base partitioning with organic solvents and isolated by adsorption chromatography techniques. The isolated alkaloids were analysed by GC-MS. A. polyneuron leaves afforded 5 aspidospermatane alkaloids: aspidospermine, demethoxy-aspidospermine, demethylaspidospermine cylindrocarine and pyrifolidine. In A. cylindrocarpon leaves different indole alkaloid skeletons were identified, 4 aspidospermatanes (aspidospermine, N-benzoyl-cylindrocarine, N-benzoyl-20-hydroxy-cylindrocarine, N-cynamoyl-20-hydroxy-cylindrocarine), 1 eburnane (16-epi-vincamine) and 1 heteroyohimbane (tetrahydroalstonine). The volatile oils were extracted from the leaves by steam distillation. A. polyneuron oil consisted of one single major compound, the diterpene kaurene (73,7%), and several long chain aldehydes. On the other hand, from the A. cylindrocarpon oil 25 constituents could be identified corresponding to 96.1 % of the crude oil. The major components were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (germacreno-D, β-caryophyllene), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (spathulenol, epi-globulol, globulol), a monoterpene hydrocarbon (α-pinene), an oxygenated monoterpene (linalool) and also several long chain aldehydes. For A. polyneuron, callus cultures were induced, while for A. cylindrocarpon was also possible the establishment of cell suspension cultures. A. cylindrocarpon cell suspension cultures showed a lag phase of growth for approximately 4 days. The lag phase was followed by a growth phase for 15 days. After 20 days of culture the cells showed a stationary growth. Alkaloid extract from both species showed a antifungal activity in the bioautography assay with Clasdosporium cladosporiodes and C. sphaerospermum. The antitumor activity was evaluated with mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains deficient in the DNA repair system (RS321 and Rad 52Y). In this assay, only the leaf alkaloids of A. cylindrocarpon presented activity. In vitro antimalarial assay were performed with Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitive (K1) and resistant (Palo Alto). As such an activity was previously reported for A. polyneuron, only A. cylindrocarpon alkaloid extracts from leaves and stems were tested. Both alkaloid extracts showed strong inhibition of the parasite development. The IC50 for the K1 isolate were 9.0 µg/ml for the leaves and 8,0 µg/ml for the stems. The Palo Alto isolated presented a higher IC50, 13,3 µg/ml stems and 10,5 µg/ml.

As espécies Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg. e Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Muell. Arg. pertencentes à família Apocynaceae, de ocorrência natural no estado de São Paulo, foram objeto de investigação química e estabelecimento de culturas in vitro. Como não havia relatos da composição dos alcalóides presentes nas folhas de ambas as espécies, nossos estudos foram concentrados nessa parte do vegetal. Adicionalmente, foi analisado a composição dos óleos voláteis destas espécies. Como são descritas diversas atividades biológicas para os alcaloides indólicos, foram analisados as atividades antitumoral, antimicrobiana e antimalárica dos extratos de alcalóides totais. Os alcalóides das folhas de A. polyneuron foram obtidos através de partição ácido-base com solventes orgânicos e foram isolados por técnicas cromatográficas de adsorção, sendo analisadas por CG/MS. Na espécie A. polyneuron foram identificados 5 alcalóides indólicos do tipo aspidospermatano: aspidospermina, desmetil-aspidospermina, desmetóxi-aspidospermina, cilindrocarina e pirifolidina. O estudo químico das folhas de A. cylindrocarpon, através de técnicas cromatográficas e CG/MS permitiu a identificação de alcalóides indólico do tipo aspidospermatano (aspidospermina, N-benzoíl-cilindrocarina, N-benzoíl-20-hidróxi-cilindrocarina, N-cinamoíl-20-hidróxi-cilindrocarina) do tipo erbunano (16-epi-vincamina) e do tipo hetero-ioimbano (tetra-hidro-alstonina). Os óleos voláteis foram obtidos das folhas por destilação por arraste a vapor. O óleo de A. polyneuron apresentou um constituinte majoritário, o diterpeno caureno (73,7%), e aldeídos de cadeia longa. No óleo volátil das folhas de A cylindrocarpon foram identificados 25 constituintes que correspondem a 96,1 % do óleo bruto. Principalmente sesquiterpenos hidrocarbonados (germacreno-D, β-cariofileno) e sesquiterpenos oxigenados (espatulenol, epi-globulol e globulol), além de monoterpenos hidrocarbonados (α-pineno) e oxigenado (linalol) e aldeídos de cadeia longa. Na cultura de células in vitro de A. polyneuron, foi possível apenas a indução de calos friávies. A cultura de células da A. cylindrocarpon foi estabelecida desde as células não diferenciadas. Dos calos até as suspensões celulares. As culturas apresentram fase lag com aproximadamente 4 dias, seguida de uma fase de crescimento exponencial e de uma fase com crescimento linear, com duração de 15 dias. Após essa fase as células entram numa fase estacionária de crescimento. Nos ensaios de autobiografia para determinação da atividade antifúngica frente aos fungos Clasdosporium cladosporiodes e Clasdosporium sphaerospermum, ambos extratos de alcalóides totais apresentaram respostas positivas. A atividade antimalárica foi avaliada em cepas mutantes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficientes em sistema de reparo do DNA (RS321, Rad 52Y). Neste ensaio, apenas os alcalóides das folhas de A. cylindrocarpon apresentaram atividade. A atividade antitumoral foi determinada in vitro com isolados de Plasmodium falciparum sensíveis a cloroquina (K1) e resistentes (Palo Alto). Como havia relato dessa atividade para A. polyneuron foram feitos testes apenas para A. cylindrocarpon (folhas e ramos). Os extratos alcaloídicos apresentaram uma forte inibição do desenvolvimento dos parasitas. A Cl50 para o isolado K1 foi de 9,0µg/ml para os ramos e folhas 8,0µg/ml e para o isolado Palo Alto, ramos foi de 13,3µg/ml e folhas 10,5µg/ml. / Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg. and Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Muell. Arg. belong to Apocynaceae and naturally occur in São Paulo State (Brazil). Both species were chemically investigated and in vitro cultures established. As there were no previous studies concerning the alkaloid composition from the leaves, our studies were focused on this plant part. Moreover, the volatile oil composition was determined for both species. As several biological activities have been described for indole alkaloids, the antimicrobial, antitumor and antimalarial activities were assayed for the total alkaloids. The leaf alkaloids were extracted by acid/base partitioning with organic solvents and isolated by adsorption chromatography techniques. The isolated alkaloids were analysed by GC-MS. A. polyneuron leaves afforded 5 aspidospermatane alkaloids: aspidospermine, demethoxy-aspidospermine, demethylaspidospermine cylindrocarine and pyrifolidine. In A. cylindrocarpon leaves different indole alkaloid skeletons were identified, 4 aspidospermatanes (aspidospermine, N-benzoyl-cylindrocarine, N-benzoyl-20-hydroxy-cylindrocarine, N-cynamoyl-20-hydroxy-cylindrocarine), 1 eburnane (16-epi-vincamine) and 1 heteroyohimbane (tetrahydroalstonine). The volatile oils were extracted from the leaves by steam distillation. A. polyneuron oil consisted of one single major compound, the diterpene kaurene (73,7%), and several long chain aldehydes. On the other hand, from the A. cylindrocarpon oil 25 constituents could be identified corresponding to 96.1 % of the crude oil. The major components were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (germacreno-D, β-caryophyllene), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (spathulenol, epi-globulol, globulol), a monoterpene hydrocarbon (α-pinene), an oxygenated monoterpene (linalool) and also several long chain aldehydes. For A. polyneuron, callus cultures were induced, while for A. cylindrocarpon was also possible the establishment of cell suspension cultures. A. cylindrocarpon cell suspension cultures showed a lag phase of growth for approximately 4 days. The lag phase was followed by a growth phase for 15 days. After 20 days of culture the cells showed a stationary growth. Alkaloid extract from both species showed a antifungal activity in the bioautography assay with Clasdosporium cladosporiodes and C. sphaerospermum. The antitumor activity was evaluated with mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains deficient in the DNA repair system (RS321 and Rad 52Y). In this assay, only the leaf alkaloids of A. cylindrocarpon presented activity. In vitro antimalarial assay were performed with Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitive (K1) and resistant (Palo Alto). As such an activity was previously reported for A. polyneuron, only A. cylindrocarpon alkaloid extracts from leaves and stems were tested. Both alkaloid extracts showed strong inhibition of the parasite development. The IC50 for the K1 isolate were 9.0 µg/ml for the leaves and 8,0 µg/ml for the stems. The Palo Alto isolated presented a higher IC50, 13,3 µg/ml stems and 10,5 µg/ml.

La tularémie est une zoonose liée à la bactérie Francisella tularensis, hautement pathogène pour l’homme. La sous espèce la plus virulente, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, est retrouvée uniquement en Amérique du Nord, alors que la sous-espèce F. tularensis subsp. holarctica est présente dans tout l’hémisphère Nord. En France toutes les souches appartiennent au biovar I de la sous-espèce holarctica et plus précisément au groupe phylogénétique B.FTNF002-00. Bien que rarement grave en France, la tularémie pose le problème de taux d’échecs thérapeutiques élevés, jusqu’à 25% en cas de traitement par ciprofloxacine ou gentamicine, et 35% pour la doxycycline. Les causes de ces échecs ne sont pas bien élucidées à l’heure actuelle. L’analyse de la littérature ainsi que la détermination de la sensibilité de 59 souches françaises de F. tularensis subsp. holarctica à 18 antibiotiques, confirment qu’aucune souche isolée à ce jour ne présente de résistance acquise à ces trois familles d’antibiotiques, qui représentent le traitement de première ligne de la tularémie. Les fluoroquinolones (en particulier la ciprofloxacine et la lévofloxacine) présentent concentrations minimales inhibitrices les plus basses, devant la gentamicine et la doxycycline. Les données disponibles in vitro et en modèle animal étant corrélées aux données humaines en termes d’efficacité et de taux d’échecs thérapeutiques, il semble néanmoins préférable de positionner la ciprofloxacine en première ligne pour le traitement des formes modérées de tularémie et de limiter l’utilisation de la doxycycline aux cas de contre-indication aux fluoroquinolones. L’azithromycine et la télithromycine ont été identifiées comme des alternatives thérapeutiques envisageables en cas d’infection par une souche de biovar I de F. tularensis subsp. holarctica lorsqu’existe une contre-indication aux traitements de première ligne. Des études en modèles animaux restent néanmoins nécessaires pour conforter ces dernières observations. La sélection in vitro de souches résistantes aux fluoroquinolones est possible, ce qui suggère la possibilité d’émergence de mutants résistants in vivo pour expliquer les taux d’échec thérapeutiques. Les principales mutations de résistance aux fluoroquinolones chez F. tularensis sont observées au niveau des gènes gyrA et gyrB codant pour les topoisomérases de type II. L’impact fonctionnel de mutations de résistances aux fluoroquinolones a été caractérisé in vitro chez F. novicida, pris comme modèle de bactérie avirulente proche de F. tularensis. L’activité de superenroulement et de clivage de l’ADN en présence de fluoroquinolones a été déterminée suite à la reconstruction in vitro de complexes GyrA/GyrB fonctionnels. La résistance aux fluoroquinolones était la plus forte en cas de mutation D87G/D87Y pour la sous-unité GyrA ou +P466 pour la sous-unité GyrB. La mutation P43H située en dehors du QRDR de GyrA est à l’origine d’un plus faible niveau de résistance. La mutation D487R-∆K488 en dehors du QRDR de GyrB ne confère pas de résistance intrinsèque mais potentialise l’effet d’une mutation D87G concomitante. En revanche, l’identification de mutations de résistance in vivo au sein des QRDR des gènes gyrA et gyrB chez des patients en situation d’échec thérapeutique traités par une fluoroquinolone est demeurée négative. Enfin, notre recherche a permis d’identifier de nouveaux composés de synthèse de structure bis-indolique possédant des activités antibactériennes. Ces composés sont bactériostatiques vis-à-vis de F. tularensis mais bactéricides vis-à-vis des staphylocoques y compris vis-à-vis de souches multi-résistantes de Staphylococcus aureus avec des CMI90 évaluées à 2mg/L chez F. tularensis et S. aureus pour le composé le plus actif. La faible solubilité de ces composés en milieu aqueux, leur forte liaison aux protéines plasmatiques ainsi que la recherche de leur mécanisme d’action original appellent néanmoins de nombreux développements futurs. / Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by the highly pathogenic bacterium Francisella tularensis. The most virulent subspecies, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, is found only in North America while the subspecies F. tularensis subsp. holarctica is present in the whole Northern hemisphere. In France, all strains belong to the biovar I of the subspecies holarctica and more specifically to the phylogenetic subclade B.FTNF002-00. Although tularemia is usually not a severe disease in France, many patients suffer from therapeutic failures despite receiving an appropriate treatment. These treatments failures are observed in up to 25% of patients treated with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin, and up to 35% if patients treated with doxycycline. The causes of those therapeutic failures remain poorly elucidated. Analysis of the literature and determination of the susceptibility of 59 French F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains to 18 antibiotics confirmed that to date, no strain with acquired resistance to any of the first-line antibiotics used for treatment of tularemia have been isolated. The fluoroquinolones (in particular ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) exhibit the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations, compared to gentamicin and doxycycline. Data obtained in vitro and in animal models are concordant with human data concerning the efficacy of antibiotics and therapeutic failure rates. Thus, we advocate the use of ciprofloxacin as first-line treatment for mild form of tularemia, and the use of doxycyclin only as a second-line treatment in patients with contraindications to fluoroquinolones. Azithromycin and telithromycin may also be considered as potential therapeutic alternatives for tularemia cases caused by biovar I strains of the susbspecies holarctica, but only for patients with contraindications to first-line antibiotics. Further data in animal models are however required to consolidate our in vitro data. The in vitro selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of F. tularensis has been reported. This suggests that the in vivo selection of such resistant mutants may occur. In vitro, the main fluoroquinolone resistance mutations occur in the gyrA and gyrB genes that encode type II topoisomerases of F. tularensis. We have characterized the functional impact of such mutations in avirulent F. novicida strains, taken as a surrogate of F. tularensis. Supercoiling and DNA cleavage activity of GyrA/GyrB complexes reconstituted in vitro have been determined in the presence of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone resistance level was the highest in strains with a D87G/D87Y mutation in the GyrA subunit or +P466 mutation in the GyrB subunit. The mutation P43H located outside the GyrA Quinolone-Resistance-Determining-Region (QRDR) confered significant but lower fluoroquinolone resistance. The mutation D487R-∆K488 also outside GyrB QRDR did not cause fluoroquinolone resistance by itself, but increased the resistance level in case of concomitant D87G mutation. No mutation could be identified in vivo in the QRDR of gyrA and gyrB genes amplified from clinical samples collected in patients treated with a fluoroquinolone, although some of them experienced therapeutic failure. Finally, while searching for new antibiotic compounds, we identified new synthetic bis-indolic derivatives with antibacterial activity. Lead compounds were only bacteriostatic against F. tularensis but bactericidal against staphylococci including against multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MIC90 were measured at 2mg/L for F. tularensis and S. aureus strains for the most active compound. However, many developments are still required to improve their solubility in water, decrease their plasma proteins binding and elucidate their original mechanism of action.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-17T14:23:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- German Andres Estrada Bonilla.pdf: 1652819 bytes, checksum: 24a4d4664a65dfad88ccdfe17b4a0c02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- German Andres Estrada Bonilla.pdf: 1652819 bytes, checksum: 24a4d4664a65dfad88ccdfe17b4a0c02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major world crops, being widely consumed among people from five continents. In recent years research have increased in relation to the use of plant growth promoting diazotrophic bacteria (PGPB) as a possible solution to reduce the use of chemical nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological potential and inorganic phosphate (IP) solubilization capacity of different diazotrophic strains isolated from rice plants grown in different regions of Brazil as well as to evaluate their role in the development of rice plants. Firstly, the culture media employed to test the phosphate solubilization in petri dishes were standardized. In this study 49 strains were tested for their capability of solibilizing tricalcium phosphate in NBRIP and GL solid media. Afterwards, the soluble P, pH, population and the index of solubilization (IS) were quantified for 7 IP solubilizing strains grown in the NBRIP liquid medium. The IP solubilizing isolates were also tested for the production of indolic compounds (IAA) and the nitrogen fixation capacity through the acetylene reduction activity (ARA). The isolates were taxonomical identified through the amplification and partial sequencing of 16S RNAr and nifH genes. Three of these strains and the controls H. seropedicae ZAE94, G diazotrophicus PAL5 and A.chroochoccum AC1 were tested in greenhouse conditions in association with rice plants. All strains that solubilized IP in NBRIP liquid medium decreased the medium pH while the bacterial population remained around 108 cfu ml-1 for up to 15 days. All strains were capable to produce indole compounds and reduced acetylene. The partial analysis of 16S RNAr and nifH gene indicated the identification of the species Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Burkholderia vietnamiensis and B. kururiensis species. All strains showed an increase in the range of 33 and 47% in grain yield when tricalcium phosphate (PTC) was applied and between 18 and 44% when PSS (simple superphosphate) was used. In general, all of the strains stimulated an increase of total P in the grain and a greater harvest index. The use of these strains as bioinculant is promising and therefore it is necessary to test in the field conditions / O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) ? uma das principais culturas cultivadas, sendo amplamente consumida nos cinco continentes. Nos ?ltimos anos as pesquisas t?m aumentado em rela??o ao uso de bact?rias diazotr?ficas e promotoras de crescimento vegetal (BPCV), como uma poss?vel solu??o para diminuir o uso de fertilizantes qu?micos nitrogenados e fosfatados. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial fisiol?gico e a capacidade de solubiliza??o de fosfato inorg?nico (PI) de diferentes estirpes de bact?rias diazotr?ficas oriundas de plantas de arroz cultivadas em diferentes regi?es do Brasil e seu papel no desenvolvimento de plantas de arroz. Primeiramente foi padronizado o meio de cultura a ser empregado nos ensaios de solubiliza??o de fosfato inorg?nico em placas de petri. Neste estudo foram testadas 49 estirpes em quanto sua capacidade de solubilizar fosfato tric?lcico (PTC) nos meios s?lidos NBRIP e GL. Em seguida foi quantificado o P sol?vel, pH, a popula??o de bact?rias e ?ndice de solubiliza??o (IS) das 7 estirpes solubilizadoras de PI em meio l?quido NBRIP. As estirpes solubilizadoras de PI tamb?m foram testadas quanto ? produ??o de compostos ind?licos (AIA) e capacidade de fixar nitrog?nio atrav?s da atividade de redu??o e acetileno (ARA). As estirpes foram identificadas atrav?s da amplifica??o e do sequenciamento parcial dos genes 16S RNAr e gene nifH. Tr?s destas estirpes foram testadas em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o junto com os controles Herbaspirillum seropedicae BR11417 (ZAE94), Gluconacetobacter diazotophicus BR11281 (PAL5) e Azotobacter Chroochoccum AC1 quanto ? capacidade de aumentar o desenvolvimento e produ??o de plantas de arroz. Todas as estirpes que solubilizaram PI no meio de cultura NBRIP l?quido influenciaram na diminui??o do pH do meio enquanto que a popula??o se manteve em torno de 108 ufc.ml-1 por at? 15 dias. Todas as estirpes apresentaram capacidade de produzir compostos ind?licos e foram capazes de reduzir acetileno. A an?lise parcial do gene 16S RNAr e do gene nifH das sete estirpes possibilitou a identifica??o das esp?cies Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Burkholderia vietnamiensis e B. kururiensis. Todas as estirpes promoveram um aumento na produ??o de massa seca nos gr?os entre 33 e 47% quando foi utilizado o PTC e de 18 a 44% quando foi utilizado o fosfato super simples (PSS). Em geral, todas as estirpes estimularam um maior acumulo de N e P total no gr?o e um maior ?ndice de colheita. O uso dessas estirpes como bioinoculante ? bastante promissor e portanto torna-se necess?rio test?-las em condi??es de campo.

Les flavanols et leurs oligomères, les procyanidines, sont des composés phénoliques biosynthétisés dans les baies de raisin, dont ils sont extraits pendant la vinification. Une meilleure compréhension de leur évolution pendant la maturation du raisin, la vinification et le vieillissement du vin est importante du fait de leur responsabilité dans beaucoup des propriétés organoleptiques du vin (couleur, amertume et astringence). Plusieurs procyanidines ont été obtenues par une méthode de synthèse permettant de contrôler aussi bien la régio- et la stéréosélectivité de la liaison interflavane que le degré d’oligomérisation. Cette méthode a pu être élargie à la synthèse de procyanidines galloylées. L’étape de couplage, qui restait l’étape limitante de cette synthèse, a pu être améliorée par l’utilisation de la catalyse à l’or. Ces composés ont ensuite été utilisés comme standards afin de les identifier et les quantifier dans du raisin et des vins par chromatographie liquide haute performance. L’étude des intéractions supramoléculaires des composés galloylés a été évaluée par RMN DOSY. En parallèle de ces études, un nouveau composé indolique, possédant un motif glucose dans sa structure, a été identifié et caractérisé pour la première fois dans les vins rouges. / Flavanols and their oligomers, procyanidins, are phenolics compounds biosynthetized in grapes, from which they are extrated during winemaking As they contribute so much to the organoleptics properties of the wine (color, bitterness and astringency), a better comprehension of their evolution during grapes maturation, winemaking and ageing of the wine is particulary important. Several procyanidines were obtained by a synthesis method which allows to control as well the interflavan regio- and stereoselectivity as the degree of oligomerization. This method was extended to the synthesis of galloylated procyanidins. The stage of coupling, which was a limiting stage of this synthesis, could be improved by the use of gold III catalysis. These compounds were then used as standards in order to identify and quantify them in grapes and wines by high performance liquid chromatography. The supramolecular properties of galloylated procyanidins were investigated by NMR DOSY. In parallel to these studies, a new indolic compound bearing a glucose moiety, has been identified and characterized for the first time in red wine.