The discovery of resetting human somatic cells via introduction of four transcription factors into an embryonic stem cell-like state that enables the generation of any cell type of the human body has revolutionized the field of medical science. The generation of patient-derived iPSCs and the subsequent differentiation into the cells of interest has been, nowadays, widely used as model system for various inherited diseases. The aim of this thesis was to generate iPSCs and to subsequently derive NPCs which can be differentiated into neurons in order to model the two most common forms of the NCLs: LINCL which is caused by mutations within the TPP1 gene, encoding a lysosomal enzyme, and JNCL which is caused by mutations within the CLN3 gene, affecting a lysosomal transmembrane protein. It was shown that patient-derived fibroblasts can be successfully reprogrammed into iPSCs by using retroviral vectors that introduced the four transcription factors POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC. The generated iPSCs were subsequently differentiated into expandable NPCs and finally into mature neurons. Phenotype analysis during the different stages, namely pluripotent iPSCs, multipotent NPCs and finally differentiated neurons, revealed a genotype-specific progression of the disease. The earliest events were observed in organelle disruption such as mitochondria, Golgi and ER which preceded the accumulation of subunit c of the mitochondrial ATPase complex that was only apparent in neurons. However, none of these events led to neurodegeneration in vitro. The established disease models recapitulate phenotypes reported in other NCL disease models such as mouse, dog and sheep model systems. More importantly, the hallmark of the NCLs, accumulation of subunit c in neurons, could be reproduced during the course of disease modeling which demonstrates the suitability of the established system. Moreover, the derived expandable NPC populations can be used for further applications in drug screenings. Their robust phenotypes such as low levels of TPP1 activity in LINCL patient-derived NPCs or cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing storage material, observed in CLN3 mutant NPCs, should serve as possible phenotypic read-outs.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第24885号 / 医科博第152号 / 新制||医科||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 濵﨑 洋子, 教授 上野 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25174号 / 医博第5060号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 松田 道行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25197号 / 医博第5083号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 齋藤 潤, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 長船 健二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第25201号 / 医科博第157号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 遊佐 宏介, 教授 近藤 玄, 教授 斎藤 通紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Stable porcine ES cell lines have not been succesfully established yet. Ability to selfrenew or to differentiate has been limited in different porcine ES-like cell lines so far. PiPSCs represent an alternative to pESCs. PiPSCs can be generated by reprogramming of somatic cells by introduction of several transcription factors on viral vectors and were established by several groups. However, the majority of piPS cell lines depend on transgene expression because of incomplete reprogramming and weak activation of endogenous pluripotency genes. Transgene expression can infuence differentiation potential of piPSCs. Therefore, we have used integrative and reexcisable PiggyBac transposons to generate viral free piPSCs. At the same time, small molecules (low-molecular inhibitors) with potential to increase reprogramming efficiency and to activate endogenous pluripotency genes were used in the reprogramming media. This strategy has a potential for generation of naive piPSCs. Successful excision of transgenes would generate transgene-free piPSCs with uncompromised differentiation potential. Pig (Sus Scrofa) is at the same time an important animal model in preclinical stage research of the diseases. Somatic cells used for generation of piPSCs were isolated from pigs carrying mutated huntingtin. Integration of the...

Em 2006, Takahashi e colaboradores demonstraram ser possível a obtenção de células-tronco pluripotentes por indução gênica (induced pluripotent stem cells ou iPSCs). Desde o surgimento desta tecnologia diversos modelos animais foram gerados, ampliando as possibilidades de seu uso na pesquisa, como por exemplo, na criação de modelos para doenças genéticas humanas como esclerose lateral amiotrófica, autismo, esquizofrenia, doença de Parkinson e Alzheimer, além do aprimoramento de características relevantes para produção animal. O modelo suíno é considerado vantajoso sobre os outros modelos animais principalmente pela criação já bem estabelecida e similaridades fisiológicas com os humanos. O intuito deste projeto foi reprogramar fibroblastos embrionários suínos através do sistema integrativo à iPSCs, para então diferenciá-las em células progenitoras neurais (neural progenitor cells, NPCs). Para isso, os fibroblastos foram transduzidos com vetores contendo sequencias humanas ou murinas dos genes OCT4, SOX2, c-Myc e KLF4 (hOSKM ou mOSKM) para formação das iPSCs. Estas foram caracterizadas quanto a morfologia, presença de fosfatase alcalina, a expressão dos genes exógenos e endógenos (OSKM, HS OCT4, OCT4, NANOG) através de imunofluorescência e RT-qPCR e formação de corpos embrióides. Então foram submetidas durante 14 dias ao meio de indução neural sob matriz extracelular comercial, gerando células potencialmente similares às NPCs. Estas foram caracterizadas morfologicamente, por imunofluorescência das proteínas NESTINA, BETA TUBULINA III e VIMENTINA, além da expressão de NESTINA e GFAP por RT-qPCR. Foram produzidas com sucesso 3 linhagens de iPSC em diferentes estágios de reprogramação e células positivas para todos os marcadores neurais testados. Os resultados apresentados deverão contribuir para a utilização do modelo suíno em futuros estudos voltados à medicina regenerativa e translacional. / In 2006, Takahashi and collaborators reported the induction into pluripotency of somatic cells (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs). Since then, this technique has much been developed; many animal models have been created opening a new series of opportunities in research. They enable the creation of models for human genetic diseases, for example, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism, schizophrenia, Parkinson´s disease, Alzheimer´s disease and the enhancement of relevant characteristics in agriculture. The swine model is considered to present many advantages over others, including the well-known production and maintenance and physiological similarities to humans. The aim of this project was to reprogram porcine embryonic fibroblasts (pEF) into iPSCs using the lentiviral integrative system, followed by its differentiation into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The cells were reprogrammed using vector containing either the human sequences (hOSKM) or the mouse sequences (mOSKM) for the OCT4, SOX2, c-Myc and KLF4 genes to form the iPSCs. They were characterized regarding the presence of the Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme, expression of exogenous and endogenous genes (OSKM, HS OCT4, OCT4, NANOG) through immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR, and embryoid body formation. Then, the cells were cultured with neural induction media for 14 days in commercial extracellular matrix, generating cells potentially like NPCs. Those were characterized regarding their morphology, immunofluorescence for NESTINA, BETA TUBULIN III and VIMENTINA and gene expression of NESTINA and GFAP. iPSCs were successfully reprogramed, generating 3 cell lines at different stages of reprograming and cells positive for all the neural markers tested were produced. The results shown will contribute to the use of the porcine model in future regenerative and translational medicine research.

Atualmente, a única alternativa viável para pacientes que possuem um quadro de doença hepática em estágio final é o transplante total ou parcial de fígado. Devido à crescente defasagem entre doadores disponíveis e pacientes em fila de espera, o desenvolvimento de abordagens de engenharia tecidual hepática (ETH) se tornou uma necessidade crescente. As células pluripotentes induzidas (iPS) são uma atraente alternativa para servirem como fonte celular para aplicações de engenharia tecidual por serem capazes de produzir todos os fenótipos celulares. Dentre as principais abordagens de EHT podemos citar as técnicas de bioimpressão 3D, organóides hepáticos e descelularização/recelularização. Este trabalho buscou avaliar a utilização de células iPS no desenvolvimento das três tecnologias descritas. Visando avaliar como imprimir um tecido hepático funcional com células iPS, testamos a impressão com hepatócitos dispersos em células únicas em comparação com a impressão de esferóiedes hepáticos. Os esferóides hepáticos mostraram maior viabilidade e funcionalidade hepática por preservarem o fenótipo epitelial ao longo do tempo. A composição de células não parenquimáticas derivadas de iPS ou células primárias para a formação de organóides hepáticos foi testada neste trabalho. Os resultados indicam que, utilizando células mesenquimais primárias e endoteliais derivadas de iPS, obtém-se uma maturação hepatica mais eficiênte devido a inibição das vias de sinalização TGF-β? e modulação da via Wnt. A recelularização do tecido aórtico descelularizado de ratos com células derivadas de iPS mostrou ser capaz de prover função hepática em cultura assistida por biorreator, porém os resultados indicam a necessidade de aprimoramento do protocolo de recelularização. Este trabalho comprovou a viabilidade da aplicação de células iPS nas abordagens EHT testadas e contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de alternativas terapêuticas viáveis para pacientes em fila de espera de transplante hepático / Currently, the only feasible alternative for patients with end-stage liver disease is total or partial liver transplantation. Due to the growing gap between available donors and patients in waiting list, the development new tissue engineering technologies have become a growing need. Induced pluripotent cells (iPS) are an attractive alternative to serve as cell source for tissue engineering applications due to their ability to differentiate into all cellular phenotypes. Among the main liver tissue engineering technologies, 3D bioprinting, hepatic organoids and decellularization/recellularization of biological matrixes have generated much expectation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the use of iPS cells in the development of the aforementioned technologies. In order to evaluate how to bioprint a functional liver tissue using iPS-derived cells, we tested the effect of printing a single cell dispersion of hepatocytes versus printing hepatic spheroids. Hepatic spheroids showed greater viability and liver function, due to preserved epithelial phenotype over time. The composition of non-parenchymal cells using iPS-derived cells or primary adult cells for hepatic organoid formation was tested. The results indicated that, using primary mesenchymal cells and iPS-derived endothelial cells, we obtained a more efficient hepatic maturation due to the inhibition of TGF-β? and modulation Wnt signaling pathway. Recellularization of rat aortic decellularized scaffold with iPS-derived cells displayed hepatic function over time in a bioreactor-assisted culture, but the results indicate the need for improvements in the recellularization protocol. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the feasibility of use of iPS-derived cells for liver tissue engineering approaches and contributed to the development of the investigated technologies in order to generate future therapeutic alternatives for patients in waiting list for liver transplantation