Here we describe some of the crucial steps to generate induced pluripotent stemcells (iPSCs) usingmRNA transfection. Our approach uses a V. virus-derived capping enzyme instead of a cap-analog, ensuring 100% proper cap orientation for in vitro transcribedmRNA. V. virus\'' 2′-O-Methyltransferase enzymecreates a cap1 structure found in higher eukaryotes and has higher translation efficiency compared to other methods. Use of the polymeric transfection reagent polyethylenimine proved superior to other transfection methods. The mRNA created via this method did not trigger an intracellular immune response via human IFN-gamma (hIFN-γ) or alpha (hIFN-α) release, thus circumventing the use of suppressors. Resulting mRNA and protein were expressed at high levels for over 48 h, thus obviating daily transfections. Using this method, we demonstrated swift activation of pluripotency associated genes in human fibroblasts. Low oxygen conditions further facilitated colony formation. Differentiation into different germ layers was confirmed via teratoma assay. Reprogramming with non-synthetic mRNA holds great promise for safe generation of iPSCs of human origin. Using the protocols described herein we hope to make this method more accessible to other groups as a fast, inexpensive, and non-viral reprogramming approach.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13031号 / 論医博第2113号 / 新制||医||1016(附属図書館) / 32989 / (主査)教授 妻木 範行, 教授 安達 泰治, 教授 開 祐司 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20077号 / 医博第4170号 / 新制||医||1018(附属図書館) / 33193 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 山田 泰広 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20269号 / 医博第4228号 / 新制||医||1021(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 横出 正之, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 瀬原 淳子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento e validação de uma nova abordagem para a avaliação do cálcio intracelular em culturas de cardiomiócitos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSC-CM - do inglês human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes) que pode ser aplicada para avaliar o efeito de drogas no acoplamento excitação-contração. O método consiste na estimulação elétrica e medição conjunta da fluorescência de forma automatizada e foi viabilizado a partir da inclusão de um sistema de estimulação elétrica em um leitor de ELISA (do inglês Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Um estimulador eletrônico compacto foi projetado para operar junto a um leitor de placas gerando pulsos quadrados monofásicos com duração de 5 ms e campo elétrico de 8 Vcm-1 aplicados por microeletrodos metálicos de platina-irídio em células em cultura. Uma placa de cultura normalmente utilizada em leitor de placas foi modificada para permitir a colocação do estimulador e dos eletrodos. A intensidade de fluorescência do cálcio intracelular foi avaliada utilizando um leitor de ELISA durante a estimulação elétrica em culturas de células marcadas com o indicador de Ca2+ Fluo-4 AM. A estimulação elétrica das células resultou em contrações regulares nas frequências de 0,1 Hz; 0,2 Hz; 0,3 Hz e 0,5 Hz induzidas pelo estimulador. Parâmetros dos transientes de cálcio foram estudados após a exposição de culturas de células ao Verapamil (0,05; 0,5 e 5,0 µM), a amplitude e a inclinação máxima da fase de subida foram progressivamente reduzidas com doses crescentes da droga. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que o método apresentado permite a avaliação automatizada de transientes de cálcio durante a estimulação elétrica de culturas de hiPSC-CM utilizando o sistema de estimulação em um leitor de ELISA. Esses resultados validaram a aplicabilidade do sistema ao estudo das alterações da dinâmica do cálcio intracelular induzidas por drogas em células sob estimulação elétrica. O sistema de avaliação automatizada desenvolvido pode ser ampliado para realizar a triagem de alto rendimento em bibliotecas de compostos que tem como alvo o acoplamento excitação-contração em células cardíacas humanas in vitro. / This study presents the development and validation of a new approach for the evaluation of intracellular calcium in cultures of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM), which can be applied to evaluate the effect of drugs on excitation-contraction coupling. The method consists of electrical stimulation and joint measurement of fluorescence in an automated manner and was made possible by the inclusion of an electrical stimulation system in an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). A compact electronic stimulator was designed to operate inside a plate reader generating monophasic square pulses with duration of 5 ms and electric field of 8 Vcm-1 applied by platinum-iridium metal microelectrodes to cells in culture. A culture plate used in a plate reader was modified to allow placement of the stimulator and electrodes. Fluorescence intensity of intracellular calcium was measured during electrical stimulation of cell cultures loaded with Ca2+ Fluo-4 AM indicator using a plate reader. The electrical stimulation of the cells generated regularly spaced contractions following the pace of the stimulator at the frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 0.2 Hz, 0.3 Hz and 0.5 Hz. Transient profile parameters were studied after treating cell cultures with Verapamil (0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 µM) the amplitude and the maximum slope of rising phase were progressively reduced with increasing verapamil doses. The data obtained demonstrated that the method presented allows the automated evaluation of calcium transients during the electrical stimulation of hiPSC-CM cultures using the stimulation system in an ELISA reader. These results demonstrated the applicability of the system to the study of changes in the intracellular calcium dynamics induced by drugs in electrically stimulated cells. The system developed is amenable to scaling thus allowing high content automated drug library screening for compounds that target the excitationcontraction coupling in human heart cells in vitro.

L’hyperoxalurie primitive de type 1 (ou HP1) est une maladie héréditaire du métabolisme liée à un déficit en enzyme hépatocytaire AGT (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransférase), codée par le gène AGXT. Ce déficit entraîne, chez les patients atteints d’HP1, une excrétion hépatique accrue d’oxalate ; celui-ci est ensuite éliminé dans les urines où il se complexe avec le calcium pour former des néphrolithiases oxalo-calciques massives, pouvant conduire à une insuffisance rénale chronique. Le seul traitement curatif disponible pour cette pathologie est la greffe allogénique combinée hépatorénale, actuellement limitée par la disponibilité des donneurs de greffons, une morbi-mortalité significative et la nécessité d’un traitement immunosuppresseur au long cours. L’objectif du projet de recherche est de développer une thérapie génique de l’HP1 par greffe de cellules hépatiques autologues génétiquement corrigées. La faible disponibilité et la difficulté d’amplification in vitro des hépatocytes adultes nous a conduit à explorer la piste des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSCs) pour produire des cellules hépatiques humaines utilisables en médecine régénérative. Nous avons dérivé et caractérisé des lignées de cellules iPSCs à partir de fibroblastes de patients atteints d’HP1, après expression transitoire des facteurs de reprogrammation par des vecteurs Sendai. Nous avons développé deux stratégies de thérapie génique additive par insertion d’un minigène codant une séquence optimisée de l’ADNc AGXT au moyen (1) d’un vecteur lentiviral à expression hépato-spécifique et (2) d’un processus de recombinaison homologue au locus AAVS1 facilité par le système de clivage ciblé de l’ADN « CRISPR/Cas9 ». Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’expression de la cassette thérapeutique après différenciation hépatocytaire des iPSCs génétiquement corrigées. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de médecine régénérative pour l’HP1 par transplantation de cellules hépatocytaires autologues génétiquement corrigées dérivées d’iPSCs de patients. / Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (or PH1) is an inherited metabolic disorder related to the deficiency of the hepatic AGT enzyme (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase), which is encoded by the AGXT gene. In PH1 patients, this deficiency leads to oxalate overexcretion by liver, followed by urine filtration and complexation with calcium to form massive calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis potentially leading to chronic renal failure. The only available curative treatment is combined hepatorenal allogeneic engraftment, which is currently limited by the availability of transplant donors, significant morbidity and mortality, and the need for long-term immunosuppressive treatment. The aim of our research project is to develop gene therapy for PH1, consisting in engraftment of genetically corrected autologous liver cells. Considering that adult hepatocytes are hardly available and expandable in vitro, we chose to explore the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to produce human liver cells for application in regenerative medicine. We derived and characterized iPSC lines from PH1 patient fibroblasts after transient expression of reprogramming factors delivered by Sendai virus vectors. We developed two additive gene therapy strategies by inserting a minigene encoding an optimized AGXT cDNA sequence using (1) a lentiviral vector designed for liver-specific expression and (2) homologous recombination process at the AAVS1 locus favoured by the targeted DNA cutting system “CRISPR/Cas9”. Finally, we highlighted therapeutic cassette expression after hepatic differentiation of genetically corrected iPSCs. These results pave the way for regenerative medicine for PH1 by transplantation of genetically modified autologous hepatocyte-like cells derived from patient-specific iPSCs.

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento e validação de uma nova abordagem para a avaliação do cálcio intracelular em culturas de cardiomiócitos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSC-CM - do inglês human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes) que pode ser aplicada para avaliar o efeito de drogas no acoplamento excitação-contração. O método consiste na estimulação elétrica e medição conjunta da fluorescência de forma automatizada e foi viabilizado a partir da inclusão de um sistema de estimulação elétrica em um leitor de ELISA (do inglês Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Um estimulador eletrônico compacto foi projetado para operar junto a um leitor de placas gerando pulsos quadrados monofásicos com duração de 5 ms e campo elétrico de 8 Vcm-1 aplicados por microeletrodos metálicos de platina-irídio em células em cultura. Uma placa de cultura normalmente utilizada em leitor de placas foi modificada para permitir a colocação do estimulador e dos eletrodos. A intensidade de fluorescência do cálcio intracelular foi avaliada utilizando um leitor de ELISA durante a estimulação elétrica em culturas de células marcadas com o indicador de Ca2+ Fluo-4 AM. A estimulação elétrica das células resultou em contrações regulares nas frequências de 0,1 Hz; 0,2 Hz; 0,3 Hz e 0,5 Hz induzidas pelo estimulador. Parâmetros dos transientes de cálcio foram estudados após a exposição de culturas de células ao Verapamil (0,05; 0,5 e 5,0 µM), a amplitude e a inclinação máxima da fase de subida foram progressivamente reduzidas com doses crescentes da droga. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que o método apresentado permite a avaliação automatizada de transientes de cálcio durante a estimulação elétrica de culturas de hiPSC-CM utilizando o sistema de estimulação em um leitor de ELISA. Esses resultados validaram a aplicabilidade do sistema ao estudo das alterações da dinâmica do cálcio intracelular induzidas por drogas em células sob estimulação elétrica. O sistema de avaliação automatizada desenvolvido pode ser ampliado para realizar a triagem de alto rendimento em bibliotecas de compostos que tem como alvo o acoplamento excitação-contração em células cardíacas humanas in vitro. / This study presents the development and validation of a new approach for the evaluation of intracellular calcium in cultures of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM), which can be applied to evaluate the effect of drugs on excitation-contraction coupling. The method consists of electrical stimulation and joint measurement of fluorescence in an automated manner and was made possible by the inclusion of an electrical stimulation system in an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). A compact electronic stimulator was designed to operate inside a plate reader generating monophasic square pulses with duration of 5 ms and electric field of 8 Vcm-1 applied by platinum-iridium metal microelectrodes to cells in culture. A culture plate used in a plate reader was modified to allow placement of the stimulator and electrodes. Fluorescence intensity of intracellular calcium was measured during electrical stimulation of cell cultures loaded with Ca2+ Fluo-4 AM indicator using a plate reader. The electrical stimulation of the cells generated regularly spaced contractions following the pace of the stimulator at the frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 0.2 Hz, 0.3 Hz and 0.5 Hz. Transient profile parameters were studied after treating cell cultures with Verapamil (0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 µM) the amplitude and the maximum slope of rising phase were progressively reduced with increasing verapamil doses. The data obtained demonstrated that the method presented allows the automated evaluation of calcium transients during the electrical stimulation of hiPSC-CM cultures using the stimulation system in an ELISA reader. These results demonstrated the applicability of the system to the study of changes in the intracellular calcium dynamics induced by drugs in electrically stimulated cells. The system developed is amenable to scaling thus allowing high content automated drug library screening for compounds that target the excitationcontraction coupling in human heart cells in vitro.

O Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM) é uma condição neuropsiquiátrica que resulta em um substancial sofrimento pessoal, incapacidade e custos sociais. Devido à inacessibilidade ao encéfalo humano por questões práticas, éticas e às limitações encontradas pelo uso de modelos animais, o desenvolvimento de modelos in vitro acurados torna-se fundamental para o estudo desta doença. Neste aspecto, o surgimento da tecnologia de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSCs) apresenta-se como uma importante ferramenta, uma vez que permite a recapitulação da diversidade genética dos pacientes e possibilita a produção de tipos celulares de interesse para o estudo da doença, como neurônios e glia. Entretanto, até o momento, não há registros da produção de modelos in vitro a partir de hiPSCs de pacientes com TDM. Visando preencher esta lacuna, o presente estudo teve por objetivo a produção e caracterização de dois tipos de modelos in vitro a partir de hiPSCs de pacientes com TDM: neurônios serotoninérgicos, uma cultura celular em monocamada, e organóides cerebrais, uma cultura celular em suspensão. 5 linhagens de hiPSCs de pacientes foram diferenciadas em neurônios com sucesso e no ensaio de imunocitoquímica, expressaram os marcadores 5-HT (serotonina), T5-HT (transportador de serotonina), nestina (presente em diferentes tipos de células neuronais) e Tuj1 (proteína do citoesqueleto, neurônio-específica), confirmando o fenótipo de neurônios serotoninérgicos. As céluas diferenciadas obtiveram também resultados positivos nos testes de imageamento de cálcio e de medidas da alteração no potencial de membrana, indicando que os neurônios diferenciados eram fisiologicamente funcionais. De 5 linhagens de hiPSCs (sendo uma controle e as outras 4 de pacientes com TDM), somente 1 linhagem sobreviveu ao processo de diferenciação, originando organóides cerebrais e apresentou expressão dos marcadores Sox2 (progenitoras neurais) e Tuj1 (neurônios maduros), indicando ainda uma estruturação correta da citoarquitetura, com as progenitoras localizadas mais internamente, na zona ventricular, ao redor dos lúmens preenchidos com líquido e com os neurônios maduros localizados na placa cortical, região mais externa dos agregados celulares. Apesar de o processo de produção dos organóides cerebrais necessitar de aperfeiçoamento e melhor padronização, a produção destes dois tipos de modelos in vitro, feitos a partir de hiPSCs de pacientes com TDM configura-se como um importante passo para a futura redução do uso de modelos animais em pesquisa, elucidação de mecanismos subjacentes à doença, identificação de biomarcadores diagnósticos e triagem de fármacos de maneira personalizada, visando permitir tratamentos mais baratos, adequados e eficientes para o TDM / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric condition that results in substantial personal distress, disability, and social costs. The inaccessibility to the human brain due to practical and ethical issues and the limitations encountered by the use of animal models turn the development of accurate in vitro models into an essential factor to study this disease. In this regard, the emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cell technology (hiPSCs) is an important tool, since it allows the recapitulation of patient\'s genetic diversity and allows the production of cell types of interest for studying the disease, such as neurons and glia. However, to date, there are no records of the production of in vitro models from hiPSCs of patients with MDD. In order to fill this gap, the present study aimed at the production and characterization of two types of in vitro models from hiPSCs of patients with MDD: serotonergic neurons, a monolayer cell culture, and cerebral organoids, a suspension cell culture. 5 patients\' hiPSCs lines were successfully differentiated into neurons and, in the immunocytochemistry assay, they expressed the 5-HT (serotonin), T5-HT (serotonin transporter), nestin (present in several neuronal cell types) and Tuj1 (cytoskeleton protein, neuron-specific), confirming the phenotype of serotonergic neurons. Differentiated cells also obtained positive results in calcium imaging tests and measurements of membrane potential changes, indicating that differentiated neurons were physiologically functional. Of 5 hiPSCs lines (one control and the other 4 of patients with MDD), only 1 survived to the differentiation process, originating cerebral organoids which presented expression of Sox2 (neural progenitor) and Tuj1 (mature neurons) markers and a correct structuring of the cytoarchitecture, with the progenitors located more internally in the ventricular zone, around the lumens filled with liquid and with the mature neurons located in the cortical plate, the outermost region of the cellular aggregates. Although the cerebral organoids production process needs improvement and better standardization, the production of these two types of in vitro models, made from hiPSCs of patients with MDD, is an important step for the future reduction of animal models use, elucidation of disease underlying mechanisms, identification of diagnostic biomarkers and drug screening in a personalized manner, in order to allow cheaper, more adequate and more efficient treatments for MDD

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24485号 / 医博第4927号 / 新制||医||1063(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 大鶴 繁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Given the rising demand for diverse cell types in regenerative and transfusion medicines, such as human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (iPSC-Ns), human T/chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and human natural killer (NK) cells, the ability to cryopreserve cells has become increasingly important. In regenerative medicine, iPSC-Ns are powerful tools for treating and modelling neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, transplants/transfusions of T/CAR T cells or NK cells offer promising treatment for numerous types of tumors, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Cryopreservation of cells at sub-zero temperatures (-80 to -196 °C) allows for the development of master cell banks that can be used for clinical applications. Conventional cryoprotective agents (CPAs), such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol, are utilized to protect cells from cryoinjuries associated with the freezing process. However, the use of high concentrations of DMSO (i.e., 10 to 20%) has been shown to be accompanied with toxic effects on patients receiving cell therapies if it is not removed or diluted prior to transfusion. Moreover, DMSO does not prevent the occurrence of the cryoinjury associated with ice recrystallization, which is one of the major causes of cell death/damage during cryopreservation. As a result, there is a surge of attention toward developing new non-toxic cryo-additives that inhibit ice recrystallization during cryopreservation to permit future advancement in regenerative and transfusion medicines. Moreover, the use of ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) as novel CPAs has become a promising strategy to improve cell viability and function post-thaw. The Ben laboratory heavily invested in synthesizing several classes of carbohydrate-based small molecule IRIs (i.e., O-linked alkyl and aryl glycosides, and N-aryl-D-gluconamides), and studying the correlation between their IRI activity and molecular properties, such as polar surface area to molecular surface area (PSA/MSA) ratio. Moreover, compounds that belong to the O-linked aryl glycosides and N-aryl-D-gluconamides classes of IRIs have been shown to enhance the viability and functionality of red blood cells (RBCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) after thawing. Part of the research presented throughout this thesis focuses on structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of alkyl pyranoses with modified alkyl chain lengths to explore any correlations between the IRI activity and the net polarity (i.e., PSA/MSA ratio) of the IRI candidates. O- and C-linked alkyl pyranose derivatives with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized and their IRI activity was assessed using the modified splat cooling assay. While the IRI activity of the O- and C-linked alkyl glucosides did differ as the length of the alkyl chain increased, no correlation between the PSA/MSA ratios and their IRI activity was observed. In addition, this work allowed for investigation into the effect of the type of the glycosidic bond (i.e., C-O and C-C bonds) at the anomeric position, on the IRI activity of the different compounds. The O-linked alkyl glucosides appeared to be more IRI active than the C-linked compounds, suggesting the nature of the glycosidic bond is important for IRI activity. The second part of the research presented in this thesis focuses on examining the potential for IRIs to cryopreserve iPSC-Ns, T/CAR T cells, and NK cells. 2-fluorophenyl-D-gluconamides (2FA), which is one of the most active IRIs from the N-aryl-Dgluconamides, has shown promising results in maintaining a high number of viable and functional HSCs and iPSCs post-thaw, and therefore it was employed in the cryopreservation protocol of iPSC-Ns, human-derived T/CAR T cells, and human-derived NK cells. The efficacy of the cryopreservation protocol being constructed was evaluated by assessing the post-thaw viability and recovery rate, as well as the functionality of iPSCNs, T/CAR T cells, and NK cells post-thaw. These studies showed that protecting against ice recrystallization during cryopreservation with IRIs increases the number of viable and functional iPSC-Ns, and T/CAR T cells. It was also observed that employing IRI technology in the cryopreservation protocol of NK cells does not compromise their functionality compared to fresh, non-frozen NK cells. Overall, inhibition of ice recrystallization using IRIs appeared to enhance the cryopreservation outcomes of the different cell types, which will allow for the development of off-the-shelf cell therapy products and improvement of the delivery of efficacious cell products to clinics and hospitals.