Infelizmente os municípios brasileiros, em sua grande maioria, dispõem seus resíduos sólidos domiciliares sem nenhum controle, o que promove graves conseqüências, como contaminação do ar, do solo, das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Este trabalho visou caracterizar geológica e geotecnicamente, com base em estudos geofísicos, o lixão desativado de São Carlos - SP, bem como analisar a evolução da contaminação já identificada por alguns autores anteriormente. Os resíduos foram dispostos inadequadamente nesta área por aproximadamente 17 anos, sobre os solos arenosos permeáveis da formação Botucatu. Esta atividade cessou definitivamente em 1996, o que não finalizou o processo de contaminação, ainda atuante. Para investigação da evolução da pluma de contaminação realizaram-se caminhamentos elétricos (eletrorresistividade e polarização induzida), ensaios de infiltração e outros para caracterização dos materiais inconsolidados, associando estes dados aos já existentes. Os resultados mostram que a aplicação dessas técnicas permitiu caracterizar a situação de contaminação atual da área, mostrando que existe a propagação de uma pluma de contaminação com direção NW, e que verticalmente também pode estar ocorrendo contaminação. Essa contaminação no sentido vertical pode ser acentuada pela existência de uma descontinuidade sob o corpo do lixo, pela alta permeabilidade dos materiais arenosos da região, pela ausência de barreiras menos permeáveis e pela variação sazonal do nível d´água. / Unfortunately the brazilian cities, in its majority, discharge its domestic solid wastes without any control, which produces grave consequences such as contamination of the air, earth, and both superficial and the groundwater. This work carried out a geological-geotechnical characterization and geophysical studies of the uncontrolled sanitary landfill of São Carlos – SP, and also the analysis of the evolution of the contamination previously identified by other authors in the area. The residues were disposed inadequately in this area for approximately 17 years, in an area constituted by porous soils overlapping sandstones of Botucatu formation. This practice ceased completely in 1996, but the contamination process didn’t stop up to now. For investigation of the development of the plume of contamination several procedures were used: geophysical surveys (eletroresistivity and induced polarization), infiltration characterization tests of the unconsolidated materials and analysis of the results already existing. The results show that these techniques were enabled to characterizing the current situation of contamination of the area, showing that there is a propagation of a plume of contamination with direction NW, and that there also may be contamination occurring vertically. This contamination on the vertical direction may be allowed by the existence of a discontinuity under the sanitary landfill, high permeability of the sandy materials in the area, by the lack of less permeable layers and by the seasonal variation of the groundwater level.

A sociedade humana teve seu desenvolvimento atrelado à exploração de recursos naturais do planeta e atualmente dependemos significativamente de bens de consumo derivados destes recursos, principalmente dos recursos provenientes do petróleo. A diversificação da matriz energética é lenta e nossa dependência dos combustíveis fósseis permanecerá durante várias décadas. Em função deste cenário econômico, são crescentes e fundamentais as pesquisas de acumulações não convencionais de óleo e gás, o que motivou o presente projeto. A área de estudo escolhida se constitui de um afloramento de arenito asfáltico (arenito impregnado, nos poros, por betume) relativo à rocha-reservatório do sistema petrolífero Irati Pirambóia, e se localiza na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, nas proximidades do município de Anhembi SP. O objetivo do projeto foi identificar e mapear a camada de arenito com presença do óleo (pesado, de baixo grau API), em meio a camadas com pouco ou nenhum óleo, verificando uma assinatura geofísica associável à mesma que pudesse ser utilizada em pesquisas em outras áreas com o mesmo tipo de acumulação. Os métodos utilizados, Eletrorresistividade, Polarização Induzida e Eletromagnético Indutivo, foram escolhidos por serem amplamente aplicados de forma integrada em estudos ambientais, em áreas contaminadas por derivados de hidrocarbonetos. Os dados, adquiridos com a técnica de caminhamento elétrico e arranjo eletródico dipolo-dipolo, geraram perfis 2D de resistividade e cargabilidade que permitiram visualizar a camada alvo, e linhas de CE paralelas foram interpretadas com uma técnica 3D para inferir a geometria e os limites da mesma. Foram realizadas algumas sondagens elétricas verticais e caminhamentos eletromagnéticos, para corroborar os resultados principais e para comparação com dados de um poço perfurado no local pela Petrobras, com resultados bastante satisfatórios, o que sugere um potencial de aplicação dos métodos geoelétricos em outras áreas de interesse. / Human society had its development linked to the exploitation of the Earths natural resources and nowadays we depend significantly on consumer goods derived from these resources, especially the ones from oil. The diversification of the energy matrix is slow and our dependence on fossil fuels should last for several decades. Due to this economic scenario, oil and gas unconventional accumulation exploration are growing and are fundamental, which motivated this project. The area of study consists of an asphaltic sandstone outcrop (sandstone impregnated in the pores by bitumen) concerning the Irati Pirambóia oil systems reservoir rock, and is located on the eastern edge of the Paraná Basin, near the city of Anhembi - SP. The goal for this project was to identify and map the sandstone layer with the presence of oil (heavy, with low API grade), in between layers low on oil or with no oil at all, by checking a matching geophysical signature that could be used in other research areas with the same type of accumulation. The geophysical methods, Electrical Resistivity, Induced Polarization and Inductive Electromagnetic, were chosen because of their wide integrated application on environmental studies, in areas contaminated by hydrocarbon derivatives. The data obtained through the electrical profiling and dipole-dipole electrode array technique generated 2D resistivity and chargeability profiles that allowed us to visualize the target layer, and EP parallel lines were interpreted through a 3D technique to infer its geometry and limits. Some vertical electrical surveys and electromagnetic profiling were performed to corroborate with the main results and for comparison with data from a well drilled on the site by Petrobras, with very satisfactory results, suggesting a potential of geoelectrical methods applications in other areas of interest.

Afin de cartographier la structure souterraine des volcans et détecter des ressources géothermiques de haute température, on utilise souvent l’imagerie de résistivité électrique. La résistivité électrique des volcans est affectée par plusieurs facteurs: volume et salinité de l’eau interstitielle, abondance de minéraux conducteurs, température de la roche et présence de magma. Ce travail de thèse tente de contraindre l'interprétation des structures de résistivité électrique autour des volcans actifs, afin de développer des outils innovants pour l'exploration des ressources géothermiques. La contribution des minéraux conducteurs est au cœur de la thèse: conducteurs ioniques solides (minéraux argileux, en particulier la smectite) ou semi-conducteurs électroniques (pyrite, oxydes de fer), mais l’influence de la porosité, de la salinité, de la température et de la présence de magma est aussi étudiée. La thèse utilise le volcan Krafla comme terrain d’étude pour affiner les interprétations des structures de résistivité électriques, du fait de la disponibilité de carottes, de données, de bibliographie et d’infrastructure. La smectite et la pyrite sont formées par altération hydrothermale des roches volcaniques et témoignent ainsi des convections hydrothermales. Les oxydes de fer en revanche sont plutôt formés lors de la cristallisation du magma et sont dissous lors des circulations hydrothermales. La contribution de la smectite à la conductivité électrique de roches volcaniques, saturées en eau à différentes salinités, est d'abord étudiée en laboratoire (à température ambiante) par spectroscopie d’impédance électrique « résistivité complexe ». Des variations non linéaires de la conductivité électrique à 1 kHz avec la salinité sont observées et discutées. La conduction interfoliaire est suggérée comme un mécanisme important par lequel la smectite conduit le courant électrique. L'influence de la pyrite et des oxydes de fer sur les effets de polarisation provoquée est ensuite analysée en utilisant l'angle de phase de l'impédance, qui dépend de la fréquence. Un angle de phase maximal supérieur à 20 mrad est attribué à la pyrite si la roche est conductrice et aux oxydes de fer si la roche est résistive. L'angle de phase maximal augmente d'environ 22 mrad pour chaque pourcent de pyrite ou d'oxyde de fer. Ces résultats de laboratoire en domaine fréquentiel sont appliqués à l’interprétation de tomographies de résistivité complexe sur le terrain en domaine temporel. Smectite, pyrite et oxydes de fer ont pu être identifiés jusqu'à 200 m de profondeur. La température in-situ, plus élevées qu’en laboratoire, semble augmenter la conductivité de la smectite. De manière générale, la tomographie de résistivité complexe est recommandée comme méthode complémentaire aux sondages électromagnétiques pour l'exploration géothermique. / Electromagnetic soundings are widely used to image the underground structure of volcanoes and look for hightemperature geothermal resources. The electrical resistivity of volcanoes is affected by several characteristics of rocks: volume and salinity of pore fluid, abundance of conductive minerals, rock temperature and presence of magma. This thesis aims at improving the interpretation of electrical resistivity structures around active volcanoes, in order to develop innovative tools for the assessment of geothermal resources. I focus on conductive minerals, which can either be solid ionic conductors (clay minerals, in particular smectite) or electronic semi-conductors (pyrite and iron-oxides), but I also investigate the effects of porosity, salinity, temperature and presence of magma. I use Krafla volcano as a laboratory area, where extensive literature, borehole data, core samples, surface soundings and infrastructures are available. Smectite and pyrite are formed upon hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks and thus witness hydrothermal convection. On the other hand, iron-oxides are mostly formed during the primary crystallization of magma and dissolved by hydrothermal fluids. The contribution of smectite to the electrical conductivity of volcanic rocks saturated with pore water at different salinity is first investigated in the laboratory (room temperature) by electrical impedance spectroscopy “complex resistivity”. Non-linear variations of the conductivity at 1 kHz with salinity are observed and discussed. Interfoliar conduction is suggested as an important mechanism by which smectite conducts electrical current. The influence of pyrite and iron-oxides on induced polarization effects is then analyzed, using the frequency-dependent phase-angle of the impedance. A maximum phase-angle higher than 20 mrad is attributed to pyrite if the rock is conductive and to ironoxides if the rock is resistive. The maximum phase-angle increases by about 22 mrad for each additional per cent of pyrite or iron-oxide. These laboratory frequency-domain findings are partly upscaled to interpret field time-domain complex resistivity tomography at Krafla: smectite, pyrite and iron-oxides can be identified down to 200 m. The in-situ temperature, higher than in laboratory conditions, appears to significantly increase the conductivity associated to smectite. In general, time-domain complex resistivity measurements are recommended as a complementary method to electromagnetic soundings for geothermal exploration.

Les méthodes géophysiques non intrusives sont requises pour caractériser la zone vadose, les réservoirs d’hydrocarbures, ou les sites de stockages de CO₂. Nous analysons l’impact d’une injection de CO₂ gazeux sur la conductivité électrique et les propriétés électrocinétiques des roches carbonatées partiellement ou totalement saturées grâce aux méthodes de polarisations provoquée et spontanée. Les données sont analysées au regard au regard de mesures effectuées sur une roche chimiquement neutre, vis-à-vis du CO₂, c’est-à-dire , un grès de Fontainebleau. Nous comparons également nos résultats aux données de la littérature. Le coefficient de couplage électrocinétique est un paramètre clé, dont nous allons étudier la dépendance vis-à-vis de la saturation, sujet hautement débattu de nos jours. En utilisant la méthode de polarisation spontanée, nous étudions les relations entre le coefficient de couplage électrocinétique, la pression capillaire ainsi que la perméabilité relative au sein des roches carbonatées. Un système expérimental a été élaboré pour mesurer simultanément la perméabilité relative, l’indice de resistivité et le coefficient de couplage électrocinétique en écoulement diphasique de type eau-gaz, en fonction de la saturation en azote ou en dioxyde de carbone. Les résultats sont comparés à des modèles théoriques basés sur les approches de Brooks et Corey et van Genuchten, dont les exposants nous permettent d’ajuster les données avec les modèles de pression capillaire avec succès. Les échantillons sont saturés avec des saumures de différentes compositions, dont les ions sont mono- ou divalents et pour lesquelles la force ionique est comprise entre 10⁻⁴ et 10⁰ Mol L⁻¹. La valeur absolue du coefficient de couplage électrocinétique augmente lorsque la force ionique de la solution diminue, ce qui a déjà été observé dans les roches gréseuses. Le potentiel zêta a été calculé en utilisant une version modifiée de l’équation d’Helmholtz-Smoluchowski, qui prend en compte les effets liés à la conductivité de surface. Comme pour le coefficient de couplage, la valeur absolue du potentiel zêta chute lorsque la force ionique augmente. Nous nous intéressons également aux effets liés à une injection de CO₂ et à la dissolution de la calcite sur la valeur de ce potentiel zêta. Enfin, nous utilisons la méthode de polarisation provoquée pour déterminer l’influence de conductivité de l’eau porale sur la conductivité électrique complexe, la chargeabilité normalisée ainsi que le temps de relaxation en milieu carbonaté non saturé. Nous montrons que ces paramètres peuvent être considérés comme des paramètres de polarisation de la double couche électrique lorsque la conductivité de l’eau porale est comprise entre 10⁻³ et 10⁰ S m⁻¹. / Minimally intrusive geophysical methods are required to characterize both the vadose zone of the Earth, hydrocarbon reservoirs and CO₂ sequestration. We investigate the impact of gaseous CO₂ on both electrical conductivity and electrokinetic properties of limestones under saturated and unsaturated conditions, using the spectral induced polarization and the self-potential methods. These data are contrasted with measurements performed on a Fontainebleau sandstone and data from the literature. That said, the dependence of a key parameter, the streaming coupling coefficient, with the saturation remains highly debated. Using the self-potential method, we explore the relationship between the streaming potential coupling coefficient, the capillary pressure curves and the permeability in carbonate rocks characterized by distinct textures. A new core flooding system is used to measure simultaneously both the relative permeability, the resistivity index and the streaming potential coupling coefficient in steady-state two-phase flow conditions as a function of the saturation with CO₂ or N₂. The results are compared with a recently developed theoretical model, which can accommodate either the Brooks and Corey or the van Genuchten models for the capillary pressure curves. Saturation was achieved with monovalent and divalent brines with ionic strength ranging from 1x10⁻³ Mol L⁻¹ to 1x10⁰ Mol L⁻¹. The magnitude of the coupling coefficient increases with decreasing ionic strength similarly to the trend observed for sandstones. The zeta potential has been calculated at full saturation using a modified version of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation that accounts for surface electrical conductivity. Under atmospheric conditions, the magnitude of the zeta potential is decreasing with the increase of the ionic strength. We also investigate the effects of a CO₂ release and the calcite dissolution on the magnitude of the zeta potential. Finally, we use the spectral induced polarization method to determine the pore water conductivity effects on the complex electrical conductivity, the normalized chargeability and the main relaxation time during drainage in a clay free limestone. We also show evidences that these parameters could be considered as polarization parameters of the electrical double layer in the pore water conductivity range 10⁻³ - 10⁰ S m⁻¹.

La biodégradation stimulée est une méthode de dépollution in situ utilisée pour dégrader des hydrocarbures. Son suivi se fait actuellement via des forages coûteux et trop peu nombreux. Ce travail de thèse propose d’améliorer le suivi d’une biodégradation en combinant des méthodes géophysiques électriques (polarisation provoquée) et des analyses de CO2 (flux en surface et isotopie du carbone). Ces outils ont été testés à l’échelle du laboratoire, puis mis en œuvre sur un site pilote en cours de dépollution. La dégradation aérobie du toluène en colonnes par une souche bactérienne connue (Rhodococcus wratislaviensis) a été caractérisée par une production de CO2, un fractionnement isotopique du carbone, et par une évolution de la résistivité électrique complexe du milieu poreux, en corrélation avec les analyses microbiologiques et géochimiques. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre en place un suivi à l’échelle du terrain. Le site est une station-service où des fuites d’essences et de gasoil ont eu lieu il y a une quinzaine d’années. Une tranchée apporte de l’oxygène à la nappe pour stimuler les processus bactériens aérobies. Des campagnes géophysiques ainsi que des analyses de CO 2ont été réalisées à partir de février 2014. Les premiers résultats montrent une zone plus conductrice et plus chargeable qui correspond à la zone polluée définie par les analyses géochimiques en forages. De plus, au niveau de cette zone, de fortes émissions de CO2 ont été mesurées avec une signature isotopique caractéristique d’une biodégradation d’hydrocarbures. Ces résultats montrent l’intérêt de combiner des méthodes géophysiques avec des analyses de gaz pour surveiller des zones de biodégradation et d’ores-et-déjà, permettent de fournir une méthodologie non destructrice et originale de monitoring in situ. / Stimulated biodegradation is a depollution technique used to degrade hydrocarbons. Its monitoring is currently done thanks to very few expensive wells. This PhD research work proposes to improve bioremediation monitoring by combining geophysical electrical methods (induced polarization) and CO2 analyses (surface emissions and carbon isotopic ratio). These tools were tested at laboratory scale and then implemented on a pilot site under decontamination. Aerobic degradation of toluene in columns by a known bacterial strain (Rhodococcus wratislaviensis) was characterized by CO2 production, carbon isotopic fractionation and by an evolution of electrical complex resistivity of porous media, in correlation with microbiological and geochemical analyses. These results allowed to implement a monitoring at the site scale. The site is a gas station where gasoline and diesel leaked fifteen years ago. A trench supply oxygen to the water table in order to stimulate aerobic bacterial processes. Geophysical campaigns and CO2 analyses have been carried out since February 2014. The first results show a more conductive and chargeable area which corresponds to the contaminated zone defined by geochemical analyses in wells. Moreover in this area CO2 emissions have been measured with an isotopic signature typical of hydrocarbon biodegradation. These results show the interest of combining geophysical methods with gas analyses to monitor biodegradation and they have already allowed to provide a non-destructive and new methodology for in situ monitoring.

A geofísica tem mostrado eficácia em identificar áreas contaminadas por derivados de petróleo, contribuindo para tornar mais efetivos os programas de sondagem voltados à coleta de amostras e instalação de poços de monitoramento. O presente trabalho apresenta resultados de investigações geofísicas em uma área de disposição de resíduos de re-refino de óleo lubrificante localizada no município de Ribeirão Preto, no Estado de São Paulo. Na área de estudo os resíduos foram dispostos em quatro cavas com um volume total de aproximadamente 25.000 m3, em área de afloramento de arenitos da Formação Botucatu e basaltos da Formação Serra Geral. As cavas foram totalmente preenchidas com resíduos por aproximadamente 25 anos e não foi usado nenhum tipo de impermeabilização na base e laterais destas cavas. O objetivo do trabalho foi o estudo de uma metodologia geofísica de aquisição e modelagem de dados 3D com os métodos da eletrorresistividade e polarização induzida para a caracterização geoambiental da área de estudo, seguido pelos métodos potencial espontâneo e ground penetrating radar (GPR). A aquisição de dados 3D, a partir de uma série de levantamentos elétricos 2D, mostrou-se eficaz em mapear variações de resistividade e cargabilidade em três dimensões, mostrando em subsuperfície o comportamento dos contaminantes. As anomalias condutivas na zona saturada e zona não saturada estão relacionadas à contaminação gerada pelo processo de biodegradação. Em geral, as cavas com resíduos são caracterizadas por baixos valores de cargabilidade. Nos levantamentos elétricos 2D são observadas anomalias condutivas abaixo das cavas coincidentes com a atenuação do sinal eletromagnético do GPR, evidenciando a contaminação do meio, bem como o aumento da polarização à medida que se afasta da fonte de contaminação. O método potencial espontâneo, também, possibilitou o mapeamento da contaminação, que é associada às anomalias negativas de potencial espontâneo e evidencia atividade geoquímica no local. O GPR foi o método mais eficiente na identificação da geometria das cavas, com exceção da cava 1, cuja base não é bem caracterizada pelo sinal GPR. As análises diretas de amostras de solo e água subterrânea confirmam a contaminação. Nas análises de solo, baixas concentrações de alguns hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos foram encontradas, principalmente naftaleno e fenantreno. Nas amostras de água, foi confirmado contaminação da água subterrânea por chumbo (Pb). O processo de biodegradação é confirmado pela existência de microorganismos (bactérias), como constatado na análise biológica das amostras de solo coletadas em um ponto específico, onde assinaturas geofísicas sugerem contaminação. Os métodos geofísicos utilizados afirmam-se como uma ferramenta de grande potencial na caracterização geoambiental, juntamente com os métodos de investigação direta neste caso de estudo, e podendo ser aplicados no estudo de áreas similares. / Geophysics has been shown to be effective in identifying areas contaminated by oil products, contributing to the greater efficiency of soundings programs and the installation of monitoring wells. The present work presents results of geophysical investigations in a lubricant oil waste area located in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. In the study area the waste was disposed of in four trenches with a total volume of about 25.000 m3. This area is situated on the geological domains of the basaltic spills of the Serra Geral Formation and the sandstones of the Botucatu Formation. The trenches were totally filled with waste over approximately 25 years and no protection liners were used in the bottom or laterals of the trenches. The goal of the study was the acquisition and modeling of 3D data with the electroresistivity and induced polarization methods for the environmental characterization of the study area, followed by self potential and ground penetrating radar methods (GPR). The acquisition of 3D data, from a series of 2D electrical surveys, was effective in mapping variations of resistivity and chargeability in three dimensions, showing in the subsurface the behavior of contaminants. The conductive anomalies in the saturated zone and unsaturated zone were related to contamination generated by the biodegradation process. In general, the trenches with waste were characterized by low values of chargeability. In 2D electrical surveys, conductive anomalies were observed below the trenches coincident with the attenuation of the electromagnetic signal of the GPR, indicating the contamination of the environment and increased polarization from the contamination source. The self potential method also allowed mapping of the contamination, which is associated with negative anomalies of self potential and evidence of geochemical activity in the locale. GPR was the method most efficient in the identification of the geometry of the trenches, except in the trench 1, in which the base is not delineated by a GPR signal. A direct analysis of the soil and groundwater samples confirmed the contamination. In the soil analysis, low concentrations of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found, mainly naphthalene and phenanthrene. In the water samples, there was confirmed contamination of the groundwater by lead (Pb). The biodegradation process was confirmed by the presence of microorganisms (bacteria), as evidenced in a biological analysis of soil samples collected at a specific point, where geophysical signatures suggested contamination. The geophysical methods used were an excellent tool for an environmental characterization, and together with the direct methods of investigation in this case study and can be applied in the study of similar areas.

Este trabalho apresenta e discute resultados de aplicações de métodos geofísicos elétricos como ferramenta de auxílio no planejamento e lavra em pedreira de gnaisse para fabricação de brita. Neste trabalho a espessura do capeamento foi investigada, além de identificar zonas da transição solo-rocha e mapear o contato entre diferentes litologias para avaliar a profundidade do corpo rochoso na base da cava da pedreira. Para isso foram adquiridos treze SEVs e quatro CE em duas frentes de trabalho, a primeira em outubro de 2011 onde foram adquiridos uma parte dos dados de SEVs e todos os caminhamentos elétricos e a segunda frente em fevereiro de 2012 onde foi adquirido o restante dos dados de SEVs. A metodologia utilizada foi a eletrorresistividade e a polarização induzida, diante do histórico de sucesso em aplicações semelhantes. As SEVs possibilitaram delimitar o contato com a rocha sã em subsuperfície, bem como mostrar as relações entre o xisto e o gnaisse, além de identificar uma possível intercalação xisto-gnaisse na porção oeste da pedreira. Ademais as SEVs sugerem que o contato no mapa geológico deve ser reavaliado, especialmente a SEV04, que de acordo com o mapa estaria em área de gnaisse, mas a sondagem apresentou resistividades muito baixas para esse tipo de litologia. Através dos caminhamentos foi possível identificar o contato entre a rocha da jazida, o gnaisse e o xisto em todas as seções. Especificamente as linhas CE02 e CE04 mostraram os contatos entre as litologias um pouco discordantes do esperado pelo mapa geológico da área da pedreira. Dessa forma, foi possível definir melhor os contatos geológicos em algumas áreas e corroborar a interpretação estrutural em outras áreas, de forma a auxiliar o planejamento de futuras frentes de lavra. / This work presents end discusses the results of applying electrical geophysical methods as a tool to aid in work front planning in gneiss mine for crushed stones application. This mine produces aggregates for civil construction industry and has a gneiss source rock. In this work the topsoil thickness has been investigated, as well the transitional areas between soil and rock. Moreover the contacts between different lithology have mapped in order to assess the source rock´s depth at the mining boundaries. Thereunto thirteen VES and four EP were acquired in two different stages, the first one was performed on October 2011, where a portion of VES and all the EP were acquired. The second stage was on February 2012 to record the rest of VES data. The methodology used was electroresistivity and induced polarization, due the success history of these methodologies in similar applications. VES allowed to define the contact with the bedrock in subsurface and show the relationships between the schist and the gneiss. Moreover those results identified a possible intercalation of schist-gneiss on west portion at the mine. Furthermore the VES suggest a reevaluation in the geological map, mainly where SEV04 took place, because for the map, the contact would be on gneiss environment, but the sounding showed slower resistivity values for this kind of rock. Through the EP was possible to identify the contact between the gneiss and the schist in all the sections. Specifically the lines CE02 and CE04 showed the contact for both lithologies slightly discordant that were expect for the geological map. Thereby was possible to better define the geological contacts in some places and corroborate the interpretation in others, in order to assess the future work front planning for this mine.

Este trabalho apresenta e discute resultados de aplicações de métodos geofísicos elétricos como ferramenta de auxílio no planejamento e lavra em pedreira de gnaisse para fabricação de brita. Neste trabalho a espessura do capeamento foi investigada, além de identificar zonas da transição solo-rocha e mapear o contato entre diferentes litologias para avaliar a profundidade do corpo rochoso na base da cava da pedreira. Para isso foram adquiridos treze SEVs e quatro CE em duas frentes de trabalho, a primeira em outubro de 2011 onde foram adquiridos uma parte dos dados de SEVs e todos os caminhamentos elétricos e a segunda frente em fevereiro de 2012 onde foi adquirido o restante dos dados de SEVs. A metodologia utilizada foi a eletrorresistividade e a polarização induzida, diante do histórico de sucesso em aplicações semelhantes. As SEVs possibilitaram delimitar o contato com a rocha sã em subsuperfície, bem como mostrar as relações entre o xisto e o gnaisse, além de identificar uma possível intercalação xisto-gnaisse na porção oeste da pedreira. Ademais as SEVs sugerem que o contato no mapa geológico deve ser reavaliado, especialmente a SEV04, que de acordo com o mapa estaria em área de gnaisse, mas a sondagem apresentou resistividades muito baixas para esse tipo de litologia. Através dos caminhamentos foi possível identificar o contato entre a rocha da jazida, o gnaisse e o xisto em todas as seções. Especificamente as linhas CE02 e CE04 mostraram os contatos entre as litologias um pouco discordantes do esperado pelo mapa geológico da área da pedreira. Dessa forma, foi possível definir melhor os contatos geológicos em algumas áreas e corroborar a interpretação estrutural em outras áreas, de forma a auxiliar o planejamento de futuras frentes de lavra. / This work presents end discusses the results of applying electrical geophysical methods as a tool to aid in work front planning in gneiss mine for crushed stones application. This mine produces aggregates for civil construction industry and has a gneiss source rock. In this work the topsoil thickness has been investigated, as well the transitional areas between soil and rock. Moreover the contacts between different lithology have mapped in order to assess the source rock´s depth at the mining boundaries. Thereunto thirteen VES and four EP were acquired in two different stages, the first one was performed on October 2011, where a portion of VES and all the EP were acquired. The second stage was on February 2012 to record the rest of VES data. The methodology used was electroresistivity and induced polarization, due the success history of these methodologies in similar applications. VES allowed to define the contact with the bedrock in subsurface and show the relationships between the schist and the gneiss. Moreover those results identified a possible intercalation of schist-gneiss on west portion at the mine. Furthermore the VES suggest a reevaluation in the geological map, mainly where SEV04 took place, because for the map, the contact would be on gneiss environment, but the sounding showed slower resistivity values for this kind of rock. Through the EP was possible to identify the contact between the gneiss and the schist in all the sections. Specifically the lines CE02 and CE04 showed the contact for both lithologies slightly discordant that were expect for the geological map. Thereby was possible to better define the geological contacts in some places and corroborate the interpretation in others, in order to assess the future work front planning for this mine.

Submitted by Rosimeri Vergara (rosimerivergara@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-12-07T15:08:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Gonçalves Leandro 2017 Dissertação.pdf: 10712768 bytes, checksum: ee554a9308600c58ba9930f1d2d302ae (MD5) / Submitted by Rosimeri Vergara (rosimerivergara@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-12-10T19:58:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Gonçalves Leandro 2017 Dissertação.pdf: 10712768 bytes, checksum: ee554a9308600c58ba9930f1d2d302ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Dayse Pestana (dayse.pestana@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-12-11T15:57:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Gonçalves Leandro 2017 Dissertação.pdf: 10712768 bytes, checksum: ee554a9308600c58ba9930f1d2d302ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T15:57:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Gonçalves Leandro 2017 Dissertação.pdf: 10712768 bytes, checksum: ee554a9308600c58ba9930f1d2d302ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A Mina Cerro Rico localiza-se aproximadamente a 7 km a leste da cidade de Lavras do Sul, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e está sob licença de pesquisa mineral da empresa Amarillo Mineração do Brasil Ltda. A área de pesquisa possui 15,758 km², delimitada pelas longitudes 53º 47’ 42,7” W - 53º 50’ 56,4” W e pelas latitudes 30º 48’ 5,7” S - 30º 49’ 46” S. A ocorrência mineral de Au, Ag e Cu desta área, está relacionada a presença de zonas de alteração hidrotermal caracterizadas por filões de quartzo de direções NW e EW, alojados nas rochas vulcânicas da Formação Hilário (~ 580 Ma). Os dados aerogeofísicos pertencem ao levantamento gamaespectrométrico – Projeto Lavras do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul, o qual foi executado no ano de 2007 pela empresa Prospectors Aerolevantamentos e Sistemas Ltda. A partir de setores identificados pela caracterização de anomalias geofísicas oriundas do processamento dos dados aerogamaespectrométricos onde foi definida uma área para levantamentos geofísicos terrestres em escala de detalhe, aproximadamente de 1: 3.000, com os métodos geoelétricos de Eletrorresistividade e de Polarização Induzida, utilizando as técnicas de Caminhamento Elétrico e de Sondagem Elétrica Vertical. Os dados aerogamaespectrométricos permitiram a partir da interpretação do mapa Ternário dos radioelementos (K (%), eU (ppm), eTh (ppm)), a identificação de cinco domínios radiométricos que sugerem a presença de diferentes litologias, em termos de possíveis variações na textura e na mineralogia das rochas e solos presentes na área. Os perfis gamaespectrométricos integrados com os dados geoelétricos possibilitaram a identificação de possíveis zonas de fraturas e/ou falhas, com provável percolação de fluído hidrotermal e/ou presença de mineralizações metálicas. O modelo geofísico-geológico 2D proposto para a área da Mina Cerro Rico, sugere que o topo do embasamento andesítico se encontra entre 20 a 30 metros de profundidade, caracterizado pela presença de um relevo irregular, afetado por fraturas e/ou falhas. Conforme a integração dos resultados oriundos dos dados de resistividade e da cargabilidade, definiu-se que patamares anômalos com valor de resistividade em torno de 200 Ohm.m e de cargabilidade em torno de 8 mV/V a 12 mV/V, estão associados a presença de zonas de fraturas com possível mineralização metálica. Os setores da área com presença de fraturas preenchidas por veios de quartzo e com provável mineralização, resultam em potenciais atrativos, para dar continuidade e orientar futuras pesquisas relacionadas a prospecção aurífera na Mina Cerro Rico. / The Cerro Rico Mine is located approximately 7 km east of the Lavras do Sul city, in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and is under mineral exploration license of the Amarillo Mineração do Brasil company. The research area is 15,758 km², delimited by longitudes 53º 47 '42.7 "W - 53º 50' 56.4" W and latitudes 30º 48 '5,7 "S - 30º 49' 46" S. The occurrence of gold, silver and cooper minerals in this area are related to the presence of hydrothermal alteration zones characterized by quartz filaments through NW and EW directions, intruded in the volcanic rocks of the Hilário Formation (~ 580 Ma). The aerogeophysical data belongs to the Lavras do Sul Gammaspectrometric Survey Project, which was executed by Prospectors Aerial Surveys and Systems in 2007. The sectors was identified by the characterization of geophysical anomalies through the processing of aerogamaespectrometric data, in this area the geophysical surveying was made on a scale of approximately 1: 3.000 and defined with the geoelectric methods of Eletroresistivity and Induced Polarization using the techniques of 2D Horizontal Profiling and Vertical Electrical Sounding. The aerogamaespectrometric data allowed the identification of five radiometric domains that suggests the presence of differents lithologies in terms of possible variations in the radioelements (K (%), eU (ppm), eTh (ppm)), texture and mineralogy of the rocks and soils present in the area. The gamma spectrometric profiles integrated with the geoelectric data allowed the identification of possible zones of fractures and/or faults, with probable percolation of hydrothermal fluid and/or presence of metallic mineralizations. The 2D geophysical-geological model proposed for the Cerro Rico Mine area, suggests that the depth of the top of the andesitic basement is between 20 and 30 meters, characterized by the presence of irregular relief, affected by fractures and/or faults. According to the integration of the results from the resistivity and chargeability data, the anomalous levels with a resistivity value around 200 Ohm.m and chargeability of 8 mV/V to 12 mV/V are associated with the presence of fracture zones with possible metallic mineralization. The sectors of the area with presence of fractures filled by quartz veins and probable mineralization, results in attractives potentials, to give continuity and guide future research related to gold prospecting in the Cerro Rico Mine.

Les mécanismes produisant les signaux observés par la méthode de Polarisation Provoquée (PP) sur une large gamme de fréquences (entre 1 mHz et 20 kHz) ne sont pas encore complètement identifiés. Deux sujets particuliers ont été abordés dans cette thèse. L'origine du signal observé à haute fréquence (>1 kHz) a été analysé en effectuant des mesures de la résistivité complexe sur de l'eau à différentes salinités. Les résultats montrent des écarts sur la phase par rapport à la réponse attendue à haute fréquence. Ils dépendent du type d'électrode de mesures et de la conductivité du milieu. Un modèle basé sur un circuit électrique équivalent a été proposé pour modéliser ces effets. Nous avons aussi exploré le mécanisme responsable de la polarisation en présence de grains semi-conducteurs en analysant la dépendance de temps de relaxation. La réponse spectrale d'un milieu sableux saturé a été étudiée en variant la concentration et le type de l'électrolyte, la taille, le type et la quantité de grains semi-conducteurs insérés. En utilisant la méthode des éléments finis, nous avons entrepris une simulation numérique 2D basée sur la solution des équations de Poisson-Nernst-Planck dans le domaine temporel et spectral. Les résultats expérimentaux sont conformes à ceux issus de la simulation numérique et montrent une décroissance comparable du temps de relaxation avec l'augmentation de la concentration de l'électrolyte. Finalement, une campagne géophysique de terrain sur un site paléo-miniers contenant des grains semi-conducteurs complète l'approche de laboratoire. Des mesures de PP temporelles permettent de délimiter les zones de scories sur le site et d'en estimer le volume. / The physical mechanisms responsible for the induced polarization response over the frequency range (from 1 mHz to 20 kHz) are not completely understood. In particular, within the framework of this thesis, two subjects have been addressed. The origin of the signal observed at high frequency (HF) (>1 kHz) was analyzed by carrying out Spectral IP measurements on tap water samples. A phase deviation from the expected response has been observed at HF. The resulted deviation in phase appears to be dependent on the measuring electrode type (potential electrodes) and conductivity of the medium. A model based on an equivalent electrical circuit and designed to represent HF response, has been proposed to correct these effects. The mechanism responsible for the polarization in a medium containing semi-conductor grains has been investigated by analyzing the dependence of the relaxation time. We carried out experimental measurements on a sand medium containing different types of semi-conductors. The spectral response was studied by varying the concentration and type of the electrolyte, the size and content of semi-conductor grains. By using the finite element method, a 2D numerical simulation based on Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations was performed in time and frequency domains. The experimental results are qualitatively in accordance with numerical simulation. It showed a comparable decrease in the relaxation time when increasing the electrolyte concentration. Finally, field measurements on a paleo-mining site containing semi-conductor grains have been acquired. Time-domain IP measurements allowed us to define the zones of slag in the site and led to estimate the slag volume.