Partial-infiltration permeable pavement (PP) systems provide environmental benefits by increasing infiltration, attenuating storm flows and improving stormwater quality. This thesis focuses on the performance and operation of partial-infiltration PP systems over low permeability soil in Ontario. Three PP, AquaPave®, Eco-Optiloc® and Hydromedia® Pervious Concrete were monitored over two years and their performance was evaluated relative to an impermeable Asphalt control. Field data was collected from the Kortright PP pilot parking lot in Vaughan, Ontario. Through the use of restrictor valves on underdrains the PP systems were shown to provide substantial hydrologic benefits by eliminating stormwater outflow for rain events less than 7mm, reducing peak flows by 91% and reducing total stormwater volume by 43%. Stormwater quality was analyzed for winter and non-winter seasons. The PP were shown to greatly reduce the concentration and total loading of suspended solids, nutrients, hydrocarbons and most heavy metals. Some water quality data, such as pH, K, or Sr levels, indicate that the quality of PP effluent will change as the system ages. Study of PP sample boxes at the University of Guelph highlighted the role that construction materials have on effluent quality and showed that pollutants introduced by the pavement and aggregate are almost entirely in a dissolved form and decline very rapidly after a season of exposure to rainfall. Benefits to water quality were sustained during winter months. The partial-infiltration PP systems were shown to provide buffering of Na and Cl concentrations. Small and large-scale maintenance practices for PP systems were investigated. Small-sized equipment testing found that vacuum cleaning and pressure-washing have good potential to improve infiltration capacity. Testing of full-sized streetsweeping trucks demonstrated that permeability can be partially restored on PICP by suction-based sweeping. Vacuum-sweeping was beneficial on a PC pavement which had experienced large permeability losses. Results of this study indicate that partial-infiltration PP systems can be effective measures for maintaining or restoring infiltration functions on parking lots and other low volume traffic areas, even in areas with low permeability soils.

Les ouvrages d'infiltration sont utilisés aujourd'hui comme alternative au réseau d'assainissement pluvial. Ils réduisent les risques d'inondation, contribuent au piégeage de polluants permettant ainsi de limiter la détérioration des milieux aquatiques superficiels et sont reconnus pour recharger la nappe. Cependant leur fonctionnement est affecté à long terme par le colmatage réduisant leur performance hydraulique. Par ailleurs, lorsque ces systèmes sont munis de surverses, le colmatage limite les capacités d'interception des flux d'eau et des polluants. Le colmatage constitue donc un facteur clé dans le fonctionnement de ces systèmes tant sur un plan hydraulique qu'environnemental. Cette thèse a pour but de mesurer et de comprendre l'évolution spatio-temporelle du colmatage à une échelle mégascopique (l'échelle d'un ouvrage extensif type) et diachronique (sur le moyen terme). Pour cela une approche expérimentale a été menée au sein de l'Observatoire de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine (OTHU) selon trois niveaux d'investigation sur un même ouvrage en conditions réelles de fonctionnement. Un premier niveau (échelle globale) a consisté à mesurer l'évolution temporelle du système pris dans son ensemble grâce au calage de la résistance hydraulique au sens du modèle de Bouwer. Cette étape a nécessité de mesurer et d'exploiter des données en continu de flux d'eau, de sédiments, de matière organique apportés au système, les facteurs environnementaux comme la température d'air et d'eau, l'ensoleillement, le rythme, la nature des événements pluvieux, la saisonnalité, etc., sur un historique de 8 ans. Cette étape nous a mis en évidence la dynamique d'évolution du colmatage et le rôle bénéfique du développement de la végétation sur le maintien de la capacité d'infiltration globale d'un ouvrage de ce type. Un deuxième niveau (échelle semi globale) nous permettant de distinguer l'évolution temporelle du colmatage du fond et des parois, a montré leur dynamique respective (rapide pour le fond, très lente voire inexistante pour les parois). Un troisième niveau (échelle locale) a tenté d'explorer la répartition spatiale et temporelle du colmatage sur le fond des ouvrages sur des échelles de temps plus courtes. L'approche expérimentale a consisté à caractériser la couche colmatante en terme physico chimique et dans une moindre mesure biologique (conductivité hydraulique à saturation, granulométrie, porosité, masse volumique apparente, masse volumique des particules solides, matière organique, biomasse). Elle a analysé également le rôle de la végétation spontanée sur la capacité d'infiltration vis-à-vis des caractéristiques de l'horizon de surface et la structure aérienne et racinaire des espèces présentes. Enfin des analyses statistiques de l'évolution du colmatage à chaque échelle a mis en évidence la part potentiellement importante du colmatage biologique sur ces systèmes alors que, pour la gestion des eaux pluviales ce facteur est généralement négligé.

L'objectif de ce travail est le développement d'un modèle et d'une méthode numérique adaptés à la simulation duruissellement d'eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles. Pour cela, nous utilisons un système d'équations aux dérivéespartielles pour les eaux peu profondes : le système de Saint Venant. La pluie et l'infiltration y sont pris en compte parl'ajout de termes source et le couplage avec un modèle d'infiltration. Le système étant hyperbolique et conservatifnous choisissons d'utiliser un schéma aux volumes finis avec reconstruction hydrostatique. Avec cette reconstructionnous obtenons un schéma permettant de traiter les équilibres stationnaires et les interfaces sec/mouillé dues auxévénements pluvieux. Tout d'abord, nous effectuons une comparaison systématique de différents flux numériques,de différentes reconstructions d'ordre deux (MUSCL et ENO modifiées) et de différentes méthodes de traitementdes frottements sur des solutions analytiques unidimensionnelles. Ces comparaisons nous permettent de choisirune méthode numérique adaptée à la simulation du ruissellement qui en outre capture les phénomènes de typeroll-waves. Ensuite nous nous intéressons au traitement de la pluie et de l'infiltration à l'aide du modèle de Green-Ampt. Cette méthode généralisée en dimension deux est validée sur des résultats expérimentaux obtenus à l'INRAd'Orléans et à l'IRD. La méthode numérique choisie et validée a été implémentée dans FullSWOF_2D un logiciellibre écrit en C++ pour la simulation de ruissellement d'eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles.

Natural coarse textured soils comprise a significant portion (approximately 20%) of the area to be mined at Suncor, Syncrude (aurora mine), Albian/Shell, and CNRL mines in the Alberta’s oil sands (Macyk, 2006). Although similar in soil textural classifications, the undisturbed areas support a range of ecosite types which exhibit different moisture regimes, suggesting that there are natural mechanisms controlling the plant available water sufficient for forest development. The global objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for textural variability to enhance water storage in coarse textured soil. The observations of the infiltration and drainage behaviour of natural and reclaimed coarse-texture soils in this study have demonstrated that this potential exists and can be applied in reclamation design to achieve the ranges of soil water storage needed to establish different ecosites. Field based infiltration and drainage testing, pit excavation and sampling have been completed on 14 sites (7 natural and 7 reclaimed). Bulk saturated hydraulic conductivity and field capacity were estimated for each of the 14 sites based on the field test results. The observed transient water dynamics give an indication of the effect of layering on these material properties. Laboratory analysis of water content (650 samples), particle size (650 samples), water retention (35 samples), organic carbon (100 samples) as well as calibration of field instrumentation were completed on a large number of samples (approximate values shown in brackets above) across all sites. The laboratory analysis was used to characterize textural variability (mean and standard deviation of the particle diameter) for the layered sites and estimate the soil water retention curve (SWRC) relationships for the range of soil textures encountered at the study sites. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were used to investigate if there were significant differences in the residual sum of squares between estimated and measured SWRCs. The measured organic carbon was used to aid in estimating permanent wilting point (WP) used in the calculation of the available water holding capacity (AWHC) of all profiles. An investigation into the calibration of the moisture capacitance probe (MCP) was undertaken as part of a comparison of the measured and simulated volumetric water content (VWC) profiles. Water storage at the cessation of drainage was related to the soil texture and textural variability as measured in the laboratory. Sites with more textural variability generally stored more water for plant use. There appeared to be a limit to what can be considered ‘useful’ textural variability. If adjacent soil layers had too extreme a contrast in texture and therefore hydraulic conductivity, unstable/preferential flow (i.e. bypassing of some of the water and nutrients from plant roots) occurred. The total porosity calculated from field samples was often higher than the maximum measured VWC in each layer which may be indicative of one or more factors that resulted in less than full saturation being attained within the targeted 1 m depth of saturation during the test. Some of these factors include: errors in sampling leading to an overestimate of total porosity; lateral flow along textural interfaces; air entrapment within the rapidly advancing wetting front; unstable/preferential flow as a result of the high contrast in hydraulic conductivity (fine over coarse) between adjacent layers (i.e. Ks Ratio >20) or where tests were conducted on slopes (i.e. funnel flow). This latter case was common at the reclaimed sites. A modelling study of one uniform (SV10) and one layered (NLFH1) natural site was conducted. The models were built by incorporating soil properties of the layers in the various soil profiles as estimated from field and/or laboratory testing. This study offers a comparison between various PTFs and their ability to capture the soil-water storage/dynamics during infiltration and drainage testing. The Arya PTF gave a better estimation of the laboratory measured SWRCs. However, when modeling the measured infiltration and drainage testing for the relatively uniform site SV10, the Arya PTF and Modified Kovacs (MK) PTF performed similarly. The Arya PTF performing slightly better for the infiltration phase and the MK PTF performing slightly better for the drainage phase. Both PTFs gave a reasonable estimation of water storage but the MK PTF gave a better estimation of the water storage with time as compared to the Arya PTF. For the highly layered site NLFH1, neither model performed well. The Arya PTF gave a substantially better estimation of the infiltration phase and gave the better estimation of the magnitude of water storage with time, the MK PTF performed marginally better for the drainage phase and gave a better estimation of the shape of the water storage with time. Generally, the study showed that the replication of the profile water storage requirements for the layered natural ecosites (‘b’ and ‘d’ ecosites) has been achieved and can be achieved by layering (or even mixing) available coarse textured reclamation materials. This study has indicated that replicating the highly uniform ecosites (‘a’ ecosites) is where the bigger challenge lies in reclamation. Reclaiming with a diversity of target ecosites is essential to achieving the pre-disturbance land capability standard that the mine operators are bound by. The temptation may exist to simply condone reclamation that has met or exceeded the pre-exisiting land capability. However, problems with ground water recharge and regional water distribution are likely to arise if large areas of lower functioning ecosites are replaced with higher functioning ecosites.

Aluminium matrix composites are among the most promising candidate materials for light weight and high strength applications such as transportation and armour. In a previous study 6061 aluminum matrix composites reinforced with plain weave carbon fiber preform (AS4 Hexcel) were successfully fabricated by squeeze casting using the laminate fabrication technique. This research aims at optimizing the fabrication process in order to achieve improved strength and mechanical properties. It focuses on the liquid infiltration squeeze casting method. Good mechanical bonding between fiber and aluminium is achieved thanks to improved infiltration and impregnation of the fabric by liquid aluminium. Oxidation products at fiber/aluminium interface and porosity are reduced. As a result, composites are produced with overall improved mechanical properties. The flexural strength is increased by up to 19.9% and 15.4% compared to the laminate approach and the reference 6061 aluminium alloy squeeze cast under identical conditions, respectively. Similarly, overall hardness is improved. However, the impact strength is reduced by 7.76% and 25.78% when compared to casts fabricated by the laminate method and the reference aluminium alloy, respectively. The thesis constitutes a good basis for further research on fiber and particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites with the goal of further improving fracture toughness, particularly for gradient materials used in armour applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1048332 bytes, checksum: d2cc8bcdce04c4c44c28d4f3c1b64a84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The main form of agricultural land degradation is the soil water erosion which is caused by the action of rain and runoff, being affected by a large number of natural and antropic agents. Moreover, much of the water that flows over the soil surface represents a reduction in the volume of water that reaches the water table. The models are important tools for analysis, since they allow a better understanding of hydrological processes and the assesment of management practices and land use. The aim of this work was to develop and calibrate a hydrologic model to support the impact assessment of the use and management of soil on water availability and soil losses. In 2001, Pruski et al. proposed a hydrologic model to estimate the components of water balance in agricultural areas. The intensity of precipitation is obtained by a function derived from the i-d-f equation, resulting in a profile where the peak rainfall intensity occur in the beginning of precipitation and decreases until the end. The infiltration rate is based on the Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson (GAML) equation. A major limitation of the method is related to the precipitation intensity profile, because it is always associated with a recurrence period and does not properly represent the majority of natural rainfall. With regard to infiltration, the GAML equation is applied without adjustment of the input parameters, which can lead to errors in the infiltration estimate. To make easier the application of the hydrological model was developed a software (Simulação Hidrológica-SH2), whose main limitation is the difficulty of making continuous simulation. In this study we implemented some adjustments to the hydrological model: a) replacement of i-d-f equation by a double exponential equation to represent the precipitation profile; b) the parametrization of the GAML equation to estimate the infiltration rate; c) inclusion of the continuity equation for the simulation of the soil water erosion. The software was integrated with a weather generator (ClimaBR) to allow for daily simulation of hydrological processes, and a module for calculating the soil loss was added. For the evaluation of the model were used monthly and annual rainfall, runoff and soil loss data, obtained from four experimental plots located on the campus of the University of Santa Catarina State - UDESC, in the period from 2003 to 2008. The treatments were the soil without vegetation (SC), conventional tillage (PC), minimum tillage (CM) and no tillage (SD). The simulation was performed with two precipitation synthetic series, one set on a monthly basis (SABM) and another set on a daily basis (SABD). The combination of parameters which resulted in the best fit of the GAML equation was: the replacement of hydraulic conductivity (K0) by the constant infiltration rate (Tie); and the estimated matric potential at the wetting front as a function of hydraulic conductivity in the saturated zone ( Ψf(Kw)). The regression coefficients between the total monthly runoff observed and estimated showed the model has a tendency to underestimate the runoff during the months when major events occur, and to overestimate during the months when minor events were observed. With SABD the coefficients of regression equations were better than the SABM. The model underestimated the average annual runoff for SC, PC and CM, but overestimated for SD. However, were not found statistically significant differences between the observed average annual runoff and average annual runoff estimated by the model. The values of r2 were low. There was no statistically significant difference between the average soil loss rate observed and estimated by the model for the soil without vegetation (SC), but was significant for the other soil tillage. / A principal forma de degradação das terras agrícolas é a erosão hídrica do solo, que é causada pela ação da chuva e do escoamento superficial, sendo afetada por um grande número de agentes naturais e antrópicos. Além disso, grande parte da água que escoa sobre a superfície do solo representa uma redução do volume de água que atinge o lençol freático. Os modelos são ferramentas de análise importantes, uma vez que permitem uma melhor compreensão dos processos hidrológicos, a análise do desempenho de práticas de manejo e uso do solo. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e calibrar um modelo hidrológico de suporte à avaliação do impacto do uso e manejo do solo na disponibilidade de água e nas perdas de solo. Em 2001, Pruski et al. propuseram um modelo hidrológico que permite estimar os componentes do balanço hídrico em áreas agrícolas. A intensidade de precipitação é obtida por uma função derivada da equação de chuvas intensas, resultando em um perfil de precipitação onde a intensidade máxima ocorre no início da chuva e decresce até o final. A taxa de infiltração se baseia no modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein-Larson (GAML). Uma das principais limitações do método está relacionada ao perfil de precipitação, pois o mesmo está sempre associado a um período de retorno e não representa adequadamente a maioria das chuvas naturais. No que diz respeito à infiltração, a equação GAML é aplicada sem ajuste dos parâmetros de entrada, o que pode levar a erros consideráveis na estimativa da infiltração. Para facilitar a aplicação do modelo hidrológico foi desenvolvido um software (Simulação Hidrológica-SH2), cuja principal limitação é a dificuldade de fazer simulação contínua. Neste trabalho foram implementadas algumas adequações ao modelo hidrológico: a) substituição da equação de chuvas intensas por uma equação dupla exponencial para representar o perfil de precipitação; b) ajuste dos parâmetros da equação GAML para estimar a taxa de infiltração; c) inclusão da equação da continuidade para a simulação da erosão hídrica. No software foi implementada a integração com um gerador de séries climáticas (ClimaBR) para permitir a simulação diária dos processos hidrológicos, e a inclusão de um módulo para o cálculo da perda de solo. Para a avaliação do modelo foram utilizados dados mensais e anuais de precipitação, escoamento superficial e perda de solo, obtidos de quatro parcelas experimentais localizadas no campus da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina UDESC, em Lages (SC), no período de 2003 a 2008. Os tratamentos foram o solo sem cobertura (SC), preparo convencional (PC), cultivo mínimo (CM) e semeadura direta (SD). A simulação foi realizada com duas séries sintéticas de precipitação, uma ajustada em base mensal (SABM) e a outra ajustada em base diária (SABD). A melhor combinação de ajuste da equação GAML foi: a substituição da condutividade hidráulica (K0) pela taxa de infiltração estável (Tie), e a estimativa do potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento em função da condutividade hidráulica na zona de saturação ( Ψf(Kw)). Os coeficientes de regressão entre os valores mensais observados e o estimados mostraram que o modelo apresenta a tendência de subestimar o escoamento superficial nos meses em que ocorrem os maiores eventos, e de superestimar nos meses em que ocorrem os menores eventos observados. Com a SABD os coeficientes das equações de regressão foram melhores do que com a SABM. O modelo subestimou o escoamento médio anual para o SC, PC e CM, mas superestimou para a SD. No entanto, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre o escoamento médio anual observado e o escoamento médio anual estimado pelo modelo. Os valores de r2 para a regressão entre a perda de solo mensal observada e as perdas de solo mensais estimadas pelo modelo foram baixos. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre a perda de solo média anual observada e a estimada pelo modelo para o solo sem cobertura (SC), mas foi significativa para os demais preparos de solo.

Submitted by ANA CAROLINA ORTEGAL ALMEIDA null (ortegalmedvet@gmail.com) on 2016-03-21T11:23:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ana_Carolina_Ortegal_Almeida.pdf: 2529882 bytes, checksum: 7d592a7135492a17094d124933d025a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-22T14:01:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_aco_me_jabo.pdf: 2529882 bytes, checksum: 7d592a7135492a17094d124933d025a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T14:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_aco_me_jabo.pdf: 2529882 bytes, checksum: 7d592a7135492a17094d124933d025a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A inspeção da carcaça e órgãos nos abatedouros objetiva limitar o aproveitamento de produtos impróprios para consumo humano, protegendo a população contra doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos. O fígado é uma víscera nutritiva e bem aceita pelos consumidores, mas suas funções metabólicas o tornam susceptível a diversas lesões, fazendo com que seja condenado frequentemente na rotina de inspeção. Este estudo analisou fígados bovinos e relacionou as lesões macro e microscópicas com os sistemas de produção dos animais abatidos (sistemas intensivo, semi-intensivo e extensivo). Avaliou também a presença de lesão microscópica em fígados sem lesão macroscópica. Foram coletadas 450 amostras de fígado bovino dos diferentes sistemas de produção, as quais foram processadas para exame histológico. As alterações macroscópicas observadas nos fígados bovinos foram: fibrose capsular (32%), aderências/peri-hepatite (25,8%), teleangiectasia (24,4%), manchas pálidas ou amareladas (20,9%), hemorragia subcapsular (7,1%), abscessos (5,3%), granulomas (3,5%), congestão (1,8%) e cistos (0,9%). Os achados microscópicos foram: infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear (66,4%), macrófagos espumosos (40,9%), tumefação hepatocelular (30%), tumefação hepatocelular centrolobular (22,7%), fibrose capsular (26,4%), degeneração gordurosa (15,1%), peri-hepatite (13,8%), necrose (13,5%), teleangiectasia (12,2%), abscessos (2,9%), granulomas (1,8%), congestão (16%), hemorragia subcapsular (4,6%), infiltrado inflamatório polimorfonuclear (2,5%), infiltrado inflamatório misto (8,7%), hiperplasia ductal (4,9%) e cistos (0,9%). As lesões que apresentaram relação com os sistemas de produção (P<0,05) foram: infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear, macrófagos espumosos e tumefação hepatocelular. Os fígados de bovinos criados em sistema intensivo apresentaram mais lesões macroscópicas e os fígados de bovinos criados em sistema extensivo apresentaram mais lesões microscópicas. Somente 19,5% dos fígados sem lesão macroscópica não apresentaram nenhum tipo de lesão microscópica. Conclui-se que o sistema de produção pode influenciar na ocorrência de algumas lesões hepáticas e que fígados sem lesão macroscópica, liberados para consumo humano, podem apresentar várias lesões microscópicas importantes. / The inspection of cattle carcasses and organs at slaughterhouses aims at limiting the use of products with abnormalities that makes them improper for human consumption, thereby protecting the public from food-borne diseases. The liver is a nutritious viscera and it is well accepted by consumers. However, its metabolic functions make it susceptible to various injuries, which often condemn it during inspections routine. This study evaluated bovine livers and linked the macro and microscopic lesions found to the beef cattle production systems (intensive, semi intensive and extensive). Also evaluated the presence of microscopic lesions on livers without macroscopic findings. Some 450 samples of beef liver were collected from various production systems and were processed for histological examination. Macroscopic changes observed on the samples were: capsular fibrosis (32%), adhesions/perihepatitis (25.8%), telangiectasia (24.4%), pale or yellowish spots (20.9%), subcapsular hemorrhage (7.1%), abscesses (5.3%), granulomas (3.5%), congestion (1.8%) and cysts (0.9%). Microscopic findings were mononuclear cell infiltration (66.4%), foamy macrophages (40.9%), hepatocellular swelling (30%), centrilobular swelling (22.7%), capsular fibrosis (26.4%), fatty degeneration (15.1%), perihepatitis (13.8%), necrosis (13.5%), telangiectasia (12.2%), abscesses (2.9%), granulomas (1.8%) congestion (16%), subcapsular hemorrhage (4.6%), polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate (2.5%), mixed inflammatory infiltrate (8.7%), ductal hyperplasia (4.9%) and cysts (0.9%). Those injuries related to production systems (P<0.05) were: mononuclear cell infiltration, foamy macrophages and cellular swelling. The livers of bovines raised in extensive system present more macroscopic lesions and the livers of bovines raised in intensive system present more microscopic lesions. Only 19.5% of livers without macroscopic findings did not show histopathological lesions. This study concludes that beef cattle production systems can influence the occurrence of some liver lesions and that liver without macroscopic findings, released for human consumption may have several important microscopic lesions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to analyze the hydrological behavior of a watershed with intense agricultural activity based on rainfall, water discharge and suspended sediment concentration data. The study provides an analysis based on monitoring and modeling techniques with special emphasis to the water infiltration estimate at catchment scale, the runoff modeling and processes of suspended sediment transfer from hillslopes to fluvial channel. The experimental catchment is located in the central-north part of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, with a drainage area of 1.19 km2, which is characterized by shallow soils, steep hillslopes, tobacco cultivation and high sediment yield. Besides the daily and monthly data, the study focuses on 77 rainfall-runoff-sediment events from September 2009 to August 2011. For this data series were used three different models, they being the infiltration model based on hietogramas and hydrographs analysis, curve number model and LISEM model, both with analysis on the estimate infiltration and the runoff. The obtained result for this watershed indicated that: a) the empirical and simple model for infiltration and surface runoff estimation had a fine adjustment with the observed data from the hietograms and hydrograms, b) LISEM model calibration was able to describe the spatial and temporal infiltration variability and surface runoff in a watershed scale. These results contribute for a better understanding of hidrosedimentological processes in a watershed scale, indicating that the use of erosion and sediment yield mathematical modeling tools is efficient for practical indications of soil use and management for reducing environmental and economical problems resulted from runoff and erosion. / O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o comportamento hidrológico de uma bacia hidrográfica com intensa atividade agrícola a partir do monitoramento da precipitação, da vazão e da concentração de sedimentos em suspensão. O estudo apresenta uma análise baseada em técnicas de monitoramento e de modelagem matemática com especial atenção à estimativa da infiltração de água no solo em escala de bacia, na modelagem do escoamento superficial, e nos processos de transferência de sedimentos da bacia vertente para o canal fluvial. A bacia experimental está localizada no município de Arvorezinha, região centro-norte do estado do RS. A bacia possui uma área de drenagem de 1,19 km2, com predomínio de solos rasos, encostas declivosas, intensa atividade agrícola, e elevada produção de sedimentos. Foram monitorados 77 eventos de chuva-vazão-sedimentos ocorridos entre setembro de 2009 e agosto de 2011. Para este conjunto, foram aplicados três diferentes modelos, sendo eles o modelo de infiltração baseado na análise de hietogramas e hidrogramas, modelo curva-número e o modelo LISEM, ambos com análise da estimativa da infiltração e do escoamento superficial. Os resultados obtidos para esta bacia indicaram que: a) um modelo empírico e simples de estimativa da infiltração e escoamento superficial obteve um bom ajuste com os dados observados a partir do conjunto de hietogramas e hidrogramas, b) a calibração do modelo LISEM foi capaz de descrever a variabilidade espacial e temporal da infiltração e do escoamento superficial na escala de bacia. Estes resultados contribuem para a melhor compreensão dos processos hidrossedimentológicos em escala de bacia hidrográfica, indicando que o uso de ferramentas de modelagem matemática da erosão e da produção de sedimentos é eficiente para a indicação de práticas de uso e manejo do solo para a redução dos problemas econômicos e ambientais ocasionados pelas enxurradas e pela erosão.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvafilho_ep_dr_rcla.pdf: 2048803 bytes, checksum: b4e24e2206750a30458668a0d7848401 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O histórico das modificações do uso da terra em Rondônia, e mais especificamente no município de Porto Velho, mostra transformações de grandes áreas de florestas em pastagens com rápida degradação de seus solos. A criação extensiva de gado de corte é a principal causa da ocupação e uso das terras no Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradação ambiental associada à compactação dos solos por pisoteio animal. Foram considerados solos em pastagens degradadas, com vinte anos de pastejo, e florestas naturais em manchas contínuas de um Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (LAd) e um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico plíntico (PVAd). A avaliação da densidade máxima e umidade ideal, obtida pelo Ensaio de Proctor, bem como observações referentes às diferenças da densidade aparente e a umidade dos solos, em seus limites inferior e superior de água disponível, registraram valores de compactação acima de 2,5 MPa indicando um nível prejudicial ao desenvolvimento radicular de algumas espécies. A resistência mecânica à penetração nas duas classes de solos ocorreu entre 0 – 10 cm com aumento entre 11 - 20 cm de profundidade, sendo que o Latossolo mostrou-se mais compactado em ambiente de pastagem que o Argissolo. As taxas de infiltração básica nas áreas de pastagens e de florestas evidenciaram diferenças entre os ambientes e seus solos, com reduções da infiltração básica nas áreas de pastagens do Latossolo. Influências antrópicas próximas das áreas de pastagens apresentaram-se como fatores associados na distribuição dos altos índices de compactação detectados. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram de forma satisfatória os índices mais e menos significativos de caráter físico e químico da fertilidade para as áreas de pastagens e comparativamente as de floresta, permitindo detectar as áreas mais compactadas e suas relações aos... / The history of land use changes in Rondônia, and more specifically the city of Porto Velho, shows transformations of large forest areas into pastures with rapid soils degradation. The extensive beef cattle creation is the main cause of the occupation and land use in the state. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental degradation associated with soil compaction by cattle trampling. It was considered soils in degraded pastures, with twenty years of grazing, and natural forest patches in a continuous Oxisol Distrophic (LAd) and a Ultisol (Red Yellow Distrophic Plinthic – PVAd). The maximum density and optimum moisture content evaluation obtained by the Proctor test and observations relating to differences in bulk density and soil moisture on its lower and upper limits of available water, recorded values of compaction above 2.5 MPa indicating a detrimental level to root development for some species. The mechanical resistance to penetration in the two soil classes occurred between 0 to 10 cm with an increase between 11 to 20 cm deep, and the Oxisol was more compressed in a pasture environment than in the Ultisol. The basic infiltration rates in pasture areas and forests showed differences between environments and soils, with reductions of basic infiltration in Oxisol pasture areas. Anthropogenic influences near pasture areas were factors associated in the distribution of high compaction indexes detected. The obtained results showed as satisfactory manner the most and least significant indexes for physical and chemical nature of fertility in pasture areas compared to forest, allowing to detect the most compressed areas and their relationship to physical and chemical parameters considered in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3915.pdf: 17290672 bytes, checksum: c7489012356ceda8babd81cf7b6b6a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-24 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Several studies cite the pollution of stormwater as equivalent and sometimes even superior to those found in the sewers. According to this premise and thinking about environmental issues, especially in the contamination of groundwater and the spread of waterborne diseases, the quality of rainwater has become an important focus of study. This work concerns the monitoring of an infiltration system consisting of grass filter, trench and infiltration trench, built in full scale on the campus of University Federal of São Carlos - UFSCar, located in São Carlos - SP, from the assessment water quality of runoff directly before and after passing through the proposed infiltration system, parallel to monitoring the quality of rain water, through analysis of the physico-chemical and bacteriological established in legislation and international experiences, compared the conditions of the study area, and exploratory data analysis by two chemometric techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). According to the analysis of the results variation, especially the quality of atmospheric water and quality of direct runoff results were obtained as concentrations low significantly to parameters Turbidity, Color, ST, STD, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia nitrogen, Sulfate, Chloride, Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in the water samples analyzed directly from rain, compared with previous studies in the literature and standards and legislation existing about water resources, and the efficiency of the infiltration trench in the removal of Zinc (90,89%), Cooper (88,31%), Electrical Conductivity (31,40%), Ammonial nitrogen (24,32%) and Chloride (5,88%) compared with the predial direct runnof in the channel. With regard to PCA analysis, proves the characteristics between samples according to the conditions of sampling (day, month, place and time) and analysed variables, dividing into groups of samples and contributing to the extraction and interpretation of information unlikely to be viewed directly in the data matrix. The analysis complemented by HCA analysis by PCA. / Diversos estudos citam a poluição das águas pluviais como equivalente e, às vezes, até superior àquelas presentes nos esgotos. De acordo com tal premissa e pensando na problemática ambiental, especialmente na contaminação de águas subterrâneas e disseminação de doenças por veiculação hídrica, a qualidade da água pluvial tornou-se um foco importante de estudo. Este trabalho visa o monitoramento de um sistema de infiltração constituído de filtro de grama, vala e trincheira de infiltração, construído em escala real no campus da Universidade Federal de São Carlos UFSCar, localizado na cidade de São Carlos SP, a partir da avaliação da qualidade da água do escoamento superficial direto predial antes e após passar pelo sistema de infiltração proposto, paralelo ao monitoramento da qualidade da água de chuva, mediante análise de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos estabelecidos em legislação e em experiências nacionais e internacionais, comparadas às condições da área de estudo, e análise exploratória dos dados por duas técnicas quimiométricas: Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (HCA). De acordo com a análise da variação dos resultados obtidos, sobretudo, da qualidade da água atmosférica e da qualidade da água do escoamento superficial direto, obtiveram-se como resultados concentrações sensivelmente menores dos parâmetros Turbidez, Cor, ST, STD, Nitrato, Nitrito, Nitrogênio Amoniacal, Sulfato, Cloreto, Cádmio, Cobre, Chumbo e Zinco analisados nas amostras de água diretamente da chuva, comparando-se com estudos precedentes na literatura e normas e legislações de recursos hídricos vigentes. O sistema filtro-vala-trincheira de infiltração removeu os seguintes parâmetros analisados, comparando-se com a água do escoamento superficial direto predial no canal: Zinco (90,89%), Cobre (88,31%), Condutividade Elétrica (31,40%), Nitrogênio Amoniacal (24,32%) e Cloreto (5,88%). Com relação às análises por PCA, evidenciaram-se as características entre as amostras de acordo com as condições de amostragem (dia, mês, local e tempo) e variáveis analisadas, dividindo em grupos de amostras e contribuindo para a extração e interpretação das informações que dificilmente seriam visualizadas diretamente na matriz de dados. As análises por HCA complementaram as análises por PCA.