The circadian system provides animals with a means to adapt internal physiology to the constantly changing environmental stimuli that exists on a rotating planet. Light information is translated into molecular timing mechanisms within individual pacemaker cells of the mammalian hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via transcriptionaltranslational feedback loops. Humoral and neural outputs from this master clock result in circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior. The hierarchy of the circadian system involves SCN synchronization of cellular clocks within peripheral tissues so that differential transcriptional profiles in individual organs reflect their specific function. The first step to investigating equine circadian regulation was to identify and isolate the core components of the molecular clock in the horse. Successful isolation and sequencing of equine Bmal1, Per2, Cry1 and Clock cDNAs revealed high sequence homology with their human counterparts. Real Time RT-PCR assays were subsequently designed to quantitatively assess clock gene expression in equine peripheral tissues. Synchronization of equine fibroblasts revealed temporal profiles of clock gene expression identical to those of the SCN and peripheral tissues of other species. However, while clock gene expression varies over time in equine adipose tissue, there was no observable oscillation of clock gene transcripts in equine blood. Spurred by recent reports of immune-circadian interactions, this novel finding prompted an investigation of clock gene expression in equine blood during a systemic inflammatory response. The results demonstrated that acute inflammation upregulates Per2 and Bmal1 in equine blood. Subsequent experiments identified neutrophils as the source of this upregulation and highlighted exciting new immunecircadian interplay during an innate immune response. Finally, the effect of a 6-h phase advance of the light/dark cycle, mimicking an easterly transmeridian journey, on circadian melatonin and core body temperature rhythms was investigated. In contrast to the gradual adaptation observed in other species, these markers of equine circadian phase adapt immediately to a time zone transition. Combined, the results of these experiments highlight important interspecies differences in circadian regulation with practical implications regarding the potential impact of jet lag on equine athletes. Furthermore, the results underline the relevance of chronobiological investigation in a large mammalian species such as the horse.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability throughout the world with few pharmacological treatments available for individuals who suffer from neurological morbidities associated with TBI. Cellular and molecular pathological processes initiated at the time of injury develop into neurological impairments, with chronic sleep disorders (insomnia, hypersomnolence) being among the somatic, cognitive and emotional neurological impairments. Immediately post-injury, TBI patients report excessive daytime sleepiness, however, discordant opinions suggest that individuals should not be allowed to sleep or should be frequently awoken following brain injury. To provide adequate medical care, it is imperative to understand the role of acute post-traumatic sleep on the recovery of neurological function after TBI. The aim of this thesis was to examine post-traumatic sleep after experimental TBI, defined as an increase in sleep during the first hours post-injury. In these studies, we non-invasively measured sleep activity following diffuse brain injury induced by midline fluid percussion injury to examine the architecture of post-traumatic sleep in mice. We detected significant injury-induced increases in acute sleep for six hours regardless of injury severity or time of day injury occurred. We found concurrent increases in cortical levels of the sleep promoting inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta. We extended the timeline of post-injury sleep recording and found increases in post-traumatic sleep are distinctly acute with no changes in chronic sleep following diffuse TBI. Further, we investigated if post-traumatic sleep was beneficial to neurological outcome after brain-injury by disrupting post-traumatic sleep. Disruption of post-traumatic sleep did not worsen functional outcome (neuromotor, sensorimotor, cognition) at one week after diffuse TBI. With sufferers of TBI not always seeking medical attention, our final studies investigated over-the-counter analgesics and their effect on post-traumatic sleep and functional outcome. Acute administration of analgesics with varying anti-inflammatory properties had little effect on post-traumatic sleep and functional outcome. Overall, these studies demonstrated translational potential and suggest sleep after a concussion is part of the natural recovery from injury. While disrupting sleep does not worsen outcome, it is in no way beneficial to recovery. Additionally, a single analgesic dose for pain management following concussion plays little role in short term outcome.

La production de cytokines et chimiokines par les polymorphonucléaires (PMN) est une fonction importante dans la réponse inflammatoire. La phagocytose et la migration, ainsi que d’autres fonctions des PMN changent en milieu hypoxique. II est bien connu que la régulation par l’hypoxie dépend principalement de l'activation du facteur de transcription HIF, cependant, l’effet de l’hypoxie sur la production des cytokines n’est pas encore établi. Notre hypothèse est que l’hypoxie change le profil de production des cytokines et chimiokines dans les neutrophiles humains en réponse aux agonistes en impliquant HIF. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d’abord démontré que les PMN expriment constitutivement HIF-2? et HIF-3?. De plus, les agonistes G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF? ou LPS augmentent l’expression de HIF-1? en hypoxie. D’autre part, nous avons démontré que l’hypoxie seule induit la sécrétion de TNF? et MIP-3a et modifie les niveaux des MIP-1?/1?, IL-8 et MIP-3? produites en réponse au GM-CSF, LPS et PGN. Ceci suggère que l'hypoxie oriente la production des cytokines dans les PMN de façon dépendante du stimulus et témoigne d’une mobilisation des voies de signalisation et des facteurs de transcription différente de celle connue en normoxie. Par la suite, nous avons étudié les mécanismes qui pourraient être à l’origine de ces modifications tels que la voie des MAPK p42/p44, STAT3, ERK, JNK et C/EBP-?. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la production inédite d’IL-8 par G-CSF en hypoxie dépend de STAT3 et p38 et que cette production met en jeu l'action autocrine des cytokines endogènes IL-18, IL-1ra et TNF?. De plus, l’utilisation d’une lignée cellulaire PLB-985 différenciée en PMN portant une mutation sur les sites consensus du NF-?B ou HIF, nous a permis de démontrer que non seulement l’hypoxie seule ou associé au G-CSF, GMCSF, TNF? ou au LPS régule l’activité de ce promoteur, mais le HIF régule aussi cette activité en normoxie. Finalement, les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire démontrent que l’hypoxie modifie l’expression et la production des cytokines par les neutrophiles humains de façon différente de la normoxie. Si le rôle crucial des neutrophiles dans l’inflammation physiologique et pathologique basé sur leur production des cytokines a été largement documenté en normoxie, il est primordial de réaliser des études pour approfondir ce rôle en considérant l’effet de l’hypoxie. [symboles non conformes]

Résumé: Suivant un stress inflammatoire, les cellules épithéliales intestinales (CE1s) relâchent des nucléotides extracellulaires, des molécules pro-inflammatoires qui activent les récepteurs purinergiques P2Y qui sont impliqués dans l'inflammation intestinale. Hormis les récepteurs P2Y, la famille des transporteurs MRP joue aussi un rôle dans l'inflammation intestinale et les maladies en découlant. Plus spécifiquement, MRP2 joue un rôle important dans l'expert de molécules inflammatoires et de drogues cytotoxiques hors des CEIs. Dans cette perspective, nous avons caractérisé en quoi la coopération du transporteur MRP2 avec les récepteurs P2Y pouvait influencer les fonctions des CEIs dans le cancer colorectal. La lignée cellulaire Caco-2 a été stimulée à l'aide de 100 p.M d'ATP ou d'UTP pendant 3 à 18 heures et l'expression de MRP2 et de P2Y2 a été mesurée par qPCR et par immunobuvardage. Nous avons par la suite vérifié s'il existe une relation entre l'expression de MRP2 et celle de P2Y2 dans les échantillons de tumeurs colorectales obtenus à partir de biopsies. D'un point de vue physiologique, nous nous sommes demandés si la modulation de l'expression de MRP2 par l'ATP pouvait conférer aux CEIs une résistance accrue face à divers agents chimiothérapeutiques. Nous avons également entamé une étude dans le but d'établir par quelle voie de signalisation l'activation du récepteur P2Y2 pouvait stimuler l'expression de MRP2. Nous avons démontré que la stimulation des CEIs par les nucléotides extracellulaires augmente l'expression de MRP2. La modulation de l'expression de MRP2 passe par l'activation du récepteur P2Y2 et semble impliquer la voie de signalisation MEK/ERK. De façon surprenante, nous avons observé que l'expression de l'ARNm de MRP2 est augmentée dans les tumeurs de cancer colorectal comparé au tissu sain, tandis que celle de P2Y2 est diminuée. Nous avons également démontré que la stimulation des CEIs par l'ATP augmente la résistance des cellules à l'étoposide et que l'invalidation du transporteur MRP2 diminue la survie des CEIs face à l'étoposide, le cisplatin et la doxorubicine. Finalement, notre analyse de l'expression de l'ARNm de P2Y2 nous a démontré que celle-ci est augmentée dans les CEls où MRP2 est invalidé. Ces résultats montrent clairement l'implication et la coopération du récepteur P2Y2 et du transporteur MRP2 dans le développement et la progression du cancer colorectal. Ils sont concordants avec les rôles de ce récepteur dans la prolifération cellulaire et l'inflammation intestinale, ainsi que ceux de MRP2 dans l'export de drogues cytotoxiques. // Abstract: Following an inflammatory stress, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) release extracellular nucleotides, notably ATP and UTP, pro-inflammatory molecules that activate P2Y purinergic receptors that are involved in intestinal inflammation as well as a variety of cancers. Apart from P2Y receptors, the family of MRP transporters also plays a role in intestinal inflammation and in pathologies deriving from it. More specifically, MRP2 plays an important role in the export of inflammatory molecules and cytotoxic drugs from IECs. In this perspective, we studied the involvement and cooperation of MRP2 with P2Y 2 receptor in colorectal cancer. The Caco-2 cell line was stimulated with 100 µM ATP and UTP for a period of 3, 6 and 18 hours, whereafter the expression of MRP2 and P2Y2 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. We then verified if there was a correlation between the mRNA expression of MRP2 and P2Y2 in biopsies obtained from patients with colorectal cancer. From a physiological standpoint, we wondered if the modulation of MRP2 expression by ATP could confer an increased resistance to IECs against chemotherapeutic agents. In this context, we began a study with the aim to establish by which signalization cascade the activation of P2Y 2 receptor could stimulate the expression of MRP2. We have demonstrated in this study that the stimulation of IECs with ATP and UTP increases the expression of MRP2, both at the transcriptional and protein level. The modulation of MRP2 expression occurs via the activation of the P2Y 2 receptor upon its stimulation with its agonists ATP and UTP, and the signaling cascade MEK/ERK seems to be implicated. In a surprising manner, we observed that the mRNA expression of MRP2 is increased in tumors of colorectal cancer compared to the healthy tissue while that of P2Y 2 is decreased. We have also demonstrated that the stimulation of IECs with ATP increases the resistance of cancer cells to the drug etoposide. On the contrary, the invalidation of MRP2 by shRNA decreases the survival of IECs against the chemotherapeutic agents etoposide, cisplatin and doxorubicin. Finally, our analysis of the mRNA expression of P2Y 2 has demonstrated that it is increased in IECs that are invalidated for the expression of MRP2. These results demonstrate an evident involvement and cooperation between extracellular nucleotides, P2Y2 receptor and MRP2 transporter in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. They are concordant with the role of this receptor in intestinal inflammation as well as that of MRP2 in the export of a variety of drugs. [symboles non conformes]

The prevalence and economic burden of chronic airway disorders such as asthma is on the rise annually. Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and structural airway remodeling due to increased smooth muscle mass. Most allergic asthma occurs due to the overproduction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against common allergens. Classically, IgE has been shown to modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction/relaxation which is believed to be the underlying cause of airway hyperreactivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IgE effects on ASM cell are not established. Recently, the high-affinity Fc receptor for IgE (FcεRI) has been identified in human ASM cells in vitro and in vivo within bronchial biopsies of allergic asthma patients. However, it is unknown whether FcεRI activation on ASM can modulate the immune response within the airways. We hypothesized that the IgE-FcεRI interaction plays a key role in inducing phenotypic and functional changes in ASM cells that eventually contributes to the establishment of airway inflammation, AHR, and remodeling. We sought to investigate the regulation, effector functions, and underlying mechanisms of FcεRI activation in ASM cells. Our work shows that the proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 enhanced the FcεRI abundance and amplified the IgE-induced chemokine (eotaxin-1/CCL11, RANTES/CCL5, IL-8/CXCL8, and IP-10/CXCL10) release in ASM cells via transcriptional mechanisms. Both TNF and IgE induced a novel, Th2-favoring cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) through the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). In addition, IgE induced de novo DNA synthesis and ASM cell proliferation via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and signal-transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. Collectively, our data suggest that the IgE-induced FcεRI activation leads to the expression of multiple chemokines in ASM which may indirectly recruit inflammatory cells and promote allergic airway inflammation; IgE induces TSLP which can promote the Th2 immune responses within the airways; and IgE may potentially induce airway remodeling by directly inducing ASM cell proliferation. Therefore, targeting the IgE-FcεRI network on ASM may offer a novel therapeutic strategy in allergic asthma.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of Canadian cancer mortality. Inflammation is a fundamental risk factor in the aetiology of sporadic intestinal carcinoma. Reducing the frequency or duration of gastrointestinal inflammation may decrease CRC risk. Over 200 population studies demonstrate reduced odds of developing CRC among physically active persons. Preliminary data suggests that regular exercise may slow CRC pathogenesis by decreasing and increasing intestinal expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. This research was designed to further our understanding of how exercise influences the colonic cytokine milieu, even in the presence of immunoscenescent changes. Objectives: The objective of the first experiment (Study #1) was to compare cytokine and apoptotic protein expression in intestinal lymphocytes (IL) at baseline and in response to acute exercise-induced oxidant stress in both young and older C57BL/6 female mice. A second objective (Study #2) was to examine the effect of exercise training on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in IL of older C57BL/6 female mice under ???resting??? conditions. The final objective (Study #3) was to compare the effect of acute exercise-induced stress on IL cytokine and apoptotic protein expression in trained versus untrained older C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Immediately following sacrifice, plasma was collected from the mice and stored (-80??C) until corticosterone and 8-iso-PGF2?? assessment by enzyme immunoassay. Soleus and plantaris skeletal muscles were excised and frozen in liquid nitrogen (-80??C) until spectrophotometric assessment of cytochrome c oxidase (CO) activity. Finally, the entire mouse intestinal compartment was removed and IL lysates were prepared for flow cytometric analysis of percent apoptosis (% Annexin V+ IL) and for western blot analysis of pro-inflammatory (TNF-??, IL-1??), pleiotropic (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine, and pro-(caspase-3, -7) and anti-(Bcl-2) apoptotic protein expression. Results: Findings from Study #1 indicate that, in mice, acute exercise increases caspase-3 (IMM and 2Hr groups vs. SED; p<0.05) and TNF-?? (IMM vs. SED and 2Hr groups; p<0.001), and decreases Bcl-2 (IMM and 2Hr groups vs. SED; p<0.01) expression in intestinal lymphocytes. Furthermore, IL expression of Bcl-2 was lower (p<0.001) and % Annexin V+ IL was higher (p<0.05) in the older vs. young mice. The results from Study #2 indicate that trained older mice had lower (p<0.05) expression of TNF-?? and caspase-7 in IL, and lower (p<0.05) concentration of 8-iso-PGF2?? in plasma compared to sedentary untrained controls. Finally, Study #3 shows that older trained mice display increased expression of pro-(TNF-??) and anti-(IL-10) inflammatory cytokines and pro-apoptotic (caspase-3, caspase-7) proteins, and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein in IL after acute exercise challenge compared to older untrained controls. In both Study #1 & #3, the treadmill protocol induced stress: plasma corticosterone and 8-iso-PGF2?? were higher in mice sampled immediately after acute exercise relative to the no acute exercise (sedentary) condition. This exercise effect did not differ by age (Study #1) or by training (Study #3) condition. In addition, Study #2 & Study #3 showed elevations in cytochrome c oxidase activity following long-term training. Conclusion: Collectively, these results suggest that, in C57BL/6 female mice, IL expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines does not differ by age (young vs. older animals) in response to a single intense exercise bout. However, older mice display lower expression of ???protective??? anti-apoptotic proteins and a higher percentage of early apoptotic IL compared to young mice. Additionally, long-term exercise may protect the bowel from inflammation by reducing inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic protein expression under ???resting??? (no stress) conditions. Finally, long-term training preserves the IL cytokine and apoptotic protein responses in older mice to a magnitude similar to that previously described in young mice. Alternatively, older untrained mice display reduced responsiveness to acute treadmill exercise, suggestive of immunosenescence.

Motivation: Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors predisposing to coronary heart disease (CHD) and is classified as a "disease of modern civilization". Characteristics of the metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity, increased triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations, increased small dense low-density lipoprotein(LDL) particles, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension, insulin resistance, inflammation, glucose intolerance and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects with metabolic syndrome may be susceptible to oxidative stress due to their prolonged exposure to elevated glucose levels. A variety of natural antioxidants exists (e.g. glutathione, l3-carotene, vitamin C, polyphenols) that may prevent oxidative damage to biological structures. Nuts are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids, protein, fibre, .micronutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidants. Duet o their high antioxidant content, it can, therefore, be speculated that nuts may play a role in the prevention of oxidative stress in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Objective: - To investigate the effect of a high walnut and a high unsalted cashew nut diet on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome. Methods: Sixty eight subjects with diagnosed metabolic syndrome (according to the ATP III criteria) were recruited to take part in this parallel, randomized, controlled feeding trial. Subjects were mainly recruited from the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus and surrounding areas. After a run-in period of three weeks during which the participants followed a prudent diet, subjects were randomly divided into three groups receiving either walnuts or cashew nuts (63- 108g/day)as part of a prudent diet, or continued with the prudent control diet. The intervention was followed for eight weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning(after the three week run-in period) and at the end of the intervention. Antioxidant variables including oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG), diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (dRom) were measured at the beginning and the end of the intervention. C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and plasminogen activator-inhibitor activity (PAI-1a) were also measured as markers of inflammation. The antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol content of the diets and the walnuts and cashew nuts were determined at the end of the intervention. Results: A significant decrease in dRom and significant increases in GSSG, the redox status of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and ORAC were observed in all three groups from baseline to end. GSH remained unchanged from baseline to end in all three groups. No significant differences in changes in dRom (p = 0.92), GSSG (p = 0.99), GSH/GSSG (p = 0.86), antioxidant capacity (p = 0.10) and GSH (p = 0.34) were observed from baseline to end between groups. The total polyphenol content of the walnut and control diets were similar and significantly higher than the cashew nut diet. The antioxidant capacity of the walnut and cashew nut diets showed a tendency to be higher than the control diet (p = 0.07 and p = 0.06 respectively). CRP, fibrinogen and PAI-1a concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion No significant differences between the groups receiving walnuts, cashew nuts or no nuts were observed in GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG, dRom or ORAC. Therefore, there seems to be no beneficial effect of the inclusion of walnuts and cashew nuts in the diet on the antioxidant status of the participants. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

ABCA1 is believed to affect macrophage inflammatory responses, but the mechanism by which ABCA1 may impact cytokine secretion in macrophages has yet to be fully defined. We observed that the induction of ABCA1 expression in three different cell lines, namely BHK, RAW 264.7 macrophages, and primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), results in a significant increase in phosphorylated CREB, a known protein kinase A (PKA) substrate. In RAW macrophages, induction of ABCA1 expression by the LXR-agonist T0901317 is correlated with a decrease in LPS-stimulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Additionally, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased upon ABCA1 induction. A similar trend was observed in BMDMS: ABCA1-expressing BMDMs released less TNF-α and more IL-10 compared to ABCA1-knockout BMDMs. We speculated that the inflammation modulating effects of ABCA1 in macrophages could be a result of PKA activation. Indeed, we found that the LXR-induced ABCA1 phenotype can be mimicked by cAMP in macrophages. 8-bromo-cAMP, a PKA activator, dose-dependently suppressed inflammatory cytokine secretion while promoting IL-10 release in the absence of ABCA1 expression. Finally, we found that the T0901317-induced ABCA1 expression is correlated with higher expression levels of MKP-1, a downstream target of PKA known to suppress inflammatory responses. Together, our results suggest that ABCA1 expression may activate PKA and CREB and that such activation may contribute to the inflammatory modulating effects of ABCA1.

The caudal fin of zebrafish (danio rerio) is often used to study regeneration thanks to its extraordinary regenerative ability, easy access, and relative simplicity in structure. Branching morphogenesis is observed in many organs, including lungs and salivary glands in mammals, as well as the fin rays in zebrafish and is thought to follow unifying principles. An important developmental gene, sonic hedgehog a (shha), has been shown in other studies to play an essential role in the branch formation. Previous studies in our lab have shown that the transient depletion of the shha-expressing cells following laser ablation of the shha-expressing cells in the regenerating caudal fin results in a delay of fin rays branch formation. In order to study the long-term effect of ablating the shha-expressing cells, I generated a new zebrafish transgenic line (Tg)(2.4shha:CFP-NTR-ABC) to perform a conditional cell ablation using the Metronidazole/Nitroreductase (Mtz/NTR) system. Preliminary data suggest that cell ablation using the Mtz/NTR system is successful in the Tg(2.4shha:CFP-NTR-ABC) embryos. In addition, short-term ablation of the shha-expressing cells through Mtz/NTR system delays branch formation during caudal fin regeneration of the Tg(2.4shha:CFP-NTR-ABC) adult fish. Further work will involve the analysis of the effects of the long-term ablation of the shha-expressing cells and the involvement of other signaling pathways in the ray branching formation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. This study can provide insights into understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying branching morphogenesis in various organs. During the course of the above project, I have observed an organ-wide response to local injury in the zebrafish caudal fin. In this study, I have shown, for the first time, an immediate organ-wide response to partial fin amputation characterized by the damage of blood vessels, nerve fibers and the activation of inflammatory response in the non-amputated tissues. I established that the adult zebrafish caudal fin serves as an excellent model for the study of the organ-wide response to local injury, and such study may provide new insights into the field of regenerative medicine in which stimulating regeneration locally may trigger responses in unintended locations.   Résumé La nageoire caudale du poisson zèbre (danio rerio) est souvent utilisée pour étudier les mécanismes de régénération à cause de son extraordinaire capacité de régénération, son accès facile, et sa relative simplicité structurale. La morphogenèse de branches est observée dans plusieurs organes incluant les poumons et les glandes salivaires chez les mammifères ainsi que les rayons des nageoires du poisson zèbre et est supposée suivre des principes communs. Un important gène de développement, sonic hedgehog a (shha), joue un rôle essentiel dans la formation des branches. Des études précédentes effectuées dans notre laboratoire ont montré que l’absence transitoire des cellules exprimant shha dans des expériences d’ablation au rayon laser induit un délai de la formation des branches dans les rayons au cours de la régénération de la nageoire caudale. Afin d’étudier les effets de l’ablation à long terme des cellules exprimant shha, j’ai fait un nouvelle lignée transgénique de poisson zèbre Tg(2.4shha:CFP-NTR-ABC) pour effectuer une ablation cellulaire conditionnelle à l’aide du système Métronidazole / Nitroréductase (Mtz/NTR). Mes données préliminaires suggèrent que l’ablation cellulaire à l’aide du système Mtz/NTR fonctionne sur les embryons Tg(2.4shha:CFP-NTR-ABC). De plus, l’ablation à court terme des cellules exprimant shha à l’aide du système Mtz/NTR induit un délai de la formation des branches au cours de la régénération des rayons la nageoire caudale des poissons adultes Tg(2.4shha:CFP-NTR-ABC). Des études supplémentaires incluront l’analyse des effets de l’ablation à long terme des cellules exprimant shha et le rôle d’autres cascades de signalisation dans la formation des branches des rayons au cours de la régénération de la nageoire caudale du poisson zèbre. Cette étude pourrait fournir des informations concernant la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la formation de branches dans des organes variés. Au cours de l’étude décrite ci-dessus, j’ai fait l’observation d’une réponse globale de toute la nageoire caudale à une blessure locale. Dans cette étude, j’ai montré pour la première fois, une réponse immédiate et globale après amputation partielle de la nageoire. Cette réponse est caractérisée par des lésions des vaisseaux sanguins, des fibres nerveuses et par l’activation d’une réponse inflammatoire dans les tissus non-amputés. J’ai établi que la nageoire caudale du poisson zèbre adulte est un excellent modèle pour l’étude de la réponse globale d’un organe à une lésion locale. Une telle étude pourrait fournir de nouvelles informations pertinentes à la médecine régénérative qui, en visant à stimuler la régénération de façon locale, peut entraîner des réponses dans des domaines non voulus.

The prevalence and economic burden of chronic airway disorders such as asthma is on the rise annually. Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and structural airway remodeling due to increased smooth muscle mass. Most allergic asthma occurs due to the overproduction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against common allergens. Classically, IgE has been shown to modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction/relaxation which is believed to be the underlying cause of airway hyperreactivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IgE effects on ASM cell are not established. Recently, the high-affinity Fc receptor for IgE (FcεRI) has been identified in human ASM cells in vitro and in vivo within bronchial biopsies of allergic asthma patients. However, it is unknown whether FcεRI activation on ASM can modulate the immune response within the airways. We hypothesized that the IgE-FcεRI interaction plays a key role in inducing phenotypic and functional changes in ASM cells that eventually contributes to the establishment of airway inflammation, AHR, and remodeling. We sought to investigate the regulation, effector functions, and underlying mechanisms of FcεRI activation in ASM cells. Our work shows that the proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 enhanced the FcεRI abundance and amplified the IgE-induced chemokine (eotaxin-1/CCL11, RANTES/CCL5, IL-8/CXCL8, and IP-10/CXCL10) release in ASM cells via transcriptional mechanisms. Both TNF and IgE induced a novel, Th2-favoring cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) through the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). In addition, IgE induced de novo DNA synthesis and ASM cell proliferation via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and signal-transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. Collectively, our data suggest that the IgE-induced FcεRI activation leads to the expression of multiple chemokines in ASM which may indirectly recruit inflammatory cells and promote allergic airway inflammation; IgE induces TSLP which can promote the Th2 immune responses within the airways; and IgE may potentially induce airway remodeling by directly inducing ASM cell proliferation. Therefore, targeting the IgE-FcεRI network on ASM may offer a novel therapeutic strategy in allergic asthma.