Ng Chin Pang. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Theories on Sex and the Emergence of Sexual Identity --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Origins and Development on the Concept of Sex in the ""Western"" World" / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Augustine's Notion on Sexual Desire / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Protestant Theology of Sex / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Emergence of ""Western"" Sexual Identity" / Chapter 2.2 --- The Concept of Sexual Desire in China / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Discourse of Sexual Desire in Late Imperial China / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Transformation of Sexual Identity in Modern China: Male Homosexuality as the Verdict / Chapter Chapter3 --- Queer Theory- a Post-colonial Perspective --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Postcolonial Theory as a source of Theology Discourse / Chapter 3.1.1 --- From Colonialism to Post-colonialism / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Building a Hybridized Sexual Ethics / Chapter 3.2 --- Queer Theory as a Source of Theology Discourse / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Queer Theory and Queer Politics / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Queering the Socially Constructed Sexual Identities / Chapter Chapter4 --- A Post-colonial Sexual Theology --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Modes of Discourse / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Transgressive Metaphors / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Hybrid Sexual Theologies / Chapter 4.2 --- A New Framework about Sexual Desire / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Building our Relations in Erotic Desire / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Beyond Sexuality and Spirituality Dichotomy / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion: Building an Inclusive Community / Bibliography --- p.85

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The music of Bach becomes much more understandable through an examination of the composers who work before him. An examination of the music of the pre-Bach composers proves it to be amazingly fresh and vital, and it was in this field that Back sought inspiration.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 183-189. / by Mindy Beth Lehrman. / M.Arch.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This dissertation examines the reception of Chinese language and literature during Tokugawa period Japan, highlighting the importation of vernacular Chinese, the transformation of literary styles, and the translation of narrative fiction. By analyzing the social and linguistic influences of the reception and adaptation of Chinese vernacular fiction, I hope to improve our understanding of genre development and linguistic diversification in early modern Japanese literature. This dissertation historically and linguistically contextualizes the vernacularization movements and adaptations of Chinese texts in the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, showing how literary importation and localization were essential stimulants and also a paradigmatic shift that generated new platforms for Japanese literature. Chapter 1 places the early introduction of vernacular Chinese language in its social and cultural contexts, focusing on its route of propagation from the Nagasaki translator community to literati and scholars in Edo, and its elevation from a utilitarian language to an object of literary and political interest. Central figures include Okajima Kazan (1674-1728) and Ogyû Sorai (1666-1728). Chapter 2 continues the discussion of the popularization of vernacular Chinese among elite intellectuals, represented by the Ken'en School of scholars and their Chinese study group, "the Translation Society." This chapter discusses the methodology of the study of Chinese by surveying a number of primers and dictionaries compiled for reading vernacular Chinese and comparing such material with methodologies for reading classical Chinese. The contrast indicates the identification of vernacular Chinese as a new register that significantly departed from kanbun. Chapter 3 provides a broader view of the reception of Chinese texts in Japan in the same time period, discussing Hattori Nankaku (1683-1759), a kanshi poet and Ogyû Sorai's successor in literary criticism. Nankaku's contributions include a translation and annotation of the Tang shi xuan (J. Tôshi sen), an anthology of Tang poetry compiled by Ming poet Li Panlong (1514-1570). Such commentaries in accessible Japanese prose reflected the changing readership of Chinese texts, as well as the colloquialization of literary Japanese. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on literary translations and adaptations of Chinese narrative texts in different language styles. Chapter 4 analyzes kanazôshi ("kana booklet") stories by Asai Ryôi (1612?-1691) in comparison to their source text, the Ming Chinese anthology of supernatural stories New Tales Under the Lamplight (Jian deng xin hua). For a comparative perspective on translation style, this chapter also addresses adaptations of the same source story by Korean and Vietnamese authors. Chapter 5 looks into the literati genre of yomihon ("reading books") and focuses on Tsuga Teishô's (1718?-1794?) adaptations of Ming vernacular fiction by Feng Menglong. Teishô, a prolific author considered to be the inventor of this important genre, has been grossly understudied due to the linguistic complexity of his works. His adaptations of Chinese vernacular stories bridged different narrative traditions and synthesized various language styles. This chapter aims to demonstrate Teishô's innovative prose style and the close connections between vernacular Chinese and the development of early yomihon as a sophisticated, experimental genre of popular literature. This dissertation illustrates the inextricable relationships between language transformation and genre development, between vernacularization and narrative literature. It departs from the long-standing paradigm of Sino-Japanese (wakan) literary study, which treats Sinitic writing as an integral part of Japanese literary discourse, emphasizing rather a comparative linguistic approach that addresses Chinese and Japanese linguistic and literary movements in parallel. Within this framework, this project is intended as a platform for further explorations of issues of cultural interaction and translation literature.

The impact of Roman power on the pre-existing administrative and economic systems of the conquered provinces has been a significant issue of scholarly debate for decades. In the last two decades attention has shifted from the idea of Romanization as a top-down phenomenon to a much more articulated process, in which the element of cultural interaction between the conquering power and the conquered populations was central and led to the creation of locally hybrid cultural forms. This dissertation analyzes the ways in which local cultures and identities interacted with Roman ones in the years between Attalus III’s testament and the end of the Flavian age. I chose to focus my research on these centuries as they include four key moments for the Provincia Asia: 1) the moment of its institution in 129/6 BC with the related issues due to Aristonicus’ rebellion and the necessity of establishing effective provincial administrative and economic structures; 2) the years between the Mithridatic wars and Caesar, when the province spiraled into debt and the Asian monetary system had to adapt to the extra taxation requested by Sulla and then to the change in the role of the societates publicanorum, who were deprived of the farming of the decuma by Caesar; 3) the years of the Civil War between Antony and Octavian and its aftermath, which gave increasing importance to the conventus and to the introduction of Roman currency into the province, both in the circulating monetary pool and as an account unit; 4) the post-Augustan age, which saw an increasing standardization in the ‘local’ monetary systems of the province, with respect to both silver and bronze coinage, and the final ‘victory’ of the conventus over the pre-existing administrative structures, as shown by the fact that even municipal taxation and local cults were by then organized according to the conventus system. The model of ‘middle-ground imperialism’ is useful for understanding the process of progressive standardization of Asian administrative structures and monetary system, not as a top-down process but rather as a bilateral interaction between Roman and local cultures, as I have shown in the case of the progressive standardization of Asian provincial administrative structures (Chapters 1 and 2) and monetary systems (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6). According to this research the transformative age for the Romanization of the Provincia Asia was not the Augustan Age, but the Second Triumviral Age. The main heuristic tools for drafting the picture of the administrative and economic life of Provincia Asia are a database of Asian civic issues (both silver and bronze) between 133 BC and AD 96 that I have constructed out of the data in BMC, SNG Copenhagen and SNG Deutschlands – van Aulock (for pre-Antonian issues) and in RPC I-II (from Mark Antony up to the Flavians), and three epigraphic databases that include the epigraphic attestations of denarii, assaria and drachmae in the province of Asia between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD, for a total of 372 inscriptions. All these databases are included here as Appendices (I – X).

“Expanding Educational Empires” explores the interventions of American philanthropic foundations in educational programs for British Africa after the First World War. It reveals the extent to which a discourse of education – pedagogy and research – allowed American philanthropic groups, and the numerous governmental and nongovernmental organizations with which they cooperated, to shape the interwar British Empire, and institutionalize a colonial ideology that aligned with American corporate and cultural interests. American philanthropists portrayed these interwar colonial activities as benevolent, apolitical enterprises, glossing over the fact that their influence over the overlapping agencies with which they cooperated filtered easily into official organs of power. By the 1940s, when the Anglo-American partnership no longer served the interests of American-based global capital, American philanthropists performed an effortless volte-face against a mercantilist British Empire. They now found it expedient to invoke both their nation’s ingrained hostility to colonialism and their expertise in native affairs, which had been attained primarily through support of interwar British imperialism, as justification for meddling in the postwar international arena, using education to construct a global community committed to corporate American preferences. This project investigates the close collaboration between American and British agents in the formulation of interwar colonial education, exposing it as a comprehensive program that entailed accumulating knowledge about British territories, particularly in Africa, and disseminating the findings worldwide, thereby establishing new ideological and economic international assumptions. It reveals that American interference in this ambitious project constituted an extension of the longstanding domestic state-building endeavors of early-twentieth-century American philanthropic foundation managers, and their partners. The “unofficial”, humanitarian framework of education allowed a web of American agents to smoothly and remarkably embed themselves in a foreign government’s operations with the ulterior motive of powering American international influence, a story that has significant implications today.

A presente pesquisa investigou os processos de influência em organizações, que são importantes para compreender como os gestores motivam seus subordinados; como as decisões são tomadas nas organizações; como os administradores obtêm cooperação de colegas sobre os quais eles não têm autoridade e como os administradores influenciam os superiores para obter apoio e recursos necessários. O objetivo principal foi verificar os efeitos de gênero e nível hierárquico no uso da influência interpessoal em ambiente organizacional. O instrumento usado foi o IBQ (Influence Behavior Questionnaire), um questionário de táticas de influência elaborado por Gary Yukl (State University of New York - Albany), que contém breves descrições de onze táticas (Persuasão Racional, Ser Inspirador, Consulta, Troca, Legitimação, Pressão, Apelos Pessoais, Coalizão, Ser Agradável, Informação e Colaboração) e campos para que os participantes (agentes) preenchessem, separadamente para subordinados, pares e chefes, com que freqüência eles as usavam no ambiente de trabalho. A resposta nesses campos podia variar de 1 (Eu não lembro de jamais ter usado esta tática) a 5 (Eu utilizo esta tática freqüentemente). Esse procedimento foi chamado auto-avaliação. Em seguida, realizou-se a heteroavaliação, realizada através da internet, na qual se pedia aos colegas de trabalho (alvos) dos participantes que respondessem a um questionário semelhante, avaliando a freqüência de uso, pelo agente, das mesmas táticas de influência. Além da freqüência de uso das táticas de influência pelo agente, pedia-se aos alvos que avaliassem a sua efetividade ao exercer influência, o seu desempenho no trabalho e a qualidade do relacionamento entre ambos, medidas de 1 a 7. A amostra foi constituída por 141 agentes e 274 alvos (subordinados, pares e chefes dos agentes). Análises fatoriais indicaram que o IBQ foi adequado para aplicação na amostra estudada. Observou-se, na presente pesquisa que a variável com maior efeito sobre o uso médio das táticas de influência foi a diferença de hierarquia entre agentes e alvos. Não foi observado efeito significativo de gênero sobre média de uso das táticas. No entanto, o gênero teve efeito na percepção de uso das táticas de influência, pois observou-se que os agentes homens relataram maior uso de quase todas as táticas, quando comparados aos seus alvos; as mulheres, por sua vez, tenderam a avaliar-se de forma semelhante à avaliação realizada por seus alvos. A tática mais usada foi persuasão racional, responsável em grande parte pela efetividade da influência, desempenho no trabalho e qualidade do relacionamento, principalmente quando usada em direção ascendente. A generalização dos resultados do presente estudo provê evidências da efetividade das táticas de influência em direção aos níveis hierárquicos. Além disso, foram observadas diferenças entre a auto e a heteroavaliação, sugerindo a importância de se realizarem ambas as análises nas pesquisas futuras. / The present research examined the processes of influence in organizations, which are important to comprehend how managers motivate their subordinates; how decisions are made in organizations; how business managers obtain cooperation from people over whom they have no authority and how managers influence their superiors in order to obtain support and necessary resources. The main purpose as to verify the gender effects and hierarchical level in the use of interpersonal influence in organizational environment. The method applied was the IBQ (Influence Behavior Questionnaire), a questionnaire of the tactics of influence developed by Gary Yukl (State University of New York - Albany), which contain brief descriptions of eleven tactics (Rational Persuasion, Inspirational Appeals, Consulation, Exchange, Legitimation, Pressure, Personal Appeals, Coalition, Ingratiation, Information and Collaboration) and fields for participants (agents) to fulfill, separately for subordinates, peers and superiors, how frequently they used each tactic in the work place. The answers in these fields could vary from 1 (I don\'t remember ever using that tactic) to 5 (I use this tactic frequently). This procedure was called self-report evaluation. Next, a heteroevaluation was realised, through the internet, in which participants\' co-workers (targets) were asked to answer a similar questionnaire, which evaluate how frequently the agent use the same influence tactics. In addition to identify the tactics used most often by the agent, targets were asked to evaluate the agent effectiveness while exercising influence, its performance art work and the quality of the relationship between both, measures from 1 to 7. The sample was built by 141 agents and 274 targets (agents\' subordinates, peers and superiors). Factorial analysis indicated that the IBQ was adequate for application in the studied sample. In the present research it was observed that the most effective variable on the average use of influence tactics was the hierarchic difference between agents and targets. A significant effect of gender upon average use of tactics was not observed. Nonetheless, gender was effective in the perception of influence tactics use, for it was observed that male agents reported greater usage of almost all the tactics when compared to their targets; female agents, on the other hand, tended to evaluate themselves similarly to the evaluation conducted by their targets. The most used tactic was rational persuasion, greatly responsible for the effectiveness of the influence, work performance and relationship quality, mainly when used in upward influence attempts. The generalization of results on the present study provides evidence of the efectiveness of influence tactics towards the hierarchic levels. Moreover, differences between the self and the hetero evaluations were observed, suggesting the importance of conducting both analysis in future research.

In surveys of American architecture, the so-called “colonial period” from the founding of Jamestown in 1607 to the war for independence in the 1770s has generally been viewed from an “Anglo-American” perspective with a concentration on the British colonies that would become the United States. This period has been defined by the transplantation of architecture from the “mother country” to British North America according to what the architectural historian John Summerson has characterized as “English standards pure and simple.” The persistence of historiographical assumptions that privilege English sources and focus on evidence of “Englishness” still serves as the core of early American architectural narratives. While an effort has been made to increase the diversity of those represented, yet one dimension has essentially been written out, that of America’s connection to Ireland. And yet Irish elements have long had a presence in the already existing historical evidence. Therefore this dissertation takes an alternative view of that same colonial history by collecting the available Irish materials and tracing the threads that tie Ireland to America, whether that connection is direct or mediated through England. By assembling various forms of evidence, often relegated to footnotes, asides, or ambiguous citations, this dissertation seeks to construct a counter-narrative that spans the Atlantic and stretches from the 1530s to the 1730s. It explores a diverse constellation of elements including landscapes, plans, buildings, and monuments, while situating them within a larger historical context, thereby reframing some of the same canonical events, individuals, and artifacts that currently appear in surveys of American architecture. With a shift in perspective comes a shift in the history, one that complicates, challenges, and at times upends, Anglo-centric readings of colonial America and the transformation of its physical environment. For when seen from the perspective of Ireland, a more complex, as well as a more “Irish,” story emerges, resulting in a history that has, in effect, been hiding in plain sight. In making this history visible, the dissertation addresses both the historical and historiographical conditions that produced some of the gaps, tensions, ambiguities, and erasures that have contributed to keeping this history hidden. Taking Summerson’s Architecture in Britain, 1530-1830 as a starting point, the dissertation begins in 1530 and examines some of the preconditions for American colonization in England and Ireland. Then, working from the historiographical foundations already laid regarding the English plantations in Ireland and Virginia, it goes on to address the continuity of connections that run through New England, the “Middle Colonies,” and the American south, including such well known works as William Penn’s plan for Philadelphia, George Berkeley’s Whitehall, and William Byrd II’s Westover, all three of which have been viewed as exemplary in their ties to English sources and influences. Though traditionally divided by period, type, style, and region, here they are no longer treated as isolated data points but rather as part of a larger, inter- connected, and continuous story, one intimately, and inextricably, tied to Ireland and “Irish” networks in England and America. In addition, by examining the historiographical as well as the historical dimensions and placing the history and the historiography in dialogue, this dissertation hopes to offer insights into the production of early American architectural history, as well as the production of plans, spaces, and objects. In doing so it seeks to call into question the overwhelming “Englishness” of the American colonial period as it has been constructed through histories of American architecture and planning during the twentieth-century.