For peanuts, roasted at 170 °C, the formation of selected glycerol-bound oxidized fatty acids (GOFAs), namely 9-oxononanoic acid (9-ONA), azelaic acid (AZA) and octanoic acid, was observed by GC-MS (EI). The content of octanoic acid as well as AZA increased with continuous roasting time (from 59 mg/kg peanut oil to 101 mg/kg peanut oil and from not detectable to 8 mg/kg peanut oil, respectively), whereas the content of 9-ONA initially decreased from 25 mg/kg peanut oil to 8 mg/kg peanut oil (20 min) and increased again up to 37 mg/kg peanut oil following roasting for 40 min. Due to its aldehyde function, 9-ONA could contribute to amino acid side chain modifications as a result of lipation, which could directly influence the functional properties of peanut proteins. Both 9-ONA and octanoic acid are potential markers of thermal processes. Furthermore, in model experiments using methyl linoleate and methyl oleate, up to 18 oxidized fatty acids could be identified as methyl esters, 9-ONA as well as octanoic acid as major components and a faster formation of GOFAs under roasting conditions (170 °C, 20 min). In addition, 9-ONA contributes to the formation of AZA and octanoic acid in both free and bound form as a result of oxidative subsequent reactions in presence of iron (III).

Exploring the use of seedless blackcurrant pomace, a fibre-rich by-product of juice pressing, in foods is favourable due to its nutritional profile but also for economic and sustainability aspects. Current applications are limited to products in which rapid fibre swelling, high water solubility or low sedimentation is not essential. In this study, functional properties of seedless blackcurrant pomace were modified by thermo-mechanical treatments using extrusion cooking or micronization in a planetary ball mill. A full factorial design showed that low pomace moisture (11 g/100 g) had the highest impact on swelling capacity (+ 20.6%) and water solubility index (+ 23.2%), whereas variation in extrusion temperature exhibited only minor effects. After milling for 4 h, the median particle size was reduced by 98% to 4 µm and the specific surface area increased from 0.1 to 2.5 m2/mL. Swelling capacity was highest after this time with 7.6 mL/g pomace and, although the amount of extractable sugars was reduced, water solubility increased to 7.6 g/100 g. In contrast to extruded samples, the red colour of the pomace was intensified after milling. Both treatments appear as promising to extend the applicability of fruit by-products in foods, as micronized pomace may counteract sedimentation in liquids, whereas increased swelling capacity after extrusion may have stabilizing effects on yoghurt-like systems.

Die vorliegende Ratgeberbroschüre informiert, berät, begleitet, unterstützt Sie durch die Schwangerschaft hindurch bis zur Geburt und bietet Ihnen einen Überblick über Angebote und Kontakte in Chemnitz, je nach persönlicher Lebenslage oder Lebensumstand. Stand: 09/2019

This paper examines the extent to which the economic gains derived from gum and resin commercialization impact rural livelihood improvement under different resource management regimes in the drylands of Ethiopia and Sudan. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 240 randomly selected small-scale producers in four regions with gradients of resource management regimes. The survey was supplemented by secondary data, group discussions and key informant interviews. In the four regions, gum and resin income contributes to 14%–23% of the small-scale producers’ household income. Absolute income was positively correlated with resource management regime and commercialization level. It was higher from cultivated resources on private lands, followed by regulated access to wild resources. In open-access resources, the producers’ income was the lowest, although accessed by the poor and women. However, dependence on gum and resin was higher in open-access resource areas. Households’ socioeconomic characteristics, resource access, production and marketing variables determining income from gum and resin were identified and their variation across the cases is discussed. Overall, gum and resin commercialization in the study areas play a potential poverty alleviation role as a source of regular income, a safety net, and a means of helping producers move out of poverty.

A major argument for incorporating deciduous tree species in coniferous forest stands is their role in the amelioration and stabilisation of biogeochemical cycles. Current forest management strategies in central Europe aim to increase the area of mixed stands. In order to formulate statements about the ecological effects of mixtures, studies at the stand level are necessary. In a mixed stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in the Ore Mountains (Saxony, Germany), the effects of these two tree species on chemical and microbial parameters in the topsoil were studied at one site in the form of a case study. Samples were taken from the O layer and A horizon in areas of the stand influenced by either birch, spruce or a mixture of birch and spruce. The microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, pH-value and the C and N contents and stocks were analysed in the horizons Of, Oh and A. Significantly higher contents of microbial N were observed in the Of and Oh horizons in the birch and in the spruce-birch strata than in the stratum containing only spruce. The same was found with respect to pH-values in the Of horizon and basal respiration in the Oh horizon. Compared to the spruce stratum, in the birch and spruce-birch strata, significantly lower values were found for the contents of organic C and total N in the A horizon. The findings of the case study indicated that single birch trees have significant effects on the chemical and microbial topsoil properties in spruce-dominated stands. Therefore, the admixture of birch in spruce stands may distinctly affect nutrient cycling and may also be relevant for soil carbon sequestration. Further studies of these functional aspects are recommended.

Die 20er und 30er Jahre des 18. Jahrhunderts waren für Sachsen und die Republik Beider Nationen eine Periode großer Prosperität. Der 1721 zu Ende gegangene Große Nordische Krieg ermöglichte es, sich auf den Wiederaufbau der Wirtschaft und die Entwicklung der Künste zu konzentrieren. Für das polnisch-litauische Königreich war es auch eine Zeit der Wiedergeburt der so genannten sarmatischen Kultur, der spezifischen Kultur des polnischen Adels, in ihrer reinsten Form und der darauf folgenden geistigen Blüte.1 In dieser Zeit wurden auch die intensivsten Planungsarbeiten sowohl von August dem Starken selbst als auch von einem Kreis seiner Architekten und Ingenieure durchgeführt, die im Königlichen Bauamt in Dresden und Warschau zusammen organisiert waren. Unter all den Gärten, die unter August dem Starken in Polen und Sachsen bis zum Ende seiner Regierung 1733 geplant oder realisiert wurden, befinden sich zwei, deren Charakter jede Vorstellung von den weitläufigen, prächtigen und dauerhaften Gärten des sächsischen Barocks übersteigt. Diese beiden Gartenanlagen wurden im Laufe der Jahre 1730–1732 zum einen in Zeithain an der Elbe und zum anderen zwischen dem „Kaninchenberg“ und den Dorf Czerniaków an der Weichsel bei Warschau geschaffen. Sie wurden nur für den vorübergehenden Gebrauch errichtet und setzten nicht nur diejenigen, die sie persönlich gesehen haben, sondern auch diejenigen, die von ihnen nur gehört oder gelesen hatten in Erstaunen.:Vorwort 1. Zeithainer Landschaft und Lustlager 2. Lustgärten des Lustlagers in Zeithain 3. Temporäre Residenz August des Starken und ihre Relikte 4. Großes Campement in Warschau 5. Ein kleiner Garten voller Pracht 6. Kleine Relikte der großen Revue 1732 an der Weichsel 7. Lustlager und Grosses Campement – Schwanengesang der Visionen August des Starken / Lata 20. i 30. XX wieku były dla Saksonii i Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów okresem wielkiej prosperity. Zakończona w 1721 roku wielka wojna północna pozwoliła skupić się na odbudowie gospodarki i rozwoju sztuki. Dla królestwa polsko-litewskiego był to również czas odrodzenia w najczystszej postaci tzw. kultury sarmackiej, czyli specyficznej kultury polskiej szlachty, oraz idącego za tym rozkwitu intelektualnego. W tym też okresie trwały najintensywniejsze prace planistyczne zarówno samego Augusta Mocnego, jak i kręgu jego architektów i inżynierów, zorganizowanych wspólnie w Królewskim Biurze Budowlanym w Dreźnie i Warszawie. Wśród wszystkich ogrodów zaplanowanych lub zrealizowanych za czasów Augusta Mocnego w Polsce i Saksonii do końca jego panowania w 1733 r. są dwa, których charakter przewyższa wszelkie wyobrażenia o rozległych, wspaniałych i trwałych ogrodach saskiego baroku. Te dwa ogrody powstały w ciągu lat 1730-1732, po pierwsze w Zeithain nad Łabą, a po drugie między 'Króliczą Górą' a wsią Czerniaków nad Wisłą pod Warszawą. Zbudowane tylko dla tymczasowego użytku, zadziwiały nie tylko tych, którzy widzieli je osobiście, ale także tych, którzy tylko o nich słyszeli lub czytali.:Vorwort 1. Zeithainer Landschaft und Lustlager 2. Lustgärten des Lustlagers in Zeithain 3. Temporäre Residenz August des Starken und ihre Relikte 4. Großes Campement in Warschau 5. Ein kleiner Garten voller Pracht 6. Kleine Relikte der großen Revue 1732 an der Weichsel 7. Lustlager und Grosses Campement – Schwanengesang der Visionen August des Starken

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