Research work performed on an axial piston pump is shown in a holistic manner, analyzing each lubricating interface by linking their gap height and temperature behavior to the overall pump efficiency. The temperature field and dynamic fluid film height were measured in two of the three lubricating interfaces. This is the first time that the temperature fields and gap heights were simultaneously measured in two of the main three interfaces of an axial piston machine. For a deeper analysis of the measurement data, all gaps were simulated with a numerical tool which takes solid body deformation due to temperature and pressure loads into account. This unique combination of both extensive measurement data and sophisticated simulation resulted in novel trends that clarify the complex phenomena occurring in these hydrostatic fluid films.

Cycloisomerisierungen sind leistungsfähige Gerüstumlagerungen, die den atomökonomischen Aufbau komplexer molekularer Architekturen erlauben. Wir präsentieren hier eine ungewöhnliche Art der Cyclopropyl-Enin-Cycloisomerisierung, die den Prozess der Cycloisomerisierung mit der Aktivierung einer C-C Bindung in Cyclopropanen verbindet. Es wurde eine Vielzahl substituierter nicht-kanonischer tricyclischer Cyclobutane unter milden Bedingungen mit [(Ph3P)2Fe-(CO)(NO)]BF4 als Katalysator in guten bis exzellenten Ausbeuten und hoher Stereokontrolle synthetisiert.

The consequences of the climate crisis and the increasing energy demand make the energy transi-tion crucial and necessary. Green hydrogen has a significant potential for a low-carbon energy transition. New policies and strategies emerge in line with energy transition and hydrogen poli-cies. This study has presented a model-based outline for the global green hydrogen supply and trade infrastructure in 2050 focusing on supply cost and potential using a cost minimization linear pro-gramming (LP) model which is implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) with two scenarios. The results of the Hydrogen Policies Scenario are presented which examines today's hydrogen strategies and initiatives, as well as where the evolution of current technologies could take the hydrogen and energy sectors in 2050. The global hydrogen trade volume reaches 605 Mt (megaton) hydrogen trade per year, with North Africa dominating at 210 Mt. In conclusion, solar power and pipeline infrastructure will be the decisive force of the expansion of the global hydrogen trade.:Concept Methods Hydrogen Policies Conclusion Results

Membrane filtration processes such as micro-, ultra- and nanofiltration as well as reverse osmosis are frequently used in industrial water treatment and waste water treatment. They use a high physical pressure difference as a driving force to press water through a semi-permeable membrane and produce purified water. For this reason, large amounts of energy are required. In contrast, forward osmosis is an innovative membrane filtration process that uses the naturally occurring osmotic pressure gradient between two liquids to generate the water flow through the semi-permeable membrane. In forward osmosis, one liquid with low osmotic pressure is concentrated (so-called Feed Solution) and a second liquid is diluted (so-called Draw Solution). If 'pure' water is to be obtained, a second treatment stage is necessary to regenerate the draw solution. Due to its natural driving force, forward osmosis offers the potential for energy-efficient treatment of water from various sources. This makes it a promising process for further concentration of aqueous product and waste water streams. For this reason, the application possibilities and the potential of forward osmosis in the industrial water sector were examined in more detail within the scope of this thesis. Within laboratory tests, forward osmosis treatment of different liquid streams of a dairy, an automobile production as well as a semiconductor production was examined. The core of the laboratory test set-up was a membrane test cell for flat sheet membranes with an effective membrane area of 48 cm². Special forward osmosis membranes from various manufacturers were used. The feed and draw solutions were circulated and increasingly concentrated or diluted during the course of the experiment. The permeate flow was determined by recording the change in mass. Conductivity measurements as well as analyses of the examined waters before and after the experiments allowed conclusions to be drawn about possible solute diffusion through the membrane. In addition to the laboratory tests, a model was developed and validated to simulate the experiments. Three partially adapted models from literature were used. The average permeate fluxes achieved in the laboratory experiments with real industrial water depended mainly on the osmotic pressure difference between feed and draw solution. The permeate fluxes were between 0.1 and 19.4 L/(m²⸱h) for the automotive industry, between 7.9 and 21.0 L/(m²⸱h) for the dairy industry and between 10.5 and 33.4 L/(m²⸱h) for the semiconductor industry. The reverse solute fluxes determined were between 37.7 and 21.3 g/(m²⸱h), between 4.1 and 12.2 g/(m²⸱h) and between 8.0 and 40.9 g/(m²⸱h). Within modelling, the tests with waters from automobile production were simulated. For the most part, the permeate fluxes could be well represented. The calculation of the reverse solute fluxes sometimes showed large deviations from the actual measurements. Standardized membrane performance tests were used to evaluate the development of permeate flux and to indicate fouling. Depending on the substances contained in the water, fouling occurred in the test series. In addition, deposits on the membrane surface were visible in some tests. However, the visible deposits did not always lead to a decrease in permeate flow. In an exemplary cleaning test, the membrane performance could be restored by rinsing with sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid. As a result of this thesis, different forward osmosis application scenarios in the examined industrial enterprises could be developed. For economic reasons, those scenarios in which both the feed and the draw solution are industrial waters and two liquids are treated simultaneously in one step are of particular interest. The use of an artificial Draw Solution and its treatment is unnecessary in this case. Such application scenarios could be derived for dairy and semiconductor production. No suitable Draw Solution could be identified in the investigated automobile production, which is why only applications with an artificial Draw Solution are conceivable here. In general, the critical points when using forward osmosis are the reverse solute flux through the membrane, the deterioration of the membrane performance due to fouling and the economic efficiency of the process. More in-depth investigations are required here. / Membranfiltrationsverfahren wie die Mikro-, Ultra- und Nanofiltration sowie die Umkehrosmose werden häufig in der industriellen Wasseraufbereitung sowie Abwasserbehandlung eingesetzt. Sie nutzen einen hohen physikalischen Druck-unterschied als Triebkraft, um Wasser durch eine semipermeable Membran zu pressen und gereinigtes Wasser zu erzeugen. Dafür sind große Energiemengen nötig. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Vorwärtsosmose ein innovatives Membranfiltrationsverfahren, welches den natürlich vorkommenden osmotischen Druckgradienten zwischen zwei Flüssigkeiten nutzt, um einen Wasserfluss durch die semipermeable Membran zu erzeugen. Dabei wird eine Flüssigkeit mit niedrigem osmotischen Druck aufkonzentriert (sog. Feed Solution) und eine zweite Flüssigkeit verdünnt (sog. Draw Solution). Soll „reines“ Wasser gewonnen werden, ist eine zweite Aufbereitungsstufe zur Regeneration der Draw Solution notwendig. Durch die natürliche Triebkraft bietet die Vorwärtsosmose das Potenzial zur energieeffizienten Behandlung von Wässern verschiedener Herkunft. Damit ist sie ein vielversprechendes Verfahren zur weitergehenden Aufkonzentrierung von wässrigen Produkt- und Abwasserströmen. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten und das Potenzial der Vorwärtsosmose im industriewasser-wirtschaftlichen Bereich im Rahmen dieser Arbeit näher untersucht. Im Rahmen von Laborversuchen wurde die Aufbereitung von verschiedenen Flüssigkeitsströmen einer Molkerei, einer Automobilproduktion sowie einer Halbleiter-fertigung mittels Vorwärtsosmose untersucht. Kernstück der Laborversuchsanlage war eine Membrantestzelle für Flachmembranen mit einer wirksamen Membranfläche von 48 cm². Zum Einsatz kamen spezielle Vorwärtsosmosemembranen verschiedener Hersteller. Die genutzten Feed und Draw Solutions wurden im Kreislauf geführt und im Versuchsverlauf zunehmend aufkonzentriert bzw. verdünnt. Über die Erfassung der Masseänderung wurde der Permeatfluss bestimmt. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen sowie Analysen der untersuchten Wässer vor und nach den Versuchen ließen Schlussfolgerungen über eventuell auftretende Stoffdiffusion durch die Membran zu. Zusätzlich zu den Laborversuchen wurde ein Modell zur Simulation der Experimente erstellt und validiert. Dabei wurden drei, teilweise adaptierte, Modellansätze aus der Literatur verwendet. Die durchschnittlichen Permeatflüsse, welche bei den Laborversuchen mit reellen industriellen Wässern erreicht wurden, hingen vorrangig von der osmotischen Druckdifferenz zwischen Feed und Draw Solution ab. Die Permeatflüsse lagen für die Automobilindustrie zwischen 0,1 und 19,4 L/(m²⸱h), für die Molkerei zwischen 7,9 und 21,0 L/(m²⸱h) und für die Halbleiterindustrie zwischen 10,5 und 33,4 L/(m²⸱h). Die ermittelten Salzrückflüsse betrugen zwischen 37,7 und 21,3 g/(m²⸱h), zwischen 4,1 und 12,2 g/(m²⸱h) sowie zwischen 8,0 und 40,9 g/(m²⸱h). Im Rahmen der Modellierung wurden die Versuche mit Wässern der Automobilproduktion nachgebildet. Dabei konnten die Permeatflüsse größtenteils gut dargestellt werden. Die Berechnung der Salzrückflüsse wies gegenüber den tatsächlichen Messungen mitunter große Abweichungen auf. Durch standardisierte Membranleistungstests konnte die Entwicklung des Permeatflusses evaluiert und Fouling nachgewiesen werden. In Abhängigkeit der Wasserinhaltsstoffe trat Fouling in den Versuchsreihen auf. Zusätzlich waren bei einigen Versuchen Ablagerungen auf der Membranoberfläche sichtbar. Jedoch führten die sichtbaren Ablagerungen nicht in allen Fällen zu einem Rückgang des Permeatflusses. In einem exemplarisch durchgeführten Reinigungsversuch konnte die Membranleistung durch Spülprozesse mit Natronlauge und Salzsäure wiederhergestellt werden. Als Ergebnis der Arbeit konnten verschiedene Anwendungsszenarien für den Einsatz der Vorwärtsosmose in den untersuchten Industriebetrieben entwickelt werden. Hierbei sind aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen vor allem jene Szenarien interessant, bei denen sowohl die Feed als auch die Draw Solution industrielle Wässer sind und zwei Flüssigkeiten simultan in einem Schritt aufbereitet werden. Der Einsatz einer künstlichen Draw Solution und deren Aufbereitung ist in diesem Fall unnötig. Solche Anwendungsszenarien konnten für die Molkerei sowie die Halbleiterherstellung abgeleitet werden. In der untersuchten Automobilproduktion konnte keine geeignete Draw Solution identifiziert werden, weshalb hier lediglich Anwendungen mit einer künstlichen Draw Solution denkbar sind. Als kritische Punkte beim Einsatz der Vorwärtsosmose stellten sich der auftretende Salzrückfluss durch die Membran, die Verschlechterung der Membranleistung durch Fouling sowie die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens heraus. Hier besteht weitergehender Forschungsbedarf.

Resolving the mismatch between the practical potential window (PPW) and the available capacitive potential window of supercapacitor electrodes provides a feasible way to expand the operating voltage of supercapacitors, which further boosts energy density. Here, our research unveils a unique approach to manually control the PPW of the corresponding carbon-based supercapacitors (CSCs) by rational functionalization with amino groups. The extra pair of electrons from amino N atoms naturally adsorbs cations in the electrolyte, which rationalizes the surface charge of the carbon electrode and adjusts the PPW. A remarkable voltage expansion is achieved for CSCs, from 1.4 V to its maximum limit, 1.8 V, correspondently resulting in an approximately 1-fold increase in the energy density. Importantly, such a simple strategy endows our CSCs with an outstanding maximum energy density of 7.7 mWh cm⁻³, which is not only among the best values reported for thin-film CSCs but also comparable to those reported for Li thin-film batteries. These encouraging results are believed to bring fundamental insights into the nature of potential control in energy storage devices.

A compressible Euler-Euler computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for vapor, gas, and pseudo-cavitation in oil-hydraulic flows is presented. For vapor, the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB) model is used and for gas cavitation, the Lifante model. The aim is to determine the empirical parameters within the cavitation models for hydraulic oil by comparing CFD results to experiments in a realistic valve. The cavitating flow is visualized and measured for numerous operating points. By degassing, states of pure vapor cavitation are generated. The major findings are: (1) large eddy simulation turbulence modeling is essential, (2) vapor cavitation in mineral oil can be simulated very well with the ZGB model using the determined parameter, and (3) gas cavitation model provides useful results although not all details can be reflected and its scope is limited.

This study examines the ecological impact of exemplary processes for the feedstock recycling of waste fractions. It is shown that the material process efficiency of gasification and pyrolysis has a low impact on the greenhouse gas balance in the short term, but that high product yields are necessary in the long term to avoid an increasing climate impact. In a systemic context, different process routes of syngas and pyrolysis oil utilization are compared, and their efficiency and quantitative potential for greenhouse gas reduction compared to electricity-based alternatives of process direct heating of conventional processes and electrolysis-based process chains are classified. It is shown that direct utilization options with few process steps are ecologically more efficient. Feedstock recycling shows a similar reduction potential to direct heating, while the use of electrolysis-based process chains is inefficient but necessary to achieve systemic climate neutrality.:1. Introduction and outline 1 2. Life cycle assessment methodology 5 2.1. Previous LCA investigation on feedstock recycling 7 2.2. Assessment scope 9 2.3. Attributional vs. consequential LCI modelling 11 2.4. Inventory modelling consistency 12 2.5. Prospective technology assessment 13 2.6. Conclusions for the applied methodology 14 3. Process description and modelling 16 3.1. Feedstock recycling technologies 18 3.1.1. Gasification 18 3.1.2. Syngas conditioning and purification 23 3.1.3. Pyrolysis 29 3.1.4. Pyrolysis oil hydroprocessing 32 3.2. Chemical production technologies 34 3.2.1. Steam cracking 35 3.2.2. Catalytic reforming 37 3.2.3. Olefin and BTX recovery 38 3.2.4. Conventional syngas production 41 3.2.5. Methanol and methanol-based synthesis 43 3.2.6. Ammonia synthesis 48 3.3. Electric power integration options 49 3.4. Conventional waste treatment processes 53 3.4.1. Mechanical biological treatment and material recovery 54 3.4.2. Waste incineration 57 3.5. Utility processes and process chain balancing 59 3.6. Electricity and heat supply modelling 65 4. Individual assessment of feedstock recycling processes 68 4.1. Goal and scope definition 68 4.2. Life cycle inventory 68 4.3. Impact assessment 72 4.4. Interpretation 80 5. System-based assessment of feedstock recycling processes 82 5.1. Goal and scope definition 82 5.2. Life cycle inventory 86 5.2.1. Utility, background system inventory and system integration 88 5.2.2. Assessment scenario definition and parameter variation 90 5.3. Impact assessment 93 5.3.1. Framework Status Quo (FSQ) 93 5.3.2. Framework Energy Integration (FEI) 99 5.4. Interpretation 106 6. Summary and conclusion 109 6.1. Results 110 6.2. Recommendations and outlook 111 References 113 Supplementary Material 136

Selected fungal strain for production of raw-starch-digesting enzyme by solid state fermentation was improved by sequential exposures to γ-irradiation of Co60, ultraviolet and treatments with Nmethyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine. Mutant Aspergillus sp. CXN2-3A was chosen and its production of raw-starch-digesting enzyme (RSDE) was improved 2 folds higher than that of wild type. Optimal condition for the production of the enzyme using wheat bran as the substrate was accomplished for the CXN2-3A. With the optimal fermentation condition and the solid medium supplemented with urea and NH4NO3, CoSO4, Tween 80, 1% glucose, CXN2-3A produced RSDE 19.23 folds higher than wild type cultured in pre-optimized condition and un-supplemented medium. / Chủng nấm chọn lọc sản xuất enzyme thủy phân tinh bột bằng cách lên men trạng thái rắn, chủng nấm được cải thiện bằng chiếu xạ tia cực tím, tia Co60 và các phương pháp xử lí với N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine. Mutant Aspergillus sp. CXN2-3A, đã được lựa chọn để sản xuất enzyme (RSDE) thủy phân tinh bột sống cải thiện cao hơn 2 lần so với chủng dại. Điều kiện tối ưu cho việc sản xuất các enzyme bằng cách sử dụng cám, lúa mì đã được thực hiện cho CXN2-3A. Với điều kiện lên men xốp tối ưu và bổ sung urê và NH4NO3, CoSO4, Tween 80, 1% glucose, CXN2-3A đã sản xuất RSDE cao gấp 19,23 lần so với kiểu dại ở cùng điều kiện.

Valorisation of side-streams in food production has become an important booster for increased sustainability in food production. The objective of this work was to study and improve the functional properties of green coffee (GC) protein. Extraction of defatted GC meal by using PVPP slightly increased protein yield and significantly decreased the amount of covalently and non-covalently bound CQA, therefore decreasing the antioxidant activity of the meal. Peptic hydrolysis at pH 1.5 led to a significantly higher degree of hydrolysis (DH) than at pH 3. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that the molecular weights of peptides of GC protein hydrolysates were in the range of 11–60 kDa, while peptides were in the range of 500–5000 Da using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). Additionally, the enzymatic hydrolysis significantly improved the antioxidant activity of the GC protein. Finally, the results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin is an effective technique to provide bioactive compounds. The works presented in our manuscript may help in further exploiting the potential use of green coffee beans for food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry.

The Joule heating of carbon fiber-based textiles enables an energy- and cost-efficient processing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic parts. This article introduces a new method to pass direct current into a dry, not pre-consolidated hybrid yarn textile based on recycled carbon fibers and polyamide 6 fibers. The aim is to melt polyamide fibers, subsequently impregnate carbon fibers, and finally consolidate the material to form a composite part in a single process step. To increase the reliability of this technology, the electrical properties and the behavior of the material during the heating process must be thoroughly investigated. It will be addressed how the material is characterized during the process and how the changing resistivity of the textile affects the current flow between the electrodes to generate intrinsic heat. Moreover, a method to determine the effective material resistivity by finite element simulation on the fiber scale based on a CT scan is presented. Thus, a validated material model with respect to the temperature development in the textile based on ρ = ρ (T) was established.