Cette thèse porte principalement sur l’impact des politiques d’emploi sur l’économie informelle en Algérie. Dans le premier chapitre, nous tentons de faire le point sur les problèmes de définitions et de mesures quantitatives de l’économie informelle en essayant d’établir un cadre d’analyse standardisé permettant de réduire les conflits méthodologiques. Dans le deuxième et le troisième chapitre, nous estimons le poids réel du secteur informel et de l’emploi informel sur le marché du travail. Nous décrivons aussi les personnes qui travaillent de manière informelle. Dans le quatrième chapitre nous étudions leurs motivations et les raisons d’être de ce type d’emploi. C'est-à-dire nous chercherons à savoir s’ils relèvent d’un processus d’exclusion sociale ou bien d’un choix délibéré. Nous nous interrogeons aussi sur l’hétérogénéité de ces emplois. Dans les deux derniers chapitres nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure les politiques d’emploi en Algérie ont contribué à la réduction de l’économie informelle et le chômage en Algérie respectivement. À la lumière des résultats obtenus précédemment mais aussi sur la base d’autres expériences, nous testons des mesures de politique économique. Pour réaliser cette analyse, nous exploitons les micro-données des enquêtes emplois auprès des ménages menées par l’Office National des Statistiques (ONS) entre 1997 et 2013. / This thesis focuses on impact evaluation of employment policies on the informal economy in Algeria. In the first chapter, we look to definitions and quantitative measures of the informal economy. We try to establish a standardized framework of analysis to reduce methodological conflicts. In the second and third chapters, we estimate the weight of the informal sector and informal employment in the labor market. We also describe those who are working in the informal economy. In the fourth chapter, we study their motivations and the reasons for this type of jobs. We look whether they are involved in a process of social exclusion or make a deliberate choice. We also discuss the heterogeneity of these jobs. In the two last chapters we examine if the employment policies in Algeria have contributed to reduce informality and employment. In the light of our results but also based on other experiences, we test economic policy measures. To do this we use data bases from household employment surveys conducted by the National Office of Statistics (ONS) from 1997 to 2013.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Informal sector operators in many cities of the global South face extensive harassment, criminalization and restricted access to public spaces despite the important role the sector is playing in urban development. Using Lefebvre’s theory of right to the city the study aimed to investigate how the city of Masvingo has embraced urban informality. The study also examined how informal sector operators in the city of Masvingo have been accessing –urban space and creating opportunities for the informal sector to access such space. The study also examined how the provision of essential services in the city has been extended to the people in the informal sector as a way of granting them their right to urban social and infrastructural services. The research took a survey design where a cross section of Masvingo city, including the city centre, residential areas and industrial areas, was sampled for the study. Methodologically the research used a mixed method approach to data collection and analysis, where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. A questionnaire survey constituted the quantitative component of the study and it was administered to the informal sector operators, In-depth interviews and field observations were at the core of the qualitative methods that were used in the research. In-depth interviews were done with key informants in the city and these included officials in the city council, government ministries, and leaders of informal sector associations and civic groups in the city. Field observations were done in areas where the informal activities were carried out to assess the provision of services and the environment in which informal activities were operating. Data collected through interviews and field observations was analysed qualitatively and the SPSS was used for quantitative data analysis. The research found that informal operators in the city of Masvingo are being disenfranchised of their right to the city in various ways. They are not afforded the right to express their lives in the city centre as the city authorities are determined to flush out all informal structures and activities from the city centre in line with their modern city goals. The planning system in the city does not recognise informal activities as approved land user in the city centre and they do not plan for them in new spatial development projects. However, informal activities continue to occupy contested spaces, where they are in direct contravention of existing regulatory framework and this has been used to marginalise them and deny them of their right to the city. Right to the city calls for all urban residents to have access to the city centre and that access to city space should be based on use values rather than exchange values (Lefebvre 1996). Also, informal sector operators based at various sites in the city are generally denied access to essential services such as waste collection, provision of water and sewer services. / 2020-08-31

My thesis examines dynamics of inclusion and exclusion within Somali social networks in East Africa. It focuses on Somali mobility patterns and financial practices to draw insights on the maintenance, reproduction, and transformation of both solidarity ties and inequalities. By examining Somali communities in Kenya, host of the largest Somali refugee population outside of Somalia, and Uganda, an increasingly important recipient of Somali refugees and migrants, this thesis seeks to understand how mechanisms of social stratification rooted in Somali socio-cultural structures are reproduced in mixed migration flows encompassing both forced and voluntary migrants. It analyses sets of relationships whose continuity and changes are regulated by the interaction of structure, agency, and institutions, and argues, on the one hand, that networks are dominated by groups who hold sway over economic and political resources, precluding others from accessing key assets that may help challenge relations of subordination. On the other, that pre-existing inequalities hinder on the capability to move across both physical and institutional categories. These inequalities can be traced back to asymmetric clan relationships shaped by Somali historical trajectories before and after the implosion of the state. However, this thesis suggests also that kin relationships only partially explain why and how bonds are sustained and forged. Instead, by observing the mechanisms that animate networks, reproducing both solidarity and marginalisation, this thesis teases out how new linkages are created and how Somalis communities accommodate to specific institutional settings, either adapting to narrowing windows of opportunity or maximising the benefits that may be yielded from their widening. The thread running throughout this thesis is the argument that mobility contributes not only to accessing and mobilising strategic resources but also to shaping processes of social stratification. By using ethnographic methods of data collection, this thesis seeks to shed light on rifts in Somali social networks often masked by the veneer of trust.

En el Perú, al igual que en la mayoría de países del mundo, el comercio informal de películas digitales está tipificado como delito. Sin embargo, la inmensa mayoría de consumidores peruanos de películas compra copias DVD piratas, y por lo tanto actúan al margen de la ley. Las normas vigentes sobre propiedad intelectual que ilegitiman este comercio de películas han terminado cuestionando los usos, costumbres y valores de los peruanos. El derecho de acceso libre a la información y cultura que hoy se plantea la sociedad global colisiona con los intereses económicos de las corporaciones productoras de audiovisuales (fundamentalmente con Hollywood) y con una legislación sobre propiedad intelectual que estas corporaciones han promovido a lo largo de las últimas décadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar y analizar algunos temas que nos ayuden a entender el origen, sentido, causas y consecuencias de la problemática cultural y social generada a propósito de la envergadura alcanzada por el comercio informal de películas digitales en el Perú. Para ello, revelaré la manera en que la revolución tecnológica digital ha precipitado la problemática del comercio informal de películas, también mostraré cómo se ha transformado la cadena productiva, de distribución y de consumo de los productos audiovisuales como consecuencia de la revolución tecnológica y la demanda creciente de la población de acceder a la información y la cultura. Como complemento a este aspecto del problema analizaré la historia global y local de la legislación sobre propiedad intelectual para conocer cómo ésta se ha ido modificando a lo largo de los años en beneficio de intereses específicos. / Tesis

Existe una extensa literatura que discute la magnitud y dirección del efecto de la Remuneración Mínima Vital (RMV) sobre los ingresos, en la cual no existe un consenso, el efecto no es absoluto porque depende de diferentes factores relacionados a los mercados laborales. En el caso peruano, esta discusión se ha centrado en el estudio de los mercados laborales de trabajadores formales y ubicados en Lima. Con lo cual, la presente investigación contribuye a la literatura empírica profundizando el conocimiento que se tiene sobre los efectos de la RMV sobre el ingreso de trabajadores informales, que son el 75% de la PEA, e introduce a la discusión académica si los efectos de la RMV varían no solo por tipo de trabajador, sino también por departamento y ámbito, en particular, zonas urbanas. Por tanto, en este trabajo se plantea la estimación de una ecuación de ingresos a lo Mincer para los trabajadores informales urbanos dependientes e independientes, introduciendo efectos fijos por departamento y año. La hipótesis que se maneja es que la RMV afecta positivamente el ingreso de los trabajadores informales urbanos; sin embargo, este no es homogéneo, ya que hay una variación por tipo de trabajador y por departamento, las características propias de los mercados laborales en cada departamento generan que la RMV funcione y sea relevante de manera diferenciada. Se concluye que el efecto de la RMV es heterogéneo en magnitud y dirección, por tipo de ocupación y departamento, pues los mecanismos de negociación entre trabajadores y empleadores varía generando que el efecto “faro” o señal se de en algunos casos y no en otros, pero además la interconexión entre los mercados laborales y de bienes también es variable, haciendo que el efecto demanda agregada de la RMV sea mayor en algunos departamentos y menor en otros. / Tesis

En el presente artículo se pretende analizar y evaluar ciertas deficiencias e incongruencias en el acceso a la seguridad social en salud para los trabajadores no asalariados, independientes, y del denominado sector de la economía informal, el artículo trata además sobre una breve evolución normativa de este derecho en el contexto nacional, las cifras actuales del trabajo no asalariado, sus problemas normativos y la crítica al actual sistema de seguridad social en salud. / Trabajo académico

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T22:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 20 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa consiste em uma análise antropológica das interações sociais presentes nas relações de consumo ligadas ao comércio informal de fronteira. A partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, a investigação acompanha os praticantes de comércio informal na interação social desenvolvida nas viagens realizadas aos países de fronteira, especificamente Uruguai e Paraguai. Objetivando a compreensão das lógicas simbólicas de consumo e da sociabilidade presentes no fenômeno, o estudo perpassa, além da investigação das relações sociais, a hierarquia simbólica dos valores atribuídos aos produtos, a motivação declarada para a realização das práticas e a dimensão jurídico-social das práticas comerciais articuladas pelos entrevistados em seu país de origem - Brasil e seus destinos na fronteira - Rivera e Ciudad del Este.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:47:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-01 / The current social, political and economic reality deal with new and increasing job templates, among which the informal work, shed more and more present in Brazil, whose significant growth resulting in new forms of relations established between their representatives and the Government, under social policy. This is scenario conducive to realization of this work, whose aim consists in knowing the political actions and projects geared to informal workers of José Avelino Fair and their perceptions about them, analyze the perception of the Government about the Fair, and those workers experience related to these actions. Developed a research of qualitative nature, mediated by semi-structured interviews with three representatives of the Municipal public power and 15 workers of José Avelino Fair, in the city of Fortaleza, Ce. The data obtained were subjected to content analysis. It was noted that there are no public policies geared to the Fair, either for workers who promote it, and that the actions taken by the city at the local are of mere land, and uses repression, manifested in seizures of goods from stallholders. Its current extension puts it as big problem on the schedule of the Municipal public power, that stallholders consider silent and of ineffective actions. These workers assess as negative their experiences related to the actions of the Municipal public power, because they result in sadness, insecurity, humiliation, embarrassment, anger, grief, disbelief and trepidation, and consider that these actions only interfere with the achievement of the Fair and do not help to solve the existing problems in their reality. Keywords: Informal employment. Trade. Public policy. / A realidade social, política e econômica atual é marcada por novos e crescentes modelos de trabalho, entre os quais se insere o trabalho informal, vertente cada vez mais presente no Brasil, cujo crescimento significativo resulta em novas formas de relações estabelecidas entre os seus representantes e o Poder Público, no âmbito político-social. Trata-se de cenário propício à realização deste trabalho, cujo objetivo consiste em conhecer as ações e projetos políticos voltados para os trabalhadores informais da Feira José Avelino e a percepção dos feirantes sobre eles, analisar a percepção do Poder Público sobre a Feira, bem como a vivência desses trabalhadores em relação a essas ações. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, mediada por entrevistas semiestruturadas com três representantes do Poder Público Municipal e 15 trabalhadores da Feira José Avelino, na cidade de Fortaleza, Ce. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que não existem políticas públicas voltadas especificamente para a Feira, tampouco para os trabalhadores que a promovem, e que as ações realizadas pela prefeitura no local são de mero ordenamento, para o que se vale da repressão, manifestada nas apreensões das mercadorias dos feirantes. Sua atual extensão a coloca como grande problema na pauta do Poder Público Municipal, que os feirantes consideram omisso e de ações ineficazes. Esses trabalhadores avaliam como negativas suas vivências relacionadas às ações do Poder Público Municipal, porquanto resultam em tristeza, insegurança, humilhação, constrangimento, revolta, sofrimento, descrença e apreensão, e consideram que essas ações apenas interferem na realização da feira e não ajudam a resolver os problemas existentes em sua realidade. Palavras-chave: Trabalho informal. Feiras. Políticas pu´blicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:47:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / The present thesis deals with work relationships and experiences built by merchants who work within the informality context and that organize themselves through social networks. To do so, a social network analysis approach is used, which involves theories, models and research methods to identify the links between workers, their exchanges, norms that they share and its articulation with the creation and use of social capital. The study walks through the paths of today jobs, especially the processes linked to labor precarization and informality, and its articulation with workers¿ experiences and practices. It describes the results of researches about informal work, aiming to reach the first signs of workers¿ organization modes and of the configuration of social networks as an important element of this process. Thus, the goal of the research is to analyze the merchants¿ social networks and their articulation with jobs and experiences in the context of informality of a clothing market in the city of Fortaleza ¿ CE. A warehouse divided in stalls that serves as sales location and is part of this market was selected for the investigation. It is a qualitative research that makes use of direct observation and interviews in the collection of data and of a content analysis technique for its analysis. Following what the social network analysis approach proposes, mapping techniques and description of the relational and structural characteristics of the social networks identified in the daily work of the merchants, were also used. It was found that social networks can be created and deployed in the day to day interactions between the subjects through their social capital, and that the networks interlace with the merchants¿ work, being an important arrangement in their everyday organization. The social networks identified reflect the interweaving between the productive system of goods and their selling in the market, involving family and friendship ties as well as work paid- by-production contracts. Specifically, in the process of commercializing goods, it was identified the formation of work and trust networks between merchants, which constitute solidarity and reciprocity relationships, even in a context of competition. The formation of relationships networks interwoven with social capital, either through strong family ties or weaker friendship-based ties built in the warehouse space, provides a counterpoint to the experiences of individualism and social fragmentation present in the culture of flexible capitalism, and can highlight positive aspects because it produces new meanings and social realities, rescuing the sense of collectivity and increasing social support and trust among workers. Keywords: social networks, work, precarization, informality, subjectivity. / A presente tese trata das relações e das vivências de trabalho construídas por feirantes que atuam no âmbito da informalidade e que se organizam por meio de redes sociais. Para tanto, foi utilizada a abordagem da Análise de Redes Sociais, que envolve teorias, modelos e métodos de investigação próprios, para identificação dos laços entre trabalhadores, suas trocas, as normas que compartilham e sua articulação com a criação e o uso de capital social. Foram percorridos os caminhos do trabalho na atualidade, sobretudo os processos ligados à precarização e à informalidade, e sua articulação com as vivências e práticas dos trabalhadores. Foram descritos resultados de pesquisas sobre o trabalho na informalidade, visando a obtenção dos primeiros indícios de modos de organização dos trabalhadores e da configuração de redes sociais como um elemento importante desse processo. Assim, definiu-se como objetivo geral desta pesquisa analisar as redes sociais entre feirantes e sua articulação com trabalhos e vivências no contexto de informalidade de uma feira de roupas na cidade de Fortaleza - CE, optando-se pela investigação de um galpão que faz parte desta feira. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que faz uso da observação direta e de entrevistas na coleta de dados, e da técnica de análise de conteúdo para sua análise. Seguindo o proposto pela abordagem da análise de redes sociais, foram utilizadas também técnicas de mapeamento e descrição das características relacionais e estruturais das redes sociais identificadas no cotidiano de trabalho dos feirantes. Como resultados, constatou-se que redes sociais podem ser criadas e mobilizadas no dia a dia das interações entre os sujeitos por meio do capital social e se entrelaçar ao trabalho de feirantes, sendo um arranjo importante em sua ordenação cotidiana. As redes sociais identificadas refletem o entrelaçamento entre o sistema produtivo de mercadorias e a sua comercialização no espaço da feira, envolvendo laços familiares e de amizade, como também vínculos de trabalho remunerado por produção. Especificamente no processo de comercialização de produtos, identificou-se a formação de redes de trabalho e de confiança entre feirantes, que configuram relações de solidariedade e de reciprocidade, mesmo em um contexto de concorrência. A formação de redes de relações entrelaçadas ao capital social, seja por meio de laços fortes familiares, seja a partir de laços mais fracos baseados em amizade e construídos no espaço do galpão, fornece um contraponto às vivências de individualismo e de fragmentação social, presentes na cultura do capitalismo flexível, e pode evidenciar aspectos positivos, à medida que produz novos sentidos e realidades sociais, resgatando o senso de coletividade e potencializando suporte social e confiança entre trabalhadores. Palavras-chave: redes sociais, trabalho, precarização, informalidade, subjetividade.

Magister Artium - MA / The local economy of the City of Cape Town supported by formal economic activities that are carried out through modern production processes whose existence is officially recognized and benefits from the protection of the authorities, and the informal activities that exist outside official control and protection systems. There is a dynamic connection between actors in the formal sector and those in the informal sector, which is seen at the levels of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. This research investigates the linkages between informal and formal resource recovery activities in Devon Valley Landfill Site in Stellenbosch and Bellville South Landfill Site in Bellville. The two landfill sites are at the margins on the city economy where the formal and informal sectors interact and at times collide. Notwithstanding the negative health effects associated with the informal waste collections and the fact that informal waste collectors are neglected by policy makers in many developing countries in general and in South Africa in particular, evidence from Southern Africa has shown that the informal sector fosters considerable social, environmental and economic benefits that should be preserved. Informal recyclers constitute the essential workforce of the recycling business. These recyclers have undertaken various commercial and environmental tasks as a survival strategy long before the state and private entities became interested in participating in this profitable business. Waste recycling in most developing countries is a response to the inability of the formal economy to absorb a growing urban population, and the value placed on recyclable materials in the globalized economy. The study explores the various linkages between the informal sector and formal sector in the recycling industry and it examines the activities of these people involved in informal sector activities at the bottom end of the commonly neglected waste recycling chain. It also examines how waste pickers have developed livelihoods based on resource recovery activities at Devon Valley Landfill Site and Bellville South Landfill Site. This thesis is the result of an extensive literature review and primary data collection using a mixed methods approach. Primary sources of information consulted include, waste pickers, dealers, buy-back centres and manufacturing companies. This thesis attempts to establish the respective correlation between urban poverty, informal waste collection, and the recycling industries. The findings reveal that informal recycling is intricately linked to the formal recycling sector with waste pickers selling their waste to merchants and recyclers.