International tourism is one of the most dynamic growth sectors of the global economy. It employs 11% of the world’s workforce (over 200 million people) and forms 11.5% of the global GDP. Besides, tourism is nowadays three times bigger than world expenditures on defense. It has been described by Louis Turner as ‘the most promising, complex and under studied industry impinging on the third world’. It is often appointed as an important tool for achievement of millennium development goals and, ultimately, for the realization of the right to development (‘RTD’) of the local communities in developing countries, since it has contributed largely for development of infrastructure, including transport and communications, water supply, energy and health services. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mrs. Shivani Georgijevic of the Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Knowledge, innovation, and the pursuit of economic growth are concepts that the economists and policy makers around the world continue to investigate. As policy makers strive to improve the welfare of their nations, research suggests that perhaps innovation is the key that will unlock the gates of prosperity. Frameworks have been developed on how countries should build innovation capacity such as the study done by Furman, Porter and Stern (2002). These frameworks have been used to test developed nations such as Australia, Denmark and the United States as well as developing nations such as Taiwan and South Korea. Their findings suggest that certain strategies were more effective at fostering innovation in developed countries than in developing countries, highlighting that the effects of policy innovation are not homogeneous. This report investigated the innovation strategies that countries use to encourage innovation in order to induce economic transition. The findings suggest that there is an existence of the common innovation infrastructure in countries that are transitioning from efficiency-driven to innovation-driven development. These countries are using the common innovation infrastructure to encourage innovation. However, some countries are more effective at encouraging innovation than others. Measures that work for one country may not necessarily work for others. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / zkgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

The dissertation focuses on regenerating and adapting a part of the Prinshof Medical District. The site is identified as an abandoned, left-over space which is located adjacent to the Apies River in Pretoria's urban context. The site's forgotten natural and historical layers, formerly part of the historical Hove's Drift, and the chronological narrative of the Apies River, are investigated in this study. A regenerative water design method is used to catalyse these lost layers in the aim of cultivating a functional and poetic water-conscious design intervention. The programme proposes the creation of a hydrotherapy centre for use by the surrounding institutions in the Prinshof Medical District as part of the continuing narrative for the site and that of the Apies River respectively. Regenerative Biohistoric Waterscapes is able to synthesise the river's natural, historical, and Modern infrastructure narratives and contribute an alternative meaning towards the eco-systemic understanding of the river's potential for Pretoria's future generations. / Hierdie verhandeling konsentreer op die hernuwing en aanpassing van 'n gedeelte van die Prinshof Mediese Distrik. Hierdie terrain is ge?dentifiseer as verlate, 'n oorblewende spasie wat gele? is langs die Apies Rivier in Pretoria se stedelike konteks. Hierdie terrain se vergete natuurlike en historiese agtergrond, voorheen gedeelte van die geskiedkundige Hove's Drif, en die kronologiese relaas van die Apies Rivier, word in die verhandeling ondersoek. n' Hernieude water ontwerpte metode gebruik om hierdie verlore agtergrond gedeeltes in te sluit met die doelwit om 'n funksionele en kunstige water bewuste ontwerp te winkel. Hierdie program stel die skepping voor van 'n hydroterapeutiese sentrum vir die gebruik deur die omliggende inrigtings in die Prinshof Mediese Distrik as deel van die deurlopende relaas vir die terrain en die Apies Rivier onderskeidelik. Die Hiernieude Biohistoriese Waterterrein sal die rivier se natuurlike, historiese en moderne infrastruktuur saamvoeg en sal tot 'n alternatiewe betekenis bydra met betrokking tot n' eko-sistemiese begrip van die rivier se potentsiaal vir Pretoria se toekomstige nageslagte. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

A public interface for the infrastructure of Hartbeespoort Dam Water sustains all living things on this earth and has a huge impact on the natural environment. Water is the most valuable natural resource on this earth. It is vital to humans' existence. It is why we have evolved to the point that we are now and if we do not appreciate it, it will be our demise. Water has the ability to adapt and change as different natural systems interact with it, it allows a constant balance to remain. Humans have broken the delicate balance of water supply and demand, detrimentally affecting the natural systems that support us. Since the start of the industrial era our cities have grown at an exponential rate. The development of cities has impacted negatively on natural systems. This has led to a concomitant disconnection between man and nature and has divorced humans from an understanding of the role and importance of natural water systems. . We have forgotten the positive effects that we experience when directly engaging with water as we live in environments often far from nature; rarely experiencing it fully. Our physical control of natural resources has led to a physical disconnection and under appreciation of these precious resources. This project aims to reconnect man and nature to create a new paradigm where humans value our natural resources and, in particular, water. A re-appropriation of water infrastructure through an architectural interface that fulfils cultural, social and economic functions to create a positive recreational space that celebrates water and its importance in our h eritage. T he intention is to c reate a p roductive infrastructure that facilitates exchanges between site, existing infrastructure and the user. / n Publieke skeidingsvlak vir die infrastruktuur van die Hartebeespoort Dam omgewing. Water onderhou alle lewe op aarde en het 'n groot impak op die natuurlike omgewing. Water is die belangrikste natuurlike hulpbron op die aarde en is van die uiterste belang vir die mens se voortbestaan. Dit is hoekom ons die punt bereik het waar ons nou is. Dit sal ons ondergang beteken as ons dit nie bewaar en waardeer nie. Die mens het die delikate balans van aanvraag en watervoorsiening versteur tot nadeel van die natuurlike sisteme wat ons onderhou. Sedert die begin van die industriele tydperk het ons stede eksponensie?l vergroot. Die ontwikkeling van stede het 'n negatiewe impak gehad op ons natuurlike omgewing. Dit het gelei na 'n gepaardgaande diskonneksie tussen mens en natuur en het die mens se begrip van die rol en belang van natuurlike waterbronne negatief be?nvloed. Omdat ons in omgewings woon v?r verwyder van water en dikwels van die natuur kom ons nie direk met water as lewensmiddel in ons omgewing in kontak nie. Ons fisiese beheer van natuurlike bronne het gelei tot die skeiding en onderwaardeering van hierdie kosbare bronne. Die doel van die projek is om mens en die natuur bymekaar te bring en 'n nuwe paradigma te skep waar die mens sy natuurlike bronne, en in die besonder water, waardeer. 'n Nuwe benadering tot waterinfrastruktuur deur 'n argitektonise wisselwerking wat kulturele, sosiale en ekonomiese funksies bymekaar bring om 'n positiewe onspanne ruimte te skep waar die belang van water as 'n erfenis vier, is nodig. Die doel is om 'n produktiewe infrastruktuur te skep wat uitruiling tussen die terrein, die huidige infrastruktuur en die gebruiker bymekaar bring. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

Cartography is the science and art of making maps and thematic cartography is a subsection that deals with the production of thematic maps. A thematic map portrays the distribution of features, incidents or classifications related to a specific topic. With the rapidly increasing volumes of data, thematic maps allow users to efficiently analyse data and identify trends quicker. A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) focuses on making data available and ensures data interoperability through a geoportal and associated web services for discovery, display, editing, and analysis. Implementations of web service standards by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), and the ISO/TC211, Geographic information/Geomatics enable the display, query and custom visualisation of spatial data in a geoportal. In the past, sophisticated cartographic methods have been mainly available on desktop applications, but with the advances in web mapping technology these methods have become increasingly popular on the Web. Currently, producing thematic maps using web services is a manual process that requires quite a lot of custom programming. The orchestrations of standard web services automate the process to produce thematic maps in a geoportal. It is preferable to use standard web services as opposed to customised programming; the standards provide flexibility, interoperability, and standard protocols, to name a few benefits. The goal of this research was to determine how standard OGC web services could be orchestrated to produce thematic maps within the geoportal of an SDI. To achieve this goal, an orchestrated thematic web service, named ThematicWS, was constructed from existing implementations of individual standard OGC web services, which are monolithic and interchangeable. The thematic cartographic process for producing choropleth and proportional symbol maps was investigated to model the process and obtain a set of steps. Experiments were performed to determine which existing web service standards could be used in the process. ThematicWS was developed using existing implementations of the following standards: WFS to retrieve the attribute data, WPS for the wrapping of custom functionalities (statistical processing and SLD generation), and a WMS to produce the thematic map image. The 52° North and ZOO project frameworks’ orchestration capabilities were evaluated for to determine the suitability for producing thematic maps. The evaluation showed that orchestration is possible in both frameworks. However, there are limitations in both frameworks for automatic orchestration such as the lack of semantic information and poor usability of the framework. The use of WPS services to wrap custom functionalities and to provide a standard interface has proved to be useful for the orchestration of standard web services. ThematicWS was successfully implemented based on standard web service implementations using both workflow scripting and workflow modelling. The orchestrated ThematicWS can be called and consumed by a geoportal of an SDI to produce thematic maps according to user defined parameters. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / Unrestricted

El inicio de la ejecución de proyectos de infraestructura de transporte en Lima Metropolitana ha presentado retrasos; y en muchos de los casos, se ha visto paralizado por la oposición de los expropiados por dejar sus predios, lo cual ha imposibilitado la adquisición parcial y/o total de estos. Esta problemática reside en la deficiente elaboración del Plan de Compensación y Reasentamiento Involuntario (PACRI) que se ha implementado en los proyectos de estudio de la presente tesis: La Ampliación del Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez, Línea 2 y Ramal Av. Faucett; y la Ampliación de la Autopista Ramiro Prialé, los cuales han mostrado un significativo retraso de su ejecución tras un conflicto constante entre población afectada y la entidad ejecutora del PACRI. Como propuesta de solución, se elaboró una guía dirigida a proyectos de infraestructura de transporte en Lima Metropolitana, la cual brindará un procedimiento uniforme para la elaboración y posterior implementación del PACRI a partir del uso de buenas prácticas y aplicación de herramientas de gestión, a fin de garantizar el bienestar socioeconómico y cultural de los expropiados. Para su validación, se procedió a un juicio de expertos en el área de estudio con la finalidad de extraer una retroalimentación de la propuesta de guía obteniendo una mejora del plan compuesto por tres fases: formulación, implementación y expost, las cuales pretenderán velar por el bienestar de la población afectada, minimizando los impactos negativos que puedan generar los proyectos y mejorar la calidad de vida de los mismos después del reasentamiento. / The beginning of the execution of transport infrastructure projects in Metropolitan Lima has presented delays; and in many of the cases, it has been paralyzed by the opposition of the expropriated ones for leaving their properties, which has made partial and / or total acquisition of these impossible. This problem lies in the deficient preparation of the Involuntary Compensation and Resettlement Plan (PACRI) that has been implemented in the study projects of this thesis: The Expansion of the Jorge Chávez International Airport, Line 2 and Av. Faucett Branch; and the Extension of the Ramiro Prialé Highway, which have shown a significant delay in their execution following a constant conflict between the affected population and the executing agency of the PACRI. As a solution proposal, a guide was developed for transport infrastructure projects in Lima Metropolitana, which will provide a uniform procedure for the development and subsequent implementation of PACRI based on the use of good practices and implementation of management tools to ensure the socio-economic and cultural well-being of expropriated people. For its validation, a judgement of experts in the area of study was carried out in order to extract a feedback of the proposed guide obtaining an improvement of the plan composed of three phases: formulation, implementation and expost, which will aim ensure the well-being of the affected population, minimizing the negative impacts that projects can generate and improving their quality of life after resettlement. / Tesis

This dissertation utilizes a case study of Maboneng in Johannesburg central business district (CBD) to make a case for culture-led urban regeneration in South Africa. The City of Johannesburg is still to a large extent locked into Apartheid-era spatial planning whereby most neighbourhoods' reflect the Group Areas Act's racial profiles of the past. Given this historical context, a more nuanced approach to culture-led regeneration is required in assessing the complexity of urban regeneration in South Africa. This dissertation analyses to what extend Maboneng has undergone a process of culture-led urban regeneration, examining the transformation in terms of social, physical and economic outcomes. It also seeks to uncover to what extend the case of Maboneng aligns with global literature- and to what extent it departs? Chapter 2 introduces the research method, which is case study based, and relies on Propertuity company data for the purposes of this paper, which is outlined as a gap that could be addressed in a future study of the area. Chapter 3 defines culture-led urban regeneration and focuses on a literature review, with Florida's (2002) creative class theory at the core of the discussion around urban regeneration, which is critiqued by Peck (2007) who believes it leads to further prioritization of the middle class at the expense of the poor. Moulaert, Demuynck & Nussbaumer (2004) suggest a nuanced perspective to culture-led urban regeneration that adopts a socially-rooted view which values the multi dimensional role of culture in urban development. The case of Maboneng uses this nuanced perspective from the literature as a framework to categorise the data in chapter 4, and analyse the data in chapter 5, using the three dimensions of urban regeneration (namely social, physical and economic transformation) in order to assess the culture-led urban regeneration in Maboneng. The findings highlight that Maboneng is socially-rooted in its approach to both the social and economic transformations that are occurring in the neighborhood with success in the establishment of a mixed-race neighbourhood that is reflective of the City of Johannesburg racial profiles, as well as the establishment of a local economy. It is argued that more could be done to ensure the physical dimensions and aesthetics of place that are less 'curated' by the property developer and more focused on cocreation of aesthetics.

GPS processing, like every processing method for geodetic applications, relies upon least-squares estimation. Quality measures must be defined to assure that the estimates are close to reality. These quality measures are reliable provided that, first, the covariance matrix of the observations (the stochastic model) is well defined and second, the systematic effects are completely removed (i.e., the functional model is good). In the GPS precise point positioning (PPP) the stochastic and functional models are not as complicated as in the differential GPS processing. We will assess the quality of the GPS Precise Point Positioning in this thesis. To refine the functional model from systematic errors, we have 1) used the phase observations to prevent introducing any hardware bias to the observation equations, 2) corrected observations for all systematic effects with amplitudes of more than 1cm, 3) used undifferenced observations to prevent having complications (e.g. linearly related parameters) in the system of observation equations. To have a realistic covariance matrix for the observations we have incorporated the ephemeris’ uncertainties into the system of observation equations. The above-mentioned technique is numerically tested on the real data of some of the International GNSS Service stations. The results confirm that undifferenced stochastic-related properties (e.g. degrees of freedom) can be reliable means to recognize the parameterization problem in differenced observation equations. These results also imply that incorporation of the satellite ephemeris uncertainties might improve the estimates of the station positions. / QC 20120503

Behaviour under fire circumstances is becoming more and more crucial for designing a concrete structureand authorities require more often a fire-resistance time. In fact, engineers need a powerful, user-friendly,accurate and non time-consuming method that can be used to design reinforced concrete structures. Inthis study, the author has developed a method to design any fire-exposed reinforced concrete crosssections under flexure that takes into account second order effect. The first part focuses on the thermal analysis of the reinforced concrete cross section. Fourier'sequation is solved using finite differences method and the development tool of Excel: Virtual BasicAdvanced macro. Thus, it could easily be used on every personal computer (reasonably powerful) andneeds no extra investment. The accuracy of this thermal analysis is checked by comparison with resultsfrom commercial softwares (FAGUS edited by Cubus and SAFIR developed by the university of Liege). The second part deals with the mechanical analysis. Indeed, the concrete compressive strengthtogether with the yield strength of the steel reinforcement bars will decrease when the temperature willraise inside the concrete cross section. This loss of characteristic will be regarded as a loss of area andnew dimensions are set up. Finally a classic analysis (as it can be done at ambient temperature) isperformed. The mechanical analysis which takes into account second order effect is based on the Eulerbuckling load. The last chapter presents a comparison study between this new method and the two commercialsoftwares FAGUS and SAFIR, both of them are using finite element method. Several cross sections havebeen modelled, T-shaped ones with various dimensions and rectangular ones with various dimensionsand various steel areas. The two aspects (mechanical and thermal) have been studied and the resultsshowed good correspondance. / Master thesis

Majoriteten av byggnader som byggs idag (2022) i Sverige använder betong som grundläggningsmaterial. Att använda betong kan medföra att stora utsläpp av koldioxid görs. För att minska mängden koldioxid som släpps ut från grundläggning för en byggnad är syftet för detta examensarbete att utreda möjligheten att ersätta betong med trä som grundläggningsmaterial. Följande frågeställningar har guidat studien. 1. Hur skulle en grundläggning i trä kunna vara uppbyggd? 2. Hur stor är klimatbelastningen för en grundläggning i trä jämfört med en grundläggning i betong? 3. Hur påverkar en grundläggning i trä produktionstiden på en byggarbetsplats? 4. Hur ser produktionskostnaden ut för en grundläggning i trä? En litteraturundersökning har genomförts för att ta reda på hur långt utvecklingen av trägrundläggningar har kommit. Litteraturundersökningen ledde till att en uppbyggnad på en trägrundläggning kunde tas fram. Uppbyggnaden ledde sedan till att intervjupersoner kunde väljas ut och intervjuer kunde genomföras. Intervjuerna genomfördes för att tillsammans med litteraturstudien kunna fastställa en uppbyggnad på trägrundläggningen för att kunna besvara den första frågeställningen. För att besvara frågeställningarna behövdes klimatberäkningar, ekonomiska beräkningar samt tidsberäkningar genomföras. Slutsatsen som kunde dras av litteraturundersökningen, intervjuerna samt beräkningarna var att en prefabricerad trägrundläggning är det bästa alternativet på en uppbyggnad av en trägrundläggning. Eftersom att trä är ett fuktkänsligt material är fuktsäkerheten av en trägrundläggning viktig. När prefabricering av grundläggningsplattorna görs kan fuktskydden installeras i en kontrollerad miljö vilket kan medföra bättre kontroll och ett bättre resultat än om det hade gjorts på arbetsplatsen. Den prefabricerade trägrundläggningen har en uppbyggnad likt en betongplatta på mark med samma underbyggnad. Uppbyggnaden bygger på en massivträskiva av korslimmatträ som är sammanfogad med cellplastisolering. Kantelement och fuktskydd monteras för att skapa prefabricerade grundläggningsplattor som kan placeras ut på underbyggnaden. Flera grundläggningsplattor sammanfogas sedan för att skapa en hel grundläggning. Den undersökta trägrundläggningen visade att en minskning av koldioxidutsläpp på mer än 73 % kan uppnås jämfört med motsvarande grundläggning i betong. Eftersom trägrundläggningen är prefabricerad är produktionstiden på byggarbetsplatsen mycket kortare jämfört med en betonggrundläggning. Den undersökta trägrundläggningen på 189 kvadratmeter tog 4 timmar att montera som kan jämföras med en betonggrundläggning för samma hus som skulle tagit 98 timmar att bygga exklusive torktid. En fullständig ekonomisk undersökning genomfördes inte eftersom det skulle kräva konstruktionsberäkningar på både trägrundläggningen samt betonggrundläggningen. En kostnadsjämförelse baserad på ett kvadratmeterpris samt tidigare genomförda kalkyler på en betonggrundläggning visar att en trägrundläggning kostar lika mycket att bygga som en betonggrundläggning.