A intensificação de processos é importante na busca de equipamentos e reações menos nocivos e seguros, um exemplo é a aplicação de microrreatores. A indústria farmacêutica é a maior beneficiária dessa tecnologia, pois os microrreatores, dispositivos com microcanais de até 100 µm, podem reduzir em anos o tempo necessário para desenvolver e produzir um novo fármaco e podem ser montados em unidades industriais extremamente pequenas e compactas. O aumento de casos de diabetes no Brasil na última década vem incentivando a busca por novos fármacos. Neste trabalho, a aplicação de microrreatores capilares é estudada na síntese do (Z)-5-(4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzilideno)2,4-tiazolidinadiona (HMTZD) e do (Z)-5-(3-hidroxi-4-metoxibenzilideno)2,4-tiazolidinadiona (MHTZD), obtidos da reação de 2,4-tiazolidinediona (TZD) com 4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzaldeído (Vanilina) e com seu isômero, 3-hidroxi-4-metoxibenzaldeído (Isovanilina), que podem ser utilizados na síntese de moléculas com atividade biológica. Foram obtidos rendimentos máximos do produto HMTZD, 98% em 480 min de reação e do produto MHTZD, 73% em 120 min de reação, contrariando a literatura que apresenta um tempo de reação para essa síntese de 20 h a 40 h. Na síntese em fluxo no microrreator, ficou evidente que quanto maior a temperatura maior a conversão de TZD e o rendimento do produto, chegando a valores de 100%, para a temperatura de 160°C em etanol. A produção no processo batelada e no microrreator foram calculadas e, quando comparadas, mostraram que apenas dois microrreatores de 1 mL em sua melhor condição de operação são capazes de produzir três vezes mais que um reator batelada de 60 mL. Pelo estudo de cinética, a reação utilizando etanol não favorece a formação de reações em paralelo ou em série. As análises qualitativas comprovaram que os produtos esperados foram formados e com alto grau de pureza. / The process intensification is important in the search for less harmful and safe equipment and reactions, an example is the application of microreactors. The pharmaceutical industry is the largest beneficiary of this technology because microreactors, devices with microchannels up to 100 µm, can reduce the time required to develop and produce a new drug in years and can be mounted in extremely small and compact industrial units. The increase in diabetes cases in Brazil in the last decade has been encouraging the search for new drugs. In this work, the application of capillary microreactors is studied in the synthesis of (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)2,4-thiazolidinedione (HMTZD) and (Z)-5-(3-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzylidene)2,4-thiazolidinedione (MHTZD), obtained from the reaction of 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (Vanillin) and its isomer, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (Isovanillin), which can be used in the synthesis of molecules with biological activity. Maximum yields of 98% in 480 min, for the product HMTZD, and 73% in 120 min, for the product MHTZD, were obtained, contradicting literature that shows a reaction time for this synthesis of 20 h to 40 h. In the flow synthesis in the microreactor, it was evident that the higher the temperature the higher the conversion of TZD and the yield of the product, reaching 100%, in ethanol working with the temperature of 160°C. The production in the batch process and the microreactor were calculated and, when compared, showed that only two 1 mL microreactors in their best operating condition are able to produce three times more than a 60 mL batch reactor. By the study of kinetics, the reaction using ethanol does not favor the formation of reactions in parallel or in series. The qualitative analyzes showed that the expected products was formed and with a high degree of purity.

<p>De stora läkemedelsbolagen har sedan mitten på 1990-talet fått en ökad press på att optimera sina försörjningskedjor på grund av att patent på olika mediciner gått ut. När patentet gått ut kan generiska konkurrenter börja sälja liknande mediciner, de kan sälja dem till lägre pris eftersom de inte har forsknings och utvecklingskostnader att täcka. AstraZeneca tog i slutet av 1990-talet beslutet att implementera en ny strategi för deras försörjningskedja i deras produktion. Detta gjordes för att sänka deras produktionskostnader för att kunna konkurrera mot generiska konkurrenter. En konsultfirma togs in och Demand Driven Supply (DDS) implementerades. Syftet med denna uppsats är att definiera Demand Driven Supply och att utvärdera om denna implementering gett de resultat som eftersträvades. Vi presenterar en teoretisk referensram som behövs för att få en förståelse över de metoder och verktyg som behövs för att optimera varuförsörjningskedjan och därigenom kunna sänka kostnaderna. Dessa teorier står till grund för den implementering som skedde hos AstraZeneca. Den huvudsakliga anledningen till att DDS implementerades var att AstraZeneca ville gå mot sugande produktionsstyrning för att därmed korta ledtiden, sänka kostnader och sänka kapitalbindningen och höja marginalerna på sin försäljning för att få kapital till att återinvestera i företaget.</p>

Background: In the 1970’s, the first concerns regarding manufacturing pollu-tion headed off in Sweden and an enormous demand was cre-ated. The result came to be an enhanced consumption of ingredi-ent branded products such as KRAV, Bra Miljöval and The Swan to mention a few. Fair Trade entered the Swedish shelves in 1996 which gave the consumers the possibility to buy products and contribute to better conditions for farmers and employees in de-veloping countries. Problem: In 1995 a research was performed, which showed that 50 percent of the respondents did not buy products with for instance an en-vironmental concerned label due to the significantly higher price. Some argue against this and believe that it is more of a marketing issue. Customers have become more aware in their shopping and, in order to keep them, companies must meet their demands by paying more attention to how they run their business. Purpose: The aim with this thesis is to investigate why managers make decisions to purchase ingredient branded products, particulary Fair Trade. Method: To accomplish this thesis a qualitative approach has been applied with the intention to describe the result from performed tele-phone and personal interviews with companies within chain res-taurants, hotels, grocery stores, and textile retail stores. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the decision to introduce Fair Trade labelled products depended on factors such as; the introduction year of these products, the history of the company and core values. Managers at the selected companies decided to purchase products with the ingredient brand Fair Trade for different rea-sons. Either since they had a long history of concern for fair production and rooted values or due to that the introduction of these products contributed to a good business image or to clean the company’s history.

De stora läkemedelsbolagen har sedan mitten på 1990-talet fått en ökad press på att optimera sina försörjningskedjor på grund av att patent på olika mediciner gått ut. När patentet gått ut kan generiska konkurrenter börja sälja liknande mediciner, de kan sälja dem till lägre pris eftersom de inte har forsknings och utvecklingskostnader att täcka. AstraZeneca tog i slutet av 1990-talet beslutet att implementera en ny strategi för deras försörjningskedja i deras produktion. Detta gjordes för att sänka deras produktionskostnader för att kunna konkurrera mot generiska konkurrenter. En konsultfirma togs in och Demand Driven Supply (DDS) implementerades. Syftet med denna uppsats är att definiera Demand Driven Supply och att utvärdera om denna implementering gett de resultat som eftersträvades. Vi presenterar en teoretisk referensram som behövs för att få en förståelse över de metoder och verktyg som behövs för att optimera varuförsörjningskedjan och därigenom kunna sänka kostnaderna. Dessa teorier står till grund för den implementering som skedde hos AstraZeneca. Den huvudsakliga anledningen till att DDS implementerades var att AstraZeneca ville gå mot sugande produktionsstyrning för att därmed korta ledtiden, sänka kostnader och sänka kapitalbindningen och höja marginalerna på sin försäljning för att få kapital till att återinvestera i företaget.

The functional food industry has expanded yet research into consumer perceptions of functional foods is limited. Among consumers, older adults could benefit from functional foods due to age-related health concerns. This thesis aimed to generate information about the consumption of functional foods among community-dwelling older adults (>60 years old, n=200) using a researcher-administered questionnaire. Prevalence of functional food consumption was 93.0% and yogurt with probiotics (56.0%) was the top product consumed. The primary functional food matrix consumed was yogurt (51.5%) and dietary fibre was the primary functional food bioactive consumed (79.5%). Most participants (86.2%) consume functional foods to improve health and osteoporosis/bone health (67.5%), heart disease (61.0%) and arthritis (55.0%) were the primary health areas identified. Participants wanted more information about functional foods (63.5%) with preferred sources being newspapers/magazines/books (68.5%) and food labels (66.1%). These results inform stakeholders regarding the potential of functional foods to promote improved health among older adults. / Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research

NRs are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics to their corresponding nitroso, hydroxylamine, and, in limited cases, amine They have gathered interest in many scientific communities, and are currently actively researched bioremediation and prodrug activation. Here we attempt to utilize them for the purpose of synthesizing substituted aromatic amines that are found in a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). As NRs described in the literature have varying product distribution ranges (from those that produce hydroxylamine to others that yield amine) several similar and different NRs were studied for their selectivity. Additionally, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was determined to characterize the substrate specificity of NRs. To employ the use of flavoenzymes in synthesis, multiple reaction- and protein-engineering approaches were devised. One scheme was to establish an enzymo-chemical synthesis where NRs were paired with reducing agents for a chemical reduction. Another method was to create a monomeric NR through directed evolution from ER scaffolds for future immobilization applications. Protein engineering techniques were also utilized on NADH oxidases which we characterized and developed for nicotinamide cofactor regeneration. As a whole, this dissertation expands our current understanding on NRs and demonstrates the possibility of using several flavoenzymes in the synthesis of organic molecules.

Resumo: A formulação de ração específica para as fases iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes só pode ser obtida pelo conhecimento do valor nutritivo dos alimentos que a compõem e estes dependem de seu conteúdo em nutrientes e da capacidade do animal em ingerí-los e absorvê-los. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta de alguns ingredientes energéticos foram avaliados para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo com pesos iniciais de 0,60; 1,14 e 2,37 g. Os ingredientes estudados foram: milho, quirera de arroz, sorgo e farelo de trigo. O óxido de crômio-III foi utilizado como marcador externo e a coleta de fezes foi feita pelo método de Guelph modificado. Os melhores resultados de digestibilidade aparente foram obtidos pelo milho e quirera de arroz para os três tamanhos de alevinos, sendo que o sorgo se igualou a estes dois ingredientes quando ofertado aos alevinos de tamanho intermediário. O farelo de trigo apresentou os piores CDA para a matéria seca e energia bruta. Conclui-se o milho e a quirera de arroz são excelentes ingredientes energéticos para rações de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. / Abstract: Formulation of a specific diet for fish in initial development stage can only be made after knowing the nutritional values of feedstuffs which depends on nutrient contents and the fish capacity to digest and absorb it. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy of energetic ingredients were evaluated to Nile tilapia post larvae with initial body weights of 0.60; 1.14 e 2.37 g. The evaluated ingredients were: corn, rice, sorghum and wheat bran. Chromic oxide was the external digestibility marker and feces collection followed modified Guelph method. Corn and rice showed the best ADCs for the three fish size. However, sorghum had equivalent ADCs when intermediate fish size were fed. Wheat bran showed the worse ADCs for dry matter and crude energy. Nile tilapia post larvae are capable of using energy and protein from corn and rice, thus they can be considered excellent energetic feed ingredients. / Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato / Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nakagome_fk_me_botfmvz.pdf: 413782 bytes, checksum: 3ab9336fae68bb9f65f99a7f3508f624 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A formulação de ração específica para as fases iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes só pode ser obtida pelo conhecimento do valor nutritivo dos alimentos que a compõem e estes dependem de seu conteúdo em nutrientes e da capacidade do animal em ingerí-los e absorvê-los. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta de alguns ingredientes energéticos foram avaliados para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo com pesos iniciais de 0,60; 1,14 e 2,37 g. Os ingredientes estudados foram: milho, quirera de arroz, sorgo e farelo de trigo. O óxido de crômio-III foi utilizado como marcador externo e a coleta de fezes foi feita pelo método de Guelph modificado. Os melhores resultados de digestibilidade aparente foram obtidos pelo milho e quirera de arroz para os três tamanhos de alevinos, sendo que o sorgo se igualou a estes dois ingredientes quando ofertado aos alevinos de tamanho intermediário. O farelo de trigo apresentou os piores CDA para a matéria seca e energia bruta. Conclui-se o milho e a quirera de arroz são excelentes ingredientes energéticos para rações de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. / Formulation of a specific diet for fish in initial development stage can only be made after knowing the nutritional values of feedstuffs which depends on nutrient contents and the fish capacity to digest and absorb it. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy of energetic ingredients were evaluated to Nile tilapia post larvae with initial body weights of 0.60; 1.14 e 2.37 g. The evaluated ingredients were: corn, rice, sorghum and wheat bran. Chromic oxide was the external digestibility marker and feces collection followed modified Guelph method. Corn and rice showed the best ADCs for the three fish size. However, sorghum had equivalent ADCs when intermediate fish size were fed. Wheat bran showed the worse ADCs for dry matter and crude energy. Nile tilapia post larvae are capable of using energy and protein from corn and rice, thus they can be considered excellent energetic feed ingredients.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kawauchi_im_me_jabo.pdf: 211809 bytes, checksum: b7f7d0e81da78e4d31eda58ed86b34c0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente estudo teve por objetivos determinar, por meio dos métodos de substituição e de regressão, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a energia metabolizável do farelo de glúten de milho 21 (FGM 21), comparar estas metodologias experimentais e estabelecer o teor adequado de inclusão do ingrediente em dietas extrusadas para cães adultos. Foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes e urina. No primeiro ensaio, seis cães adultos foram alimentados com dieta isenta de FGM 21 (basal) e outros seis com dieta teste (30% FGM 21 + 70% dieta basal). Para o segundo ensaio, foram formuladas dietas contendo, com base na matéria natural, zero (basal), 7%, 14% e 21% de FGM 21. Vinte e quatro cães adultos foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com dois blocos repetidos no tempo, sendo 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições por dieta. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente do FGM 21 para cães foram: 52,73% para MS, 52,41% para MO, 68,84% para PB, 74,38% para EEA, -36,40% para FDT, 99,80% para amido e 54,46% para EB. Sua energia metabolizável foi de 2023 kcal/kg MS. A utilização de FGM 21 reduziu a digestibilidade da MS, MO, EB e EM das dietas (p<0,05), porém, não prejudicou de forma pronunciada a digestibilidade da PB, EEA e amido (p>0,05) quando utilizada inclusão de 14%. A fibra dietética total do FGM 21 por ser de baixa solubilidade e fermentabilidade pode justificar a redução na digestibilidade e na EM das dietas. As fezes dos cães alimentados com dietas contendo FGM 21 foram pouco afetadas, porém, houve aumento na quantidade produzida. A digestibilidade da PB, EEA, amido e a EM das dietas foi semelhante quando determinada pelos métodos de substituição e de regressão. MS, MO e EB apresentaram coeficientes de digestibilidade distintos em função do método utilizado. Concluiu-se que o FGM 21 é um ingrediente de... / The present study aimed to determine, with substitution and regression methods, the digestibility and metabolizable energy of corn gluten feed (CGF), compare the methods and establish the appropriate inclusion of this ingredient in extruded diets for dogs. Two metabolism trials were performed using total feces and urine collection method. In the first trial, 6 adult dogs were fed with a basal diet, without CGF, and other 6 dogs were fed with test diet (30% of CGF + 70% of the basal diet). In the second trial, diets containing 0%, 7%, 14% and 21% of CGF were formulated, as fed basis. 24 adult dogs were distributed in a randomized blocks design, with two blocks repeated in time, being four treatments, with 6 replications each. The coefficients of apparent digestibility of CGF for dogs were: 52.73% for DM, 52.41% for OM, 68.84% for CP, 74.38% for AEE, -36.40% for TDF, 99.80% for starch and 54.46% for GE. The metabolizable energy was 2023 kcal/kg on DM basis. The use of CGF reduced the digestibility of DM, OM, GE and ME of diets (p<0.05) however the digestibility of CP, AEE and starch (p>0.05) were not very affected when inclusion of 14% was used. The total dietary fiber of CGF has low solubility and fermentability what can justify the reduction in the digestibility and ME of diets. The feces of the dogs fed with diets containing CGF have been little affected, however had a increase in the produced amount. The digestibility of CP, AEE, starch and ME of the diets was similar when determined by the regression and substitution methods. DM, OM and GE presented divergent digestibility coefficients depending on the used method. It was concluded that CGF is an ingredient of low energy value, with potential for use in foods for dogs with special demands and the inclusion of 14% provides reduced interference on digestibility of foods to adult dogs. The method used in the food study for dogs is an important factor and must be considered.

Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivos determinar, por meio dos métodos de substituição e de regressão, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a energia metabolizável do farelo de glúten de milho 21 (FGM 21), comparar estas metodologias experimentais e estabelecer o teor adequado de inclusão do ingrediente em dietas extrusadas para cães adultos. Foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes e urina. No primeiro ensaio, seis cães adultos foram alimentados com dieta isenta de FGM 21 (basal) e outros seis com dieta teste (30% FGM 21 + 70% dieta basal). Para o segundo ensaio, foram formuladas dietas contendo, com base na matéria natural, zero (basal), 7%, 14% e 21% de FGM 21. Vinte e quatro cães adultos foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com dois blocos repetidos no tempo, sendo 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições por dieta. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente do FGM 21 para cães foram: 52,73% para MS, 52,41% para MO, 68,84% para PB, 74,38% para EEA, -36,40% para FDT, 99,80% para amido e 54,46% para EB. Sua energia metabolizável foi de 2023 kcal/kg MS. A utilização de FGM 21 reduziu a digestibilidade da MS, MO, EB e EM das dietas (p<0,05), porém, não prejudicou de forma pronunciada a digestibilidade da PB, EEA e amido (p>0,05) quando utilizada inclusão de 14%. A fibra dietética total do FGM 21 por ser de baixa solubilidade e fermentabilidade pode justificar a redução na digestibilidade e na EM das dietas. As fezes dos cães alimentados com dietas contendo FGM 21 foram pouco afetadas, porém, houve aumento na quantidade produzida. A digestibilidade da PB, EEA, amido e a EM das dietas foi semelhante quando determinada pelos métodos de substituição e de regressão. MS, MO e EB apresentaram coeficientes de digestibilidade distintos em função do método utilizado. Concluiu-se que o FGM 21 é um ingrediente de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study aimed to determine, with substitution and regression methods, the digestibility and metabolizable energy of corn gluten feed (CGF), compare the methods and establish the appropriate inclusion of this ingredient in extruded diets for dogs. Two metabolism trials were performed using total feces and urine collection method. In the first trial, 6 adult dogs were fed with a basal diet, without CGF, and other 6 dogs were fed with test diet (30% of CGF + 70% of the basal diet). In the second trial, diets containing 0%, 7%, 14% and 21% of CGF were formulated, as fed basis. 24 adult dogs were distributed in a randomized blocks design, with two blocks repeated in time, being four treatments, with 6 replications each. The coefficients of apparent digestibility of CGF for dogs were: 52.73% for DM, 52.41% for OM, 68.84% for CP, 74.38% for AEE, -36.40% for TDF, 99.80% for starch and 54.46% for GE. The metabolizable energy was 2023 kcal/kg on DM basis. The use of CGF reduced the digestibility of DM, OM, GE and ME of diets (p<0.05) however the digestibility of CP, AEE and starch (p>0.05) were not very affected when inclusion of 14% was used. The total dietary fiber of CGF has low solubility and fermentability what can justify the reduction in the digestibility and ME of diets. The feces of the dogs fed with diets containing CGF have been little affected, however had a increase in the produced amount. The digestibility of CP, AEE, starch and ME of the diets was similar when determined by the regression and substitution methods. DM, OM and GE presented divergent digestibility coefficients depending on the used method. It was concluded that CGF is an ingredient of low energy value, with potential for use in foods for dogs with special demands and the inclusion of 14% provides reduced interference on digestibility of foods to adult dogs. The method used in the food study for dogs is an important factor and must be considered. / Orientadora: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Coorientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Mestre