Semi-analytical models for remote sensing of water quality parameters need to be parameterized with specific inherent optical properties. In this thesis, data on specific inherent optical properties of Swedish lakes and coastal waters is presented. Also, the problems of measuring in situ spectral backscattering are addressed. It is shown how measured specific inherent optical properties are used to parameterize semi-analytical bio-optical models. The models are then used to produce large synthetic data sets based on the distribution of water quality parameters, and from these data sets, band ratio or single band ratio algorithms for remote estimation of water quality parameters are constructed. A similar model was also used to calculate under water PAR from measured water quality parameters. The specific inherent optical properties of Swedish lakes and coastal waters are very similar to earlier reported data from the oceanic environment. However, different relations of the water quality parameters will affect the inherent optical properties absorption and backscattering. The absorption spectra are dominated by yellow substance with terrestrial origin. Phytoplankton absorption is low, and account in general only for about 10 % of the total absorption in regions where phytoplankton pigments are active. The spectral backscattering is dominated by suspended particulate inorganic matter. Phytoplankton backscattering is almost negligible, except in cases where the phytoplankton community is dominated by highly scattering cyanobacteria. Experiences from remote sensing campaigns and modeling shows that remote chlorophyll estimation is most effective at longer wavelengths, where the absorption of yellow substance is low. However, modeling also predicts that large uncertainties have to be expected in the estimation of chlorophyll, both from variation in the specific phytoplankton absorption and from influences of other optically active water quality parameters.

In the process of China's rapid economic growth, Chinese Communist Party implemented a series of macro-economic policies --- fiscal policies and monetary policies --- to regulate its economy. As a result, it safely passed through the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the world financial tsunami in 2008, and was able to continue steady growth. This dissertation focuses, under the Chinese Communist economic system, on how to apply the macro policy to control its growth and what has been the practical impact. What role is macro-control playing in the process of China's economic development? Macro-economic policy is actually the main driving force behind China's economic performance. This dissertation emphasizes that under China's unique political economy, macro-control leads China's rapid economic growth. Nevertheless, due to China's economic structure of market imperfections, and the lack of inherent stability of the market mechanism, the Chinese macroeconomic regulation and control has easily lead to economic volatility and to a possible hard crash in years ahead. Although the experience accumulated so far has led to a relatively stable economy, the economic structure is still incomplete. This dissertation argues that China's macro-control¡¦s aggregate demand in driving China's economy needs to be adjusted from investment and export to personal consumption in order to contribute to sustainable economic development in the future.

Incorporating consideration for safety issues while designing solvent processes has become crucial in light of the chemical process incidents involving solvents that have taken place in recent years. The implementation of inherently safer design concepts is considered beneficial to avoid hazards during early stages of design. The application of existing process design and modeling techniques that aid the concepts of ‘substitution’, ‘intensification’ and ‘attenuation’ has been shown in this work. For ‘substitution’, computer aided molecular design (CAMD) technique has been applied to select inherently safer solvents for a solvent operation. For ‘intensification’ and ‘attenuation’, consequence models and regulatory guidance from EPA RMP have been integrated into process simulation. Combining existing techniques provides a design team with a higher level of information to make decisions based on process safety. CAMD is a methodology used for designing compounds with desired target properties. An important aspect of this methodology concerns the prediction of properties given the structure of the molecule. This work also investigates the applicability of Quantitative Structure Property Relationship (QSPR) and topological indices to CAMD. The evaluation was based on models developed to predict flash point properties of different classes of solvents. Multiple linear regression and neural network analysis were used to develop QSPR models, but there are certain limitations associated with using QSPR in CAMD which have been discussed and need further work. Practical application of molecular design and process design techniques have been demonstrated in a case study on liquid-liquid extraction of acetic acid-water mixture. Suitable inherently safer solvents were identified using ICAS-ProCAMD, and consequence models were integrated into Aspen Plus simulator using a calculator sheet. Upon integrating flammable and toxic hazard modeling, solvents such as 5-nonanone, 2-nonanone and 5-methyl-2-hexanone provide inherently safer options, while conventionally-used solvent, ethyl acetate, provides higher degree of separation capability. A conclusive decision regarding feasible solvents and operating conditions would depend on design requirements, regulatory guidance, and safety criteria specified for the process. Inherent safety has always been an important consideration to be implemented during early design steps, and this research presents a methodology to incorporate the principles and obtain inherently safer alternatives.

Introduktion Kritik har riktats mot utformningen av revisionsriskmodellenoch trots det är den en viktig del förbedömningen av revisionsrisken i planeringsfasen. Ioch med detta är det relevant att studera användarnas,det vill säga revisorernas, syn på revisionsriskmodellenoch dess användning. Syfte Uppsatsens syfte är att förklara revisorers uppfattningom användningen av de olika riskerna i revisionsriskmodellen. Metod Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ metod. Vigenomför en enkätundersökning med auktoriseraderevisorer. Data samlas in med hjälp av SurveyMonkeyoch analyseras med SPSS. Slutsatser Våra resultat visar att revisorer som medverkat iundersökningen upplever att inneboende risk varviktigast följt av kontrollrisk och därefter upptäcktsrisk.Vi ser dock att bedömningen av inneboende riskoch kontrollrisk sker sammanvägt och att de påverkasav varandra vilket stärker ett flertal tidigare studier. / Introduction Criticism has been leveled at the design of theaudit risk model, even though it is an importantpart of the assessment of audit risk in the planningphase. As a result of this, it is relevant to studyusers’, namely auditors’, approach to the audit riskmodel and its use. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explain auditors'interpretation of the use of the various risks in theaudit risk model. Method The study uses a quantitative approach. The datahas been collected through a survey usingSurveyMonkey and then analyzed with SPSS. Conclusions Our results show that the auditors who participatedin the survey felt that inherent risk was mostimportant, followed by control risk, and thereafterdetection risk. However, we see that theassessment of inherent and control risks iscombined and that they are influenced by eachother, which strengthens several previous studies.

When a liquid is cooled below its equilibrium freezing temperature, it becomes supercooled and the molecular motions slow down until the system becomes kinetically arrested, forming a glass, at the glass transition temperature. These amorphous materials have the mechanical properties of a solid while retaining the structural properties of a liquid, but do not exhibit the usual features of a thermodynamic phase transition. As such, they present a number of important challenges to our understanding of the dynamics and thermodynamics of condensed phases. For example, supercooled liquids are classified on the basis of the temperature dependence of their transport properties and structural relaxations times. Strong liquids display an Arrhenius behavior, with the logarithm of their viscosity growing linearly with inverse temperature. Fragile liquids behave in a super-Arrhenius manner, where the viscosity appears to diverge at temperatures above absolute zero, suggesting the possibility of an underlying thermodynamic origin to the glass transition. Some complex, network forming liquids, such as water and silica have also been shown to have a dynamical crossover from fragile to strong liquid behavior as the temperature is decreased. The potential energy landscape paradigm, combined with inherent structure formalism, provide a framework for connecting the way particles pack together with the thermodynamics and dynamics of the liquid and glassy phases. However, the complexity of this multi-dimensional surface makes it difficult to fully characterize and rigorous relationships between the nature of particle packing and glass forming properties have not been established. The goal of this thesis is to study some of the general features of glass transition and find the connection between the dynamics and the thermodynamics of glass forming liquids. To this end, the packing landscapes of quasi-one-dimensional hard discs and hard spheres are studied. A two dimensional system of hard discs with diameter σ, confined between two hard walls (lines) of length L, separated by a distance 1<Hd/σ< 1+√(3/4), is studied by using the Transfer Matrix (TM) method and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The complete packing landscape is characterized in terms of the density distribution of inherent structures and the number of local defect states. It is shown that this model exhibits a dynamic fragile-strong liquid crossover at the maximum in the constant pressure heat capacity (Cp) for the system, similar to that observed in anomalous network forming liquids such as water and silica. Furthermore, we find that rescaling the relaxation times of systems with different channel widths by the relaxation time at the Cp maximum causes all the data to collapse on a single master curve. The Cp maximum occurs at a critical value of the defect concentration. At high defect concentrations, where the defects interact, the fluid is fragile. When the defect concentration is low, relaxation appears to occur through the hopping of isolated defects, leading to Arrhenius dynamics. This suggests the thermodynamics associated with the Cp maximum is intimately related to the dynamic crossover. A system of three-dimensional hard spheres confined in a narrow channel was used to study the effect of a more complicated landscape on the dynamics of the system. For this system, the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the system were studied for two different channel diameters, the 1<Hd/σ<1+√(3/4) case, which only allows first neighbors contact for the spheres and, 1+√(3/4)< Hd/σ < 1.98, which allows second neighbors contact to exist. For the first case, the TM method was implemented to obtain the thermodynamic properties and MD simulation was used to measure the dynamics. For the case that the second neighbor contact is allowed 1+√(3/4)< Hd/σ < 1.98. The thermodynamic and dynamic properties were obtained using MD simulations. In this channel diameter range, the system creates chiral helical jammed packings and defect states appear where sections of helices with different local chiralities come into contact. The equation of state (EOS) shows the presence of two heat capacity maxima. The high density Cp maximum is linked to fragile strong crossover. Finite size scaling analysis shows that the low density Cp maximum is related to an orientational order transition stabilized by the presence of the defects. This type of transition has been shown to exist in bulk two-dimensional systems but this work is the first study that provides strong evidence of the existence of this transition in a quasi-one-dimensional system in a system with short-range interactions.

Examined was whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) varied predictably in response to changes in the direction of frequency-modulated tone glides and equivalent second formant transitions in vowels (e.g., /ɪ/ as in “bit” and /e/ as in “bate”). A novel stimulus presentation paradigm was designed to distinguish the MMN from the N1 component. 10 normal-hearing adults with no neurological diseases were recruited and presented stimuli via insert earphones while they watched a silent, subtitled movie. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 128 scalp electrodes. The MMN was successfully distinguished from the N1, marking participants’ ability to discriminate vowel stimuli only. A significant early P2 component, which decreased in size with successive stimulus presentations, was also elicited for vowels only and is believed to reflect formant encoding. Discrepancies between vowel and tone results are discussed along with clinical implications and contributions to the fields of ERP and vowel research.

Proponents of Middle Way (Sanskrit: Madhyamaka) Buddhist philosophy argue that all phenomena lack inherent nature. This dissertation provides an analysis of the meaning of inherent nature and the lack of inherent nature in the basic physical character of non-living physical phenomena as indicated by certain interpretations of ancient and contemporary Middle Way Buddhist philosophy, contemporary Western analytic metaphysics, philosophy of science, and physics. The primary intellectual focus in the dissertation is Madhyamaka. I explicate an interpretation of Madhyamaka that is both amenable to discourse and dialogue with the other disciplines, and also consistent with at least some extant Madhyamaka interpretations. The discourse and dialogue with other disciplines results in a revision of some of the arguments of Madhyamaka—specifically making it consistent with modern physics. However, that revision does not deny the foundational view of Madhyamaka that there is no inherent nature in phenomena, but rather supports it within the revised interpretation. Additionally, I also find that this foundational view provides at least heuristic guidance in development of a generic interpretive framework (‘contextualization’ and Physics Pluralism) that I then apply in criticism and revision of some arguments in modern analytic metaphysics and in philosophy of science.That generic interpretive framework is used within this dissertation in examination of Western analytic metaphysics and philosophy of science. While I find independent support for that framework within contemporary philosophy, the framework also reflects an interpretation of Madhyamaka that I develop as a variation of the classic two truths view of Madhyamaka. My interpretation of the classical expression of the two truths is that there is relative existence of inherent nature that may be reflected in our conventions of discourse and habit, while ultimately no inherent nature can be found when the phenomena are analyzed more fully. In my modified interpretation of the two truths that corresponds to modern physics, for some phenomena inherent nature is found within specific (‘local’) contexts of discourse or domains of physics theory applicability, yet when we take a ‘global’ view that acknowledges many domains and relationships between domains we find an ultimate relationality rather than inherent nature.

Further development of ideas discussed at a joint workshop sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme Industry and Environment Centre (UNEP/IE) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 7-8 June 1993.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO DREWS.pdf: 1002550 bytes, checksum: cf00986d44308bfc993373b5d0eec8b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / The present study investigated the effects of different ability conceptions on the learning of a throwing task in 6, 10, and 14-years-old children. In each age group, different groups were given either inherent ability (IA) or acquirable skill (AS) instructions before the beginning of practice. Participants were blindfolded and threw beanbags with their non-dominant hand at a target that was placed on the floor at a distance of 3 m. All participants performed 40 practice trials and received veridical feedback (accuracy score) after each trial. One day after the practice phase, retention and transfer (4 m) tests (10 trials each) without instruction or feedback about conceptions of ability, each consisting of 10 trials. As expected, older participants had higher accuracy scores in both practice and retention/transfer than younger participants. Importantly, instructions highlighting the malleability of the skill (AS groups) provided on Day 1 resulted in greater throwing accuracy in retention and transfer than did those implying an underlying inherent ability (IA groups). Thus, the induced conceptions of ability influenced the learning of the throwing task regardless of the children s age. Previous findings (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2009) suggest that AS conceptions of ability facilitate automaticy in movement control, presumably by reducing learners concerns about their performance and ability. The present findings add to the increasing evidence of motivational influences on motor skill learning and demonstrate that these effects generalize to children. The findings underscore the importance of how instructions are worded in the context of teaching and learning / O presente estudo investigou os efeitos das induções de diferentes concepções de capacidade na aprendizagem motora de uma tarefa de arremesso em crianças de 6, 10 e 14 anos de idade. Em cada faixa etária, diferentes grupos receberam instruções de concepções fixas (GF) ou concepções maleáveis (GM) antes do inicio da prática. Os participantes (n=120) realizaram uma tarefa de arremessar saquinhos de feijão de olhos vendados com a mão não dominante, tendo o objetivo de acertar o centro de um alvo a uma distância de 3 metros. Todos os participantes realizaram 40 tentativas de prática e receberam feedback verídico sobre sua performance depois de cada tentativa. Um dia após a fase de aquisição, foi realizado um teste de retenção e um teste de transferência (4 m), sem feedback ou instrução sobre concepções de capacidade, constando de 10 tentativas cada. Como esperado, os resultados demonstraram que os participantes mais velhos obtiveram escores de precisão mais elevados, nas fases de aquisição e retenção/transferência, em relação aos participantes mais jovens. Mais Importante, instruções induzindo a maleabilidade da habilidade (GM) na fase de prática resultaram em maior precisão do arremesso nas fases de retenção e transferência em relação aquelas induzindo estabilidade da capacidade (GF). Assim, pode-se concluir que a indução de concepções de capacidade influenciou a aprendizagem da tarefa de arremessar em crianças, independente da faixa etária. Achados anteriores (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2009) sugerem que as concepções de capacidade facilitam a automaticidade do controle de movimento, provavelmente por reduzir as preocupações dos sujeitos sobre o seu desempenho e capacidade. Os presentes achados adicionam à evidência crescente de influências motivacionais sobre a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras e demonstram que estes efeitos podem ser generalizados para crianças. Os resultados ressaltam a importância de como as instruções são utilizadas no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem

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