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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Objective: Literature has focused its efforts on professional cricket players and player related risk factors to injury with little information being available with regards to coaching / management and environmental risk factors to injury. Therefore, this study aimed to profile the injuries and risk factors in Premier League club cricketers in the greater Durban area. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional based study, using a self-administered questionnaire, developed specifically for this research utilizing a focus group and pilot study. The questionnaire consisted of a demographics section, as well as an injury history and risk factor section. Letters of informed consent and questionnaire were distributed to 144 players / coaches for completion. Data was analysed using Pearson‟s correlation and t-tests. Results: A response rate of 70% (n=109) was achieved. Selected parameters from demographics, injury history and risk factors were found to be significantly related to current and / or previous injury. Conclusion: It is advised that coaches heed significant injury parameters in order to improve player health, decrease injury risk and decrease time out of play. Key words: Athletic injuries; questionnaires; cross-sectional study‟s; risk factors; sports; sports medicine; risk assessment; cricket.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with the aim of developing and implementing a model for the rehabilitation of sports injuries. Injury is, without a doubt, one of the most significant obstacles to athletic performance. Very few, if any, athletes escape injury and it seems that regardless of experience and ability, all physically active individuals are prone to injury at some stage of their careers. The ability to resist injury and to rehabilitate well when injury does occur is fundamental to longevity in sport. Previous injury rehabilitation interventions commonly addressed only the physiological dimensions of injury, excluding the psychological dimensions. Only very recently has there been a shift in focus to include psychological principles in the treatment procedures, with Heil (1993) and Pargman (1993a) some of the first authors to publish works on the subject. A comprehensive literature review was done. In the first chapter attention was paid to the role of personality in injury occurrence and rehabilitation outcome, with special emphasis on the model of stress and athletic injury of Andersen and Williams (1993). An extension to this model, taking into account the role of personality, coping resources, cognitions, interventions and other injury and treatment related factors in the rehabilitation process was added by Grove (1993). The next chapter was devoted to the causes and stresses of sports injuries. Topics that were covered include the over-training syndrome, understanding injuries from the athlete's, physician's and psychologist's points of view and a study of what exactly the stresses involved in athletic injury are. Special attention was paid to the concept of pain and all its dimensions, the social well-being of the injured athlete and the impact of injury on the athlete's self-concept and identity. In the following chapter psychological adjustment to athletic injury was discussed. The concepts of loss and grief and applicability of grief response models in particular were discussed. In response to grief response models, cognitive appraisal models (Brewer, 1994) and an integrated model by Wiese-Bjomstal et al. (1998) were also discussed. Attention was given to the factors associated with rehabilitation adherence with particular remarks on malingering athletes. Peer modelling as a coping strategy in injury rehabilitation also came under scrutiny, as did the role and effect of social support. The next chapter focused on the development of the service-provider model for sports injury rehabilitation. From the initial literature review it was clear that of all the treatment providers involved with injured athletes, physiotherapists and biokineticians (athletic trainers) are probably those who spend the most time with them. In the development of the model for injury rehabilitation, special emphasis was therefore placed on the role of the physiotherapist and biokineticians. As a basis for developing the model, the traditional medical model was used, but it was adapted to incorporate psychological principles. A computer program was written to assist physiotherapists and biokineticians in treating injured athletes through the use of psychological principles. This program was constructed using psychological instruments that already exist, but they were adapted to be used as non-pen and paper tests. The tests used were the Emotional Responses of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ), the Incredibly Short POMS (ISP), a Pain Drawing Instrument, a Visual Analogue Scale and the Affective subscale of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Provision was made for handouts to be included in the program which can then be given to patients after each therapy session. To be able to determine whether the program was successful in assisting physiotherapists and biokineticians in their treatment of injured athletes, the program was evaluated in the next chapter. Feedback from both patients, physiotherapists and biokineticians using the program were received. Two short questionnaires were used for this purpose. Finally, conclusions were drawn from the information received from the program and recommendations based on these conclusions were made. Key words: Sports injuries, injury rehabilitation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die huidige studie was die ontwikkeling en implementering van 'n model vir die rehabilitasie van sportbeserings. Beserings is, sonder twyfel, van die belangrikste struikelblokke in die weg van sportprestasie. Baie min, indien enige, atlete spring beserings vry. Dit wil ook voorkom of alle fisiek aktiewe individue, ongeag hulle ondervinding en vermoë, op een of ander stadium van hulle loopbane 'n besering opdoen. Fundamenteel aan volgehoue deelname aan sport, is die vermoë om beserings te vermy en om atlete suksesvol te rehabiliteer indien 'n besering welopgedoen word. In die verlede het rehabilitasie-intervensies hoofsaaklik die fisieke dimensies van beserings aangespreek sonder inagname van die sielkundige dimensies. Slegs on1angs het daar 'n klemverskuiwing begin plaasvind deurdat daar begin is om sielkundige beginsels in te sluit in behandelingsprosedures. Heil (1993) en Pargman (1993a) was van die eerste skrywers wat werke oor hierdie onderwerp gepubliseer het. 'n Uitgebreide literatuuroorsig is onderneem. In die eerste hoofstuk was aandag geskenk aan die rol wat persoon1ikheid speel in die voorkoms van beserings en die suksesvolle rehabilitasie daarvan, met spesiale klem op Andersen en Williams (1993) se model van stres en sportbeserings. Hierdie model is deur Grove (1993) uitgebrei deur inagname van die rol van persoon1ikheid, hanteringsvaardighede, kognisies, intervensies en ander beserings- en behandeling-verwante faktore in die rehabilitasieproses. Die volgende hoofstuk was gewy aan die oorsake van, en die stres verbonde aan, beserings. Onderwerpe wat aangespreek is, het ingesluit die ooroefeningsindroom, begrip van beserings soos gesien vanuit die atleet, medikus en sielkundige se oogpunte, asook presies watter faktore stres tydens beserings veroorsaak. Spesiale aandag is aan die konsep van pyn en al sy dimensies, die sosiale welstand van die beseerde atleet en die impak van beserings op die selfkonsep en identiteit van die atleet geskenk. In die volgende hoofstuk is die sielkundige aanpassing by beserings bespreek. Die konsepte van "verlies" en ''rou'' en die toepaslikheid van rouresponsmodelle in besonder, is bespreek. In antwoord op rou responsmodelle is kognitiewe waarderingsmodelle (Brewer, 1994) en die geïntegreerde model van Wiese-Bjornstal et al. (1998) bespreek. Aandag is ook geskenk aan faktore wat 'n rol in volgehoue deelname aan rehabilitasieprosedures speel, met klem op atlete met skynsiektes. Navolging van voorbeelde deur eweknieë as 'n hanteringsvaardigheid is ondersoek, asook die rol en effek van sosiale ondersteuning. Die volgende hoofstuk het gefokus op die ontwikkeling van die diensleweraar-model vir sportbeseringrehabilitasie. Vanuit die aanvanklike literatuuroorsig het dit geblyk dat van al die persone betrokke by die behandeling van beseerde atlete, dit waarskynlik fisioterapeute en biokinetici is wat die langste by hulle betrokke is. Tydens die ontwikkeling van die model vir rehabilitasie van beserings, is as basis die tradisionele mediese model gebruik, maar met sekere aanpassings om sielkundige beginsels in te sluit. 'n Rekenaarprogram is geskryf om fisioterapeute en biokinetici te ondersteun in die behandeling van beseerde atlete. Die program het gebruik gemaak van bestaande psigometriese toetse, maar dit was aangepas om as nie-potlood-en-papiertoetse gebruik te kan word. Die toetse wat gebruik is, is die Emotional Responses of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ), die Incredibly Short POMS (ISP), 'n pyntekeninginstrument, 'n visueelanaloogskaal en die affektiewe subskaal van die McGill Pain Questionnaire. Voorsiening is gemaak na afloop van elke behandelingsessie om uitdeelstukke aan pasiënte beskikbaar te stel. Om te bepaal of die program suksesvol was om fisioterapeute en biokinetici tydens behandeling van beseerde atlete te ondersteun, is die program in die volgende hoofstuk kortliks geëvalueer. Terugvoer vanaf beide die pasiënte, fisioterapeute en biokinetici wat die program gebruik het, is verkry. Twee kort vraelyste is vir dié doel gebruik. Laastens is gevolgtrekkings op grond van die terugvoer gemaak en aanbevelings vir aanpassings is gedoen. Sleutelwoorde: Sportbeserings, rehabilitasie

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Background CrossFit is a workout program developed in 2000 which involves high intensity interval training coupled with resistance training elements of powerlifting and gymnastics. CrossFit has grown to include competitive events and there are an ever increasing number of affiliate gyms internationally. CrossFit’s greatest criticism is related to safety. There is limited published data on the exercise program. Aims The aims of this study were: to determine a retrospective cohort analysis of the demographic, injury and treatment profiles of participants at the 2013 United We Stand CrossFit Games who presented to the Durban University of Technology’s sports treatment facility; to determine the association, if any, between demographics and injury types; and, to provide any recommendations regarding the clinical record form used. Methods This study was a retrospective, quantitative, descriptive study on the chiropractic Student Sports Association’s report form in order to produce a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury and treatment profiles. Persons who made use of the chiropractic treatment facility at the 2013 United We Stand CrossFit Games were required to complete an informed consent form. A sixth year chiropractic student then filled in a Chiropractic Student Sports Association report form to record participant, complaint and treatment information. The study was not limited to competitors, but all persons who had access to the chiropractic treatment facility. These forms were then collated and data captured on the complaints which presented and were treated at the chiropractic treatment facility. Results The data collected revealed that 137 participants presented to the chiropractic treatment facility in 162 visits, with 263 complaints treated. The age range of the sample was between 18 and 43 years, with a mean age of 27.49 years. The majority of participants who presented to the CTF were competing athletes and just under half of the study sample reported to not having a history of previous injury. The study found that the lumbar region (20.9%), wrist/hand (14.4%), shin/calf (11.0%) and knee (10.2%) were the most commonly presented regions of complaint. The highest presenting mechanism of injury was that of overuse (22.4%) followed by running (19.0%). Acute injuries accounted for 72.20% of all injuries. With regards to diagnoses, myofascial trigger points made up 21.6% of all injuries, followed by muscle strains (19.7%). Facet syndromes of the spinal column accounted for 13% of diagnoses.It was shown that kinesiotape, manipulation, massage and ischemic compression were the top treatment interventions utilised. It was also shown that rest, ice and referrals were types of treatment that were not utilised. Due to statistical inconsistencies no significance tests were possible between demographic and injury characteristics. Recommendations were proposed in order to maximise the quality of data captured. Conclusion: The results add insight into the injuries presented and the treatment they acquired at the chiropractic treatment facility at a national CrossFit event. The most common injuries require investigation in both training and competitive environments. Various recommendations have been proposed for the record form used at sporting events in order to facilitate the collection of high quality data. / M

Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS), an overuse injury, is the second most common running injury and the main cause of lateral knee pain in runners. Due to the increasing number of runners worldwide there has been an increase in its occurrence. Runners with ITBS typically experience symptoms just after heel strike at approximately 20°-30° of knee flexion (impingement zone) during the stance phase of running. A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors may be responsible for why some runners are more prone to developing symptoms during the impingement zone as opposed to others. Abnormalities in running biomechanics is an intrinsic risk factor which has been most extensively described in literature but little is known about its exact relationship to ITBS. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an up to date evidence synthesis of the biomechanical risk factors associated with ITBS. These risk factors may need to be considered in the prevention or management of ITBS in runners. A clinical algorithm is also presented. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted. An electronic search was performed in PubMed, PEDro, SPORTSDisc and Scopus of literature published up-until May 2014. Cross-sectional and cohort studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated the lower limb biomechanics of runners with ITBS or those who went onto developing it. All studies included in the review were methodologically appraised. Evidence was graded according to the level of evidence, consistency of evidence and the clinical impact. Data was described narratively using tables or narrative summaries where appropriate. A meta-analysis was conducted for biomechanical risk factors which were reported in at least two studies, provided that homogeneity in the outcomes and samples were present. Results: A total of 11 studies were included (1 prospective and 10 cross-sectional). Overall the methodological score of the studies was moderate. Increased peak hip adduction and knee internal rotation during the stance phase may predict the development of ITBS in female runners. These biomechanical risk factors may need to be screened for ITBS prevention, despite the evidence base being limited to a single study. Currently there is no conclusive evidence that any of the biomechanical parameters need to be considered when managing runners with ITBS. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii Conclusion: Biomechanical differences may exist between runners with ITBS and those who may develop ITBS compared to healthy runners. Although a large variety of biomechanical risk factors were evaluated, the evidence base for screening or managing these risk factors for runners with ITBS is limited. This is due to a small evidence base, small clinical effect and heterogeneity between study outcomes and findings. Further prospective and cross-sectional research is required to ascertain if abnormalities in running biomechanics may be related to why runners develop ITBS or to ascertain which risk factors may be involved when managing these runners. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Iliotibiale-band-sindroom (ITBS), ’n besering vanweë oormatige gebruik, is die tweede algemeenste hardloopbesering en die hoofoorsaak van laterale kniepyn by hardlopers. Namate die getal hardlopers wêreldwyd toeneem, neem die voorkoms van hierdie toestand ook toe. Hardlopers met ITBS ervaar tipies simptome ná die hakslag met die knie ongeveer 20-30° gebuig (die wrywingsone of “impingement zone”) gedurende die staanfase van hardloop. Verskeie intrinsieke en ekstrinsieke risikofaktore kan ’n rol speel in waarom sommige hardlopers meer geneig is as ander om gedurende die wrywingsone simptome te ervaar. Abnormaliteite in hardloopbiomeganika is ’n intrinsieke risikofaktor wat reeds omvattend in die literatuur beskryf is. Tog is weinig bekend oor presies hoe dit met ITBS verband hou. Oogmerke: Die doel van hierdie stelselmatige ondersoek was om ’n sintese te bied van die jongste bewyse van die biomeganiese risikofaktore van ITBS. Hierdie risikofaktore kan dalk oorweeg word om ITBS by hardlopers te voorkom of te bestuur. ’n Kliniese algoritme word ook aangebied. Metodes: ’n Stelselmatige ondersoek is met behulp van meta-ontleding onderneem. PubMed, PEDro, SPORTSDisc en Scopus is elektronies deurgesoek vir literatuur wat tot en met Mei 2014 verskyn het. Deursnee en kohortstudies is ingesluit indien dit gehandel het oor die biomeganika in die onderste ledemate van hardlopers wat ITBS het of later ontwikkel het. Alle studies wat deel was van die ondersoek is metodologies geëvalueer. Bewyse is aan die hand van bewysvlak, bewyskonsekwentheid en kliniese impak beoordeel. Data is narratief beskryf met behulp van tabelle of narratiewe opsommings waar dit toepaslik was. ’n Meta-ontleding is onderneem waar biomeganiese risikofaktore in minstens twee studies aangemeld is, mits daar homogeniteit in die uitkomste sowel as die steekproewe was. Resultate: Altesaam 11 studies is ingesluit (een prospektief en tien deursnee). Die metodologiese telling van die studies was oorwegend gemiddeld. Verhoogde spitsheupadduksie en interne knierotasie gedurende die staanfase kan op die ontwikkeling van ITBS by vrouehardlopers dui. Hierdie biomeganiese risikofaktore kan dalk nagegaan word vir ITBS-voorkoming, al was die bewysbasis beperk tot ’n enkele studie. Daar is tans geen afdoende bewys dat enige van die biomeganiese parameters oorweeg behoort te word in die bestuur van langafstandatlete met ITBS nie. Gevolgtrekking: Daar bestaan dalk biomeganiese verskille tussen hardlopers wat ITBS het of kan ontwikkel en gesonde hardlopers. Hoewel ’n groot verskeidenheid biomeganiese risikofaktore beoordeel is, is die bewysbasis vir die toets of bestuur daarvan by atlete met ITBS beperk. Dít is vanweë die klein hoeveelheid bewyse, die klein kliniese impak, en heterogeniteit tussen studie-uitkomste en bevindinge. Verdere prospektiewe en deursneenavorsing word vereis om te bepaal of abnormaliteite in hardloopbiomeganika ’n rol kan speel in waarom langafstandhardlopers ITBS ontwikkel, of om vas te stel watter risikofaktore ter sprake kan wees in die bestuur van hierdie hardlopers.

Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction ACL injuries are among the most serious injuries that professional and amateur sports men and women sustain. More than 120 000 ACL injuries occur annually in the USA alone. The highest incidence of ACL injuries are seen in multi-directional and multi-factorial sports such as soccer, basketball, lacrosse, American football, rugby and Australian rules football. It is hoped that the proposed review will clarify issues relating to the effect of fatigue on knee control, as it will focus on multiple movements found in different sporting codes. By including both studies on healthy adults as well as subjects who have sustained ACL injuries, a clearer picture can be formed on the global effect of fatigue on knee control. Objective The objective of this review was to identify, collate and analyse the current evidence on the effect of fatigue protocols on knee control during functional tasks, such as side-stepping, bilateral jumping/landing and crossover-cutting. Methodology A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted between April 2013 and August 2013 (updated in April 2014) for eligible articles for inclusion in the review. Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Results Ten studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The included studies reported a wide variety of fatigue protocols. Several different test movements were utilised in the studies. The test movements included cutting movements, drop jumps, stop jumps, vertical jumps, bilateral drop landing and rotational movements. The overall results indicated that fatigue had a negative impact on knee control. There were however studies which reported conflicting results. Gender differences were also highlighted in the results of included studies where it became evident that females tend to be more susceptible to knee injuries due to altered kinematics as a result of fatigue. Conclusion Fatigue generally seems to affect knee control negatively across various fatigue protocols. Future research should investigate using a standardised fatigue protocol to achieve more accurate and consistent results during the different functional activities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar

Li Chi Kei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong,1995. / Includes bibliogrpahical references (leaves 54-68). / Abstract --- p.1 / Acknowledgments --- p.4 / Lists of Figures --- p.5 / List of Tables --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1 --- Ligamental Injury --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- ACL Injury --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Patellar Tendon and Anterior Cruciate Ligament --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Patellar Tendon Bone Graft --- p.13 / Chapter 1.41 --- Strength of the Patellar Tendon Bone Graft --- p.13 / Chapter 1.42 --- Use of the Patellar Tendon Bone Graft --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Patellar Tendon Bone Graft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Complications of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction after the Use of Patellar Tendon Bone Graft --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- Healing of the Patellar Tendon Donor Site --- p.17 / Chapter 1.8 --- Objective of the Study --- p.22 / Chapter 1.9 --- Significance of the Study --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Material & Method --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Animal Model --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Grouping --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Operative Procedure --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Method of Assessment --- p.26 / Chapter 2.41 --- Gross Morphology --- p.26 / Chapter 2.42 --- Biomechanical Testing --- p.27 / Chapter 2.43 --- Biochemical Assay --- p.28 / Chapter 2.43.1 --- Water Content --- p.29 / Chapter 2.43.2 --- Collagen Content --- p.29 / Chapter 2.44 --- Histology --- p.30 / Chapter 2.45 --- Immunohistochemistry --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistics --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Operation Complications --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Gross Morphology --- p.33 / Chapter 3.21 --- Dimension of the Patellar Tendon --- p.33 / Chapter 3.22 --- Dimension of the Patellar Tendon Bone Graft --- p.33 / Chapter 3.23 --- Dimension of the Remain Patellar Tendon --- p.34 / Chapter 3.24 --- Gross Appearance of the Patellar Tendon Donor Site --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Biomechanical Testing --- p.36 / Chapter 3.31 --- Failure Load --- p.36 / Chapter 3.32 --- Ultimate Stress --- p.37 / Chapter 3.33 --- Stiffness --- p.37 / Chapter 3.34 --- Energy Absorbed before Failure --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4 --- Biochemical Assay --- p.38 / Chapter 3.41 --- Water Content --- p.38 / Chapter 3.42 --- Collagen Content --- p.39 / Chapter 3 .5 --- Histology & Immunohistochemistry --- p.39 / Chapter 3.51 --- Morphology of Control Tendon --- p.40 / Chapter 3.52 --- Morphology of Experimental Tendon with 'Open' Procedure --- p.40 / Chapter 3.53 --- Morphology of Experimental Tendon with 'Close' Procedure --- p.41 / Chapter 3.54 --- Healing at the Patellar and Tibial Insertion Site --- p.41 / Chapter 3.55 --- Morphology of the Cartilage Surface --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion & Conclusion --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Gross Morphology --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Biomechanical Testing --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Biochemical Assay --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4 --- Histology & Immunohistochemistry --- p.49 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.51 / References --- p.54 / Figures / Tables / Appendix

by Wang Wen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-124). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / FLOWCHART --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.x / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xi / INDEX FOR FIGURES --- p.xii / INDEX FOR TABLES --- p.xv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xvi / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiology of Patellar Tendinosis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Etiology of Patellar Tendinosis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Manifestations of Patellar Tendinosis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Imaging Examination on Patellar Tendinosis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Clinical Diagnosis of Patellar Tendinosis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Management of Patellar Tendinosis … --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF PATELLAR TCNDON --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM OF TENDON --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Tenocytes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Extra-cellular Matrix --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Collagen --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Proteoglycans --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- ROLES OF GROWTH FACTORS TENDON HEALING AND REPAIR --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Transforming Growth Factor-beta --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- STUDY PLAN --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Characterization on Hypercellularity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Characterization on Disorganization and Loosening of Collagen --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Characterization on Inflammatory Trace --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Characterization on Growth Factors in Tendinosis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7 --- OBJECTIVES --- p.22 / Chapter 2. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1 --- HUMAN TISSUES --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Patellar Tendinosis Tissues --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Diagnosis of patellar tendinosis --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Recruitment of patients --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Healthy Patellar Tendon tissues --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- TISSUES COLLECTION AND PREPARATION --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON HUMAN SPECIMENS --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Haematoxyline and Eosin Staining --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Safranin O Staining --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Reagents preparation --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Experimental procedure --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Polarization Microscopy --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Reagents Preparation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Experimental Procedure --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5 --- IMAGE ANALYSIS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Equipment --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Procedures --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6 --- IN SITU ZYMOGRAPHY --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Reagents Preparation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Experimental Procedure --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7 --- STATISTIC ANALYSIS.… --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- RESULTS --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1 --- HUMAN SAMPLES --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Patellar tendinosis patients --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Healthy control group --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON HUMAN SPECIMENS --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Gross Morphology --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Haematoxyline and Eosin Staining --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Safranin O Staining --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Polarization Microscopy --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- IMAGE ANALYSIS --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Immunohistochemistry of PCNA --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Immunohistochemistry of hsp47 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Immunohistochemistry of Procollogen Type I --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Immunohistochemistry of MMP1 --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Immunohistochemistry of TIMP1 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Immunohistochemistry of COX-2 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Immunohistochemistry of TGFP --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Immunohistochemistry of PDGFbb --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Immunohistochemistry of PDGFRβ --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Summary of Image Analysis of Immunohistochemical staining --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- IN SITU ZYMOGRAPHY --- p.52 / Chapter 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- DIAGNOSIS OF PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- HYPERCELLULARITY IN PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3 --- COLLAGEN DISTURBANCE IN PATELLAR --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5 --- THE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTORS IN PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.102 / Chapter 4.6 --- PROPOSED PATHOGENESIS FOR PATELLAR TENDINOSIS --- p.105 / Chapter 4.7 --- LIMITATION OF THIS STUDY --- p.108 / Chapter 4.8 --- FUTURE STUDY --- p.109 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.111 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.113

Medical trainees (medical students and resident physicians) are at high risk of sharps injury (needlestick injury). High rates of sharps injury in this population and the risk incurred by exposure to bloodborne pathogens poses a threat both to medical trainees who are at risk for bloodborne pathogen exposure and to training institutions for legal and financial reasons. This study examines the prevalence of sharps injuries in medical trainees at the University of South Florida and compares that to data on sharps injuries in US medical trainees. Data from the present study was compared to previously collected USF medical trainee sharps injury data. Results from this study demonstrated that residents had higher rates of sharps injury than medical students. A prior USF study of similar data from academic years 2002-2008 had similar findings. This study demonstrated a peak in sharps injury rate in first year residents, similar to the prior USF study. Resident rates remained highest in Surgery and lowest for Psychiatry and Pediatrics. This information can be used to focus hazard analysis and risk reduction efforts at USF Health. This data can also be combined with the known efficacy of simulated training experience should encourage increased use of USF’s center for advanced medical simulation (CAMLS) to increased procedural experience in medical students and junior residents and decrease their exposure to bloodborne pathogens by increasing knowledge and procedural safety.