Assume AD+V=L(R). In the first chapter, let W^1_1 denote the club measure on \omega_1. We analyze the embedding j_{W^1_1}\restr HOD from the point of view of inner model theory. We use our analysis to answer a question of Jackson-Ketchersid about codes for ordinals less than \omega_\omega. In the second chapter, we provide an indiscernibles analysis for models of the form L[T_n,x]. We use our analysis to provide new proofs of the strong partition property on \delta^1_{2n+1}

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Thesis (M.Arch. (Prof.))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning, 2012. / Over 800 000 people access and commute through Johannesburg Inner City every single day. (JDA, 2009) Out of this, a certain group of people enter the city with every intention to fi nd permanent residency and work within the city. They mostly come from afar, rural or semi-rural areas and often from neighbouring countries. Unfortunately, with the continuously changing urban environment, it can be an incredibly difficult process to adapt to alone. As such, this can be the best time and the worst time of their lives, fi lled with mixed emotions of excitement, disappointment, fear and anticipation. This is the time where one may manage to truly live life, or end up surviving it. The sudden change in lifestyle, security, social and economic conditions, entertainment and habitat can create situations where the very best will fail in their quest to improve their lives and fall into degenerate lives of crime and despair from which very few will emerge stronger. As I see it, architecture is the science of building, in terms of not only visually inspiring structures but more importantly, structures that can improve the lives of people whilst preserving the environment and assisting in the building of a stronger economy and moral fi bre. I believe that architecture is at the root of civilization itself. However, due to a multitude of varying levels of control implemented into the urban realm of Johannesburg’s Inner City, in order to ensure this change, it appears that parts of the physical environment are being distorted to accept a selected group of city inhabitants, leaving the marginalised group to fend for themselves. In saying this, there thus appears to be a new form of segregation occurring within the city. As such, the social and physical environments are beginning to lose a certain key characteristic of what a city should be – spirit and integration between all of its parts. This thesis therefore investigates a design that strives to create a bridge between Johannesburg’s Inner City and the formal environments where new city-dwellers can fi nd respite and are assisted to achieve their goals without succumbing to the pitfalls that would otherwise await them. The design will ensure that the transition between these new-comers’ old and new lifestyles and surroundings is as painless as possible allowing them to reach their full potential quickly and hopefully removing the risk that they may become a burden to themselves and society. This thesis will focus on the construct of a 21st century interpretation of Godin’s familistère, not necessarily in its structural make up but rather in its funding, management and programmatic structure to fulfi l its mission in a sustainable manner as well as the new idea of connecting these factors into the ‘bigger picture’. (Benevolo, 1971) This thesis will address the fundamentals of target group, services provided, training, temporary living accommodation, optimal time of stay, work ethics, funding and most importantly, the spatial framework required for such integration to occur. The results of this thesis will culminate in a full-scale detailed design of such a construct and propose how it could be achieved spatially for the direct benefi t of those individuals, as well as the indirect effect it could have on the physical make-up of Johannesburg’s Inner City.

This thesis is an exploration of the daily realities of childhood in the Johannesburg inner city, investigating how the children understand and negotiate the possible dangers and probable safeties of the inner city. Growing up in the inner city is an image few think is possible. However, throughout my research I will argue for a conceptualisation of childhood that speaks to the urban public spaces in the Johannesburg inner city and an inner city that speaks to the a new childhood in South Africa. I have used danger and safety negotiation as the bridge between studies of the Johannesburg inner city and studies of a South African childhood, and as a bridge in the gap between theories on childhood and theories on the city. I investigate the ways that the children negotiate the everyday dangers in the city and develop practices of safety, and how these practices and avoidance techniques speak to the reality of living in the inner city. The very nature of the congested inner city offers a freedom that many suburban childhoods lack, and that the children experience an independent mobility within an infamously dangerous space speaks to the changes within the inner city often hidden behind the skewed opinion of many of the Johannesburg inner city. I make a claim that the inner city offers more freedom of mobility that is expected. This mobility is a relatively simple and well practiced form of creating visibility within the pedestrian congestion of the city. These practises of visibility, I argue, is heavily reliant on the layout of the inner city and the ways in which children understand the dangers that face them. As such, their safety practices are a complex network of sharing cautionary stories and avoidance techniques. For most children, this environment is also the only space that they know and therefore, what to outsiders might seem a dangerous, chaotic and confusing space is to the children just their everyday experience. These are the stories about which I write.

A região costeira do Estado de São Paulo, entre Peruíbe (24o24\'30\'\'S, 46o54\'00\'\'W) e São Sebastião (23o50\'30\'\'S, 45o40\'00\'\'W) faz parte da Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). A região possui grande importância econômica e social devido ao turismo, indústria de óleo e gás, e ao porto de Santos, o maior do país. Correntes sobre a plataforma continental interna (PCI) dessa região foram pouco estudadas antes do projeto ECOSAN. Durante o ECOSAN, dados de correntes foram obtidos por aproximadamente 10 meses (2005-2006), através de 4 fundeios: 3 localizados na PCI, próximo à isóbata de 20 m: em frente à Peruíbe (P20) (24o24\'30\'\'S, 46o54\'00\'\'W), em frente à Santos (S20) (24o03\'30\'\'S, 46o17\'30\'\'W), e próximo à ilha Montão de Trigo (M20) (23o50\'\'30\'S, 45o40\'\'00\'W); e 1 localizado na plataforma continental média (PCM), próximo à isóbata de 100 m, em frente à Santos (S100) (25o05\'00\'\'S, 45o42\'00\'\'W). Medições de ventos foram feitas durante o mesmo período através de 2 bóias meteorológicas, localizadas junto à P20 e M20, e na Lage de Santos (L30) (24o19\'48\'\'S, 46o11\'20,4\'\'W). Os dados foram analisados no domínio do tempo e da freqüência para estudar as características das correntes bem como a importância relativa das forçantes da circulação, principalmente: tensão de cisalhamento do vento, gradientes de pressão baroclínicos e troca de momentum entre a Corrente do Brasil (CB) e as águas mais internas da plataforma continental. Resultados mostraram que as componentes de corrente paralelas à topografia foram as mais energéticas, sendo aparentemente geostróficas. Correntes forçadas pelo vento na PCI foram observadas em P20 durante o verão e em M20. Já em S20, o vento não foi capaz de suplantar os efeitos baroclínicos causados pela descarga fluvial do sistema estuarino de Santos. Em períodos de ventos fracos M20 é forçada por efeitos baroclínicos, aparentemente sofrendo também influência do sistema estuarino de Santos. Em P20 durante o inverno foi constatada a presença de forçantes baroclínicas, sendo estas atribuídas às águas provenientes do sul, com influência do Rio da Prata, as quais possivelmente influenciam também a dinâmica da PCM. Durante o período amostrado não foi verificado nenhuma inuência direta da Corrente do Brasil sobre a PCM, e tampouco sobre a PCI, demonstrando que essas regiões possuem dinâmica distinta da plataforma continental externa. A circulação na plataforma continental estudada não é homogênea, apresentando um sistema complexo de uxos e contra-uxos, havendo uma tendência das correntes sobre a PCM e a PCI apresentarem sentidos opostos. Há também tendência das correntes na PCI apresentarem sentido predominante para NE sobretudo entre Santos e São Sebastião, enquanto que na PCM a direção predominante é para SW. / The São Paulo State coastal region located between the cities of Peruíbe (242430S, 465400W) and São Sebastião (235030S, 454000W) is part of the SouthBrazil Bight. This region has great economic and social importance due to the tourism, oil and gas industries and the presence of the largest Brazilian port (Santos). Currents at the regions inner-shelf were poorly sampled before the eld work of the ECOSAN project. During ECOSAN, current meter data was obtained for nearly 10 months (2005-2006), from 4 moorings: 3 deployed in the inner-shelf, near the 20 m isobath: in front of Peruíbe (P20) (242430S, 465400W), in front of Santos (S20) (240330S, 461730W) and near Montão de Trigo Island (M20) (235030S, 454000W); and 1 deployed at the mid-shelf, near the 100 m isobath, in front of Santos (S100) (25 0500S, 45 4200W). Wind time series were measured at the same period, at the two inner shelf moorings, P20 and M20, by a surface met-buoy, and at the Lage de Santos (L30) (241948S, 46 1120,4W). Current and wind data were analyzed in time and frequency domains for describing currents characteristics and comparing the relative importance of the forcing mechanisms for the inner-shelf circulation, mainly: wind-stress, baroclinic pressure gradients and Brazil Current momentum exchanges. Results showed that alongshelf current components were the most energetic and nearly geostrophic. Wind driven currents on the inner-shelf were observed on P20 during summer time and on M20, however on S20 the wind wasnt capable of overcoming baroclinic eects caused by river discharge from the Santos estuarine system. Over weak wind periods M20 was forced by baroclinic eects, apparently also inuenced by Santos estuarine system. Baroclinic forcing was observed on P20 during winter time, being atributed to waters from the south, under the inuence of the Plata River, possibly inuencing the mid-shelf as well. During the whole period there was no presence of Brazil Current eddies or meanders, showing that neither inner-shelf nor mid-shelf are inuenced by the outer-shelf dynamics. The continental shelf circulation is not homogeneous, with a complex pattern of uxes and counter-uxes, where currents have tendency to ow on opposite directions between mid and inner-shelf. There is also a tendency for currents on the inner-shelf to ow towards NE, speccialy between Santos and São Sebastião, and towards SW on the mid-shelf.

À Montrimond certains jeunes sont connus pour squatter les halls et les places publiques. Ce sont les « mecs de cité ». Dans cette banlieue parisienne, ces jeunes résident dans les deux « quartiers sensibles », le Belvédère et le Val. Fruit d’une enquête ethnographique conduite au sein de la famille Aïth Ali pendant plus de six ans, cette thèse décrit l’expérience de cette affiliation juvénile depuis la perspective des jeunes, à hauteur de ce qui suscite leurs passions et leurs haines. Qu’est-ce que signifie au quotidien d’« être un mec de cité » ? Quelles pratiques soutiennent ce sentiment d’appartenance ? Quels liens font tenir cette collectivité juvénile de pied d’immeuble ? Une partie liminaire examine sur le plan historique l’émergence de ces « quartiers sensibles ». Elle montre les raisons pour lesquelles certains jeunes incarnent au tournant des années 1960 et 1970 une angoisse sociale particulière : la disparition du « vieux Montrimond ». Face à ces nouveaux venus perçus comme des outsiders, les Montriots des « origines » se sentent menacés. En creux, les jeunes de cités deviennent alors responsables de ce monde qui s’en va. Face à cette légende des origines, les jeunes de cité se taillent un autre récit de fondation pour inscrire leur biographie dans cette histoire urbaine. Être un « mec de cité » c’est s’identifier à un ordre temporel grâce auquel chacun trouve sa place, celle d’« ancien », de « grand » ou de « petit ». Cet ordre générationnel fournit un cadre narratif sur lequel s’appuyer pour donner du sens à sa vie. On peut alors dire qu’on est un « mec » d’ici, du « quartier » ou de la « cité ». Puis, l’enquête décrit les réseaux d’amitié au sein desquels prennent forme ces rassemblements de jeunes. Elle suit plusieurs fratries depuis leur prime enfance, leur passage des bacs à sable à l’école primaire et secondaire, et en parallèle, les institutions municipales de délégation éducative, comme les MJC, les clubs de sport et les centres de loisirs. Une société juvénile, avec ses propres standards moraux, se développe dans les réseaux de relations qui lient ces trajectoires de socialisation. Véritable pierre de touche sur laquelle s’échafaude tout un univers éthique, cet entre-soi juvénile s’organise autour de trois figures relationnelles : l’ami, le complice et l’ennemi. Une question se pose alors : qu’advient-il de la moralité ordinaire qui lie ces amis d’enfance quand ils deviennent complices dans la délinquance ou le crime (deal de stupéfiants, vols, braquages, etc.) ? La hantise de la déloyauté, de l’arnaque et de la délation sape le ressort sur lequel reposait la certitude de la bonne foi d’autrui, sa sincérité. Ce contexte de vulnérabilité affective et éthique place les complices dans un cercle vicieux où les intentions de leurs proches souffrent d’une double lecture. Face à l’indétermination du futur, l’angoisse de la trahison poussera les plus déterminés à anticiper les mauvais coups et à céder à la violence. L’enquête sondera alors les ressorts psychosociologiques du passage à l’acte ainsi que les conditions d’exercice du jugement moral face à la violence. / At the bottom of housing projects in Montrimond, young men gather in building entrances and public places. In this small city located in the ring of suburbs, next to Paris, a few adolescents and young adults see themselves as the “guys from the hood”. The “guys from the Belvedere” and the “guys from the Val” wander around in the so-called “sensitive neighborhoods” the city hall has labeled as such. This thesis shed light upon the lived experience and the meanings of this juvenile affiliation. What does that mean to “be a guy from the hood” on a daily basis? On which everyday activities this affiliation relies on? How some boys come to be morally bound together? Initially, the thesis investigates the historical and ecological aspects in the genesis of the so-called “sensitive neighborhoods.” It shows how youth came to embody a social phobia that yields the residents to see them as outsiders. Then, this social fear is related to the narrative of foundation youth tells their own origin. Through the order of generation upon which they tell the history of their “hood”, anyone can be assigned to a place of either an “ancestor,” an “elder” or a “young.” Here we describe the networks of friendships that shape those generational gatherings. In the interstices of educational institutions of the city, like family, school and youth center, those “guys” cultivate an esprit de corps with its own moral standards. This esprit de corps is the touchstone upon which they give rise to a moral world that revolves around three ethical figures: the friend, the partner in crime (accomplice) and the enemy. Finally, the thesis unfolds the psychosociological dynamics entailed in the metamorphosis of commitment friends are engaged in while becoming deviant (drug dealing, robbery, stick-ups, etc.). In the context of deviant careers, friends cannot believe anymore in the sincerity of their alter ego. Facing the possibility of disloyalty, scam and snitch, they start doubting the honesty that was at the core of their mutual respect. In this distrust process, the ethical and emotional vulnerability undermines the faith in the future, engaging each other in a vicious circle of predicting the betrayal of the old friend. Some would go as far as killing a would-be enemy, others would be cruel in retaliation when certain would withdraw from violence to save their sense of humanity.

The Neighbourhood Centres (NCs) in Sydney, Australia, were established to encourage forms of local control and resident participation and to provide a range of activities to build, strengthen and support local communities and marginalised groups. This thesis is concerned with exploring the personal conceptions, passions and frameworks, as well as the political and professional identities, of activists and community workers in these NCs. It also explores stories of practice and of how these subjective experiences have been shaped through the discourses around the NCs, some of which include feminism, environmentalism, multiculturalism and social justice. The following key research questions encouraged stories of community practice: What do the terms empowerment, participation, community service and citizenship mean for community organisation? What did community workers and organisers wish for when they became involved in these community organisations? What happened to the oppositional knowledges and dissent that are part of the organisational histories? Foucault’s concept of governmentality is used to explore the possibility that these NCs are also sites of ‘government through community’. This theoretical proposition questions taken-for-granted assumptions about community development and empowerment approaches. It draws on a willingness of the research participants to take up postmodern and poststructuralist theories. ‘Practising place’ emerges in the research as a description of a particular form of activism and community work associated with these inner city Sydney NCs. The central dimensions of ‘practising place’ include: a commitment to identity work; an openness to exploring diverse and fluid citizenship and identity formations; and the use of local knowledges to develop a critique of social processes. Another feature of ‘practising place’ is that it involves an analysis of the operation of power that extends beyond structuralist explanations of how to bring about social change and transform social relations. The research has deconstructed assumptions about empowerment, community participation, community organisations and community development, consequently another way of talking about the work of small locally based community organisations emerges. This new way of talking builds upon research participants’ understandings of power and demonstrates the utility of applying a poststructural analysis to activist and community work practices. Overall the research suggests that if activists and community workers are to work with new understandings of the operation of power, then the languages and social practices associated with activist and community work traditions need to be constantly and reflexively analysed and questioned.

Hurricane Bret underwent a rapid intensification (RI) and subsequent weakening between 1200 UTC August 21 and 1200 UTC August 22, 1999, before it made landfall as a category 3 hurricane on the Texas coast 12 h later. Its minimum sea-level pressure dropped 35 hPa from 979 to 944 hPa within 24 h. During this period, aircraft of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) flew several research missions that sampled the environment and inner core of the storm. These data sets combined with gridded data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's (NCEP) Global Model and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalyses are used to document the atmospheric and oceanic environments of the tropical cyclone (TC) as well as their relation to the observed structural and intensity changes. Bret's RI was linked to movement over a warm ocean eddy and high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Gulf of Mexico coupled with a simultaneous decrease in vertical wind shear. SSTs at the beginning of the storm?s RI were approximately 29 degrees Celcius and steadily increased to 30 degrees Celcius as it moved northward. The vertical wind shear relaxed to less than 10 kt during this time. Mean values of oceanic heat content (OHC) beneath the storm were about 20 % higher at the beginning of the RI period than 6 h before. Cooling of near-coastal shelf waters (to between 25 and 26 degrees Celcius) by pre-storm mixing combined with an increase in vertical wind shear were responsible for the weakening of the storm. The available observations suggested that intrusion of dry air into the circulation core did not contribute to the intensity evolution. In order to quantitatively describe the influence of environmental conditions on the intensity forecast, sensitivity studies with the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) model were conducted. Four different cases with modified vertical wind shear and/or SSTs were studied. Differences between all cases were relatively small due to the model design, but much cooler prescribed SSTs resulted in the greatest intensity changes. Model runs with idealized environmental conditions demonstrated the model?s general lack of capability to forecast RIs and also stressed the need of more accurate SST observations in the coastal shelf regions when predicting the intensity of landfalling TCs.

Le développement de la cochlée des mammifères est un phénomène complexe qui implique la coordination de nombreux gènes. La compréhension de la physiopathologie des surdités dorigine neurosensorielle ainsi que la mise au point de stratégies visant à restaurer la structure cellulaire de loreille interne ne nous paraît possible que grâce à la compréhension fine des processus qui régulent et sous-tendent son développement. Les connaissances actuelles, nous permettre en effet de constater que de nombreuses molécules qui contrôlent lorganogenèse au cours du développement sont souvent activées ou impliquées dans les phénomènes de régénération tissulaire après un traumatisme y compris à l'échelle de l'oreille interne (Levic et al., 2007). Lors de notre travail, nous avons montré que dans loreille interne, en labsence de Sox10, les cellules dérivées des crêtes neurales, à savoir les mélanocytes cochléaires et les cellules de Schwann du ganglion spiral étaient absentes, soulignant le caractère dépendant de ces cellules au gène Sox10. Au niveau du ganglion spiral, nous avons montré que contrairement aux neurones des ganglions rachidiens (Honore et al., 2003;Sonnenberg-Riethmacher et al., 2001), le développement et la survie embryonnaire des neurones auditifs étaient indépendants des cellules gliales et de Sox10. Par ailleurs, nous avons également montré que Sox10 napparaît pas comme un facteur indispensable à linduction et au développement de la placode otique, mais que son absence conduit à une diminution de la population de cellules progénitrices du canal cochléaire. Cette diminution aboutit à une réduction de la longueur de la cochlée, et suggère que Sox10 joue un rôle primordial dans le déterminisme du pool des progéniteurs de la portion auditive de loreille interne. Cependant, à des stades ultérieurs du développement, la structure parfaitement conservée de lorgane de Corti nous laisse penser que laction de Sox10 est compensée par dautres gènes du groupe SoxE, par exemple Sox9, dont nous avons mis en évidence lexpression dans les cellules de soutien de lorgane de Corti (Cook et al., 2005;Sock et al., 2001;Stolt et al., 2004;Wegner, 1999). Par ailleurs, nous avons montré quau cours du développement de lorgane de Corti, la première cellule identifiable était la cellule pilier interne. Cette cellule échapperait au système dinhibition latérale lié à Notch et pourrait avoir un rôle dans la différenciation des autres cellules de lorgane de Corti. La destruction des cellules ciliées provoque à plus ou moins long terme une dégénérescence rétrograde des neurones du ganglion spiral, un phénomène à lorigine de nombreuses surdités neurosensorielles (Bichler et al., 1983;Koitchev et al., 1982). Afin de mieux comprendre les signaux qui régulent la réponse neuronale suite à un traumatisme au cours de leur régénération, nous avons mis au point un modèle de culture organotypique de neurones déafférentés de rats postnataux. Cest dans ce modèle dexplants de ganglions spiraux en culture que nous avons évalué la mort neuronale lors des processus de déafférentation des neurones auditifs. Il a été démontré que les neurones auditifs survivent en partie grâce aux facteurs trophiques produits par leur cible périphérique, lorgane de Corti (Lefebvre et al., 1992) et que cette dépendance persiste à lâge adulte. Ce modèle de culture permet de conserver larchitecture du ganglion spiral, se rapprochant ainsi de la situation observée in vivo. Laissés seuls, en labsence de facteurs trophiques exogènes, le nombre de neurones auditifs chute drastiquement après 24 heures de culture. Lorgane de Corti, source de neurotrophines tant durant la période développementale quà lâge adulte (Oestreicher et al., 2000;Ylikoski et al., 1993), prévient significativement cette mort neuronale lorsquil reste associé au ganglion spiral à la mise en culture. Dans ce modèle de dégénérescence rétrograde, nous avons étudié lexpression de la périphérine et constaté que cette protéine était réexprimée dans les neurones auditifs de type I après lésion. De plus, létude de lexpression de la périphérine dans le ganglion spiral du rat a permis dobserver quelle était ubiquitaire dans la population neuronale en développement puis réduite seulement aux neurones de type II lors de la période postnatale. La périphérine serait donc une molécule susceptible dintervenir à la fois lors du développement embryonnaire et réactivée lors des phénomènes de lésions tissulaires cochléaires.

The possibility of urban decline in metropolitan post-war inner suburbs is currently being examined in the planning literature, particularly in the United States. Inner suburbs are built between 1946 and 1971 and are therefore older and structurally different from the later suburbs. At the same time, they lack the amenities of the core and the inner cities. This thesis aims to examine whether inner suburban decline is occurring in Canada. 15 largest Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) are selected for the purpose of this study. All CMAs are then separated into five urban zones: the core, the inner suburbs, the outer suburbs, and the fringe/exurbs. All zones are then assessed for decline based on relative changes in median household income, average dwelling values, and average gross rent in the period between 1986 and 2006. Subsequently, nine of the largest CMAs are also assessed for declines in the prosperity factor and the exclusivity factor. These variables are extracted via a factor analysis which includes variables measuring demographic, socio-economic, and housing characteristics. Results indicate that inner suburbs declined in median household income, the average value of dwelling, and the prosperity factor measures. In contrast, average gross rent and the exclusivity factor showed less clear results. Overall, the results obtained in this study suggest that Canada’s inner suburbs are experiencing decline. The possible causes of inner suburban decline remain poorly understood. A number of possible explanations are offered, ranging from the lack of urban appeal of the inner suburbs, the decline of the industrial employment sector, to aging housing stock, the movement of displaced low-income immigrants, and the aging of seniors with limited income. More research is necessary in order to establish plausible mechanisms beyond preliminary speculation. A number of policy approaches to inner suburban decline are outlined. Emphasis is placed on the revitalization of housing, greater cooperation between metropolitan regions and implementation of smart growth strategies. Further research avenues include the confirmation of the phenomenon in Canada, as well as policy case studies examining the success of planning approaches in arresting inner suburban decline.