Thesis (M.Arch.)(Prof.)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Title from opening screen (viewed March 18, 2005). Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-154).

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

Depression poses a global threat for mental health (Murray & Lopez, 1996). However, in China, national studies of depression epidemiology are very few. Only from 2011 have Chinese researchers began to adopt internationally recognized diagnostic criteria and standardized interview instruments in psychiatric epidemiological surveys (Guo et al., 2011), and previous studies generated inconsistent results of depressive prevalence. As the largest ethnic group in the world, the Chinese account for 18.9% of the world’s population (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2015). Yet most research on depression is based on Western samples and may not accurately characterize depression as experienced by Chinese populations. This thesis examines depression in non-pregnant and pregnant women in Inner Mongolia, who are under the influence of cultural values of collectivism and social factors specific to China. Chinese society adheres firmly to traditional values (Whyte, 2005), while market reform, birth-control policy, together with high parental investment in childcare and rearing construct a unique and sometimes unfavorable environment for Chinese women that may influence their depression expression. This thesis includes a series of three linked studies. The first study validated the 52- item New Multidimensional Depression Scale (MDAS) with clinically depressed individuals in Inner Mongolia. The aims were to assess whether the MDAS demonstrated good psychometric properties in clinically depressed Chinese patients for the scale to be factor analysed on a Chinese construct of depression symptomatology to show cultural characteristics in China. This aim was achieved by carrying out Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis in separate studies. One hundred and seventy-one clinically depressed participants were recruited in Inner Mongolia. They were given the MDAS and Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) and other scales to complete. The psychometric properties of the MDAS were tested regarding reliability and validity. Following which an Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was run on MDAS. Several findings emerged in the study. First, the first factor extracted comprised of core psychological and affective symptoms conceptualized in the Western construct of depression. An interpersonal-cognitive factor was extracted as the second factor, followed by a third somatic factor in the cluster of symptoms. The results suggested that core affective and cognitive symptoms for diagnosis are universal across cultures, while Chinese individuals express interpersonal symptoms that characterized their collectivistic culture that emphasizes interpersonal harmony. Study 2 examined depressive symptoms in the antenatal period in Inner Mongolia women. Two-hundred and thirty-four women, mostly in their third trimester, were recruited in an antenatal hospital in Inner Mongolia. They completed the MDAS, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). In exploring how depression in its item content is expressed and experienced by pregnant Chinese women, the study also searched for the best-fit model of MDAS on pregnant women in Inner Mongolia. It compared three factor models: the three-factor structure of MDAS from study 1, the hypothesized four-factor model corresponding to each subscale (emotional, cognitive, somatic and interpersonal), and the one-factor model corresponding to a unidimensional structure of the MDAS. A best-fit model was found for the four-factor model, supporting using the four hypothesized subscales of MDAS on pregnant women. In a subsequent step, the MDAS was validated and its psychometric properties were tested to show illustrated results. The findings supported measuring interpersonal symptoms in self-report measurements to measure different aspects of depressive severity in Chinese pregnant women. In particular, somatic symptoms should be considered with caution in screening and primary care. The finding has significant implications for assessing with self-report questionnaires, which are widely used in clinical settings. Study 3 was based on the same sample as study 2 and investigated risk factors associated with antenatal depression in China. China has undergone drastic socio-economic and political transformation in the last twenty years. Unfortunately, market reform is creating less favourable employment conditions, and the traditional value of male dominance still stands firmly in the society. Women are facing more financial insecurity and a tight birth control policy and growing stress in work-and-family balance. All these create an environment that could contribute to their depression that could be expressed in a different way from Western populations. Depression may also be underlined by different risk factors related to the social and cultural environment. This study measured demographic characteristics (including age, education, employment, week of gestation, first pregnancy), social support, social activity, work stress, and work-family balance and their relationship with depression. It included three parts. In part 1 participants were classified into depressed and non-depressed groups using EPDS > 10 as the cut-off point for depression. The two groups were compared on demographic variables using the Chi-square test and on psychosocial risk factors using the Mann-Whitney U test. No significant demographic variable was found to distinguish the two groups, whereas self-esteem, work stress and social activities differed significant between depressed and non-depressed pregnant women. Bivariate correlations between psychosocial risk factors and depressive scales (MDAS, BDI and EPDS) gave rise to significant correlations between risk factors and each scale. In the third part hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis examined associations between social and demographic risk factors and depression. The results showed that work stress, work-and-family balance, social activity and social support were significantly associated with depressive severity in overall severity of depression (total MDAS score) and each domain of depressive severity (each subscale of MDAS). In conclusion, the three studies together provide novel insight into our understanding of depression within and outside of pregnancy in Chinese women, in terms of symptoms and risk factors. The Western conceptualization of depression possesses great validity across cultures, that the core symptoms of depression remain universal for diagnosis. Chinese cultural values and social environment are reflected in the cultural expressions of depressive symptoms especially in depressed individuals but less affective in pregnant women. As hypothesized, Chinese society influenced risk factors related to education and work-family balance in pregnant women. The result supported using a scale with a comprehensive interpersonal symptom checklist because it potentially captures Chinese expression and experience, which could be characterized by an interpersonal style of illness presentation. In addition, the best-fit four-factor model supported including interpersonal symptoms in self-report measures and they are also related to different risk factors from other domains of depressive symptoms. This could be linked to some unfavourable social and cultural influence pregnant Chinese women experience. The thesis gives rise to implications for potential clinical applications. The advancement of cultural characteristics in symptom contents in both clinical and pregnant population facilitates a better symptom checklist for assessing depression severity. In particular, it helps to modify existing self-report questionnaires with culturally sensitive symptoms for better discrimination of individuals.

A região costeira do Estado de São Paulo, entre Peruíbe (24o24\'30\'\'S, 46o54\'00\'\'W) e São Sebastião (23o50\'30\'\'S, 45o40\'00\'\'W) faz parte da Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). A região possui grande importância econômica e social devido ao turismo, indústria de óleo e gás, e ao porto de Santos, o maior do país. Correntes sobre a plataforma continental interna (PCI) dessa região foram pouco estudadas antes do projeto ECOSAN. Durante o ECOSAN, dados de correntes foram obtidos por aproximadamente 10 meses (2005-2006), através de 4 fundeios: 3 localizados na PCI, próximo à isóbata de 20 m: em frente à Peruíbe (P20) (24o24\'30\'\'S, 46o54\'00\'\'W), em frente à Santos (S20) (24o03\'30\'\'S, 46o17\'30\'\'W), e próximo à ilha Montão de Trigo (M20) (23o50\'\'30\'S, 45o40\'\'00\'W); e 1 localizado na plataforma continental média (PCM), próximo à isóbata de 100 m, em frente à Santos (S100) (25o05\'00\'\'S, 45o42\'00\'\'W). Medições de ventos foram feitas durante o mesmo período através de 2 bóias meteorológicas, localizadas junto à P20 e M20, e na Lage de Santos (L30) (24o19\'48\'\'S, 46o11\'20,4\'\'W). Os dados foram analisados no domínio do tempo e da freqüência para estudar as características das correntes bem como a importância relativa das forçantes da circulação, principalmente: tensão de cisalhamento do vento, gradientes de pressão baroclínicos e troca de momentum entre a Corrente do Brasil (CB) e as águas mais internas da plataforma continental. Resultados mostraram que as componentes de corrente paralelas à topografia foram as mais energéticas, sendo aparentemente geostróficas. Correntes forçadas pelo vento na PCI foram observadas em P20 durante o verão e em M20. Já em S20, o vento não foi capaz de suplantar os efeitos baroclínicos causados pela descarga fluvial do sistema estuarino de Santos. Em períodos de ventos fracos M20 é forçada por efeitos baroclínicos, aparentemente sofrendo também influência do sistema estuarino de Santos. Em P20 durante o inverno foi constatada a presença de forçantes baroclínicas, sendo estas atribuídas às águas provenientes do sul, com influência do Rio da Prata, as quais possivelmente influenciam também a dinâmica da PCM. Durante o período amostrado não foi verificado nenhuma inuência direta da Corrente do Brasil sobre a PCM, e tampouco sobre a PCI, demonstrando que essas regiões possuem dinâmica distinta da plataforma continental externa. A circulação na plataforma continental estudada não é homogênea, apresentando um sistema complexo de uxos e contra-uxos, havendo uma tendência das correntes sobre a PCM e a PCI apresentarem sentidos opostos. Há também tendência das correntes na PCI apresentarem sentido predominante para NE sobretudo entre Santos e São Sebastião, enquanto que na PCM a direção predominante é para SW. / The São Paulo State coastal region located between the cities of Peruíbe (242430S, 465400W) and São Sebastião (235030S, 454000W) is part of the SouthBrazil Bight. This region has great economic and social importance due to the tourism, oil and gas industries and the presence of the largest Brazilian port (Santos). Currents at the regions inner-shelf were poorly sampled before the eld work of the ECOSAN project. During ECOSAN, current meter data was obtained for nearly 10 months (2005-2006), from 4 moorings: 3 deployed in the inner-shelf, near the 20 m isobath: in front of Peruíbe (P20) (242430S, 465400W), in front of Santos (S20) (240330S, 461730W) and near Montão de Trigo Island (M20) (235030S, 454000W); and 1 deployed at the mid-shelf, near the 100 m isobath, in front of Santos (S100) (25 0500S, 45 4200W). Wind time series were measured at the same period, at the two inner shelf moorings, P20 and M20, by a surface met-buoy, and at the Lage de Santos (L30) (241948S, 46 1120,4W). Current and wind data were analyzed in time and frequency domains for describing currents characteristics and comparing the relative importance of the forcing mechanisms for the inner-shelf circulation, mainly: wind-stress, baroclinic pressure gradients and Brazil Current momentum exchanges. Results showed that alongshelf current components were the most energetic and nearly geostrophic. Wind driven currents on the inner-shelf were observed on P20 during summer time and on M20, however on S20 the wind wasnt capable of overcoming baroclinic eects caused by river discharge from the Santos estuarine system. Over weak wind periods M20 was forced by baroclinic eects, apparently also inuenced by Santos estuarine system. Baroclinic forcing was observed on P20 during winter time, being atributed to waters from the south, under the inuence of the Plata River, possibly inuencing the mid-shelf as well. During the whole period there was no presence of Brazil Current eddies or meanders, showing that neither inner-shelf nor mid-shelf are inuenced by the outer-shelf dynamics. The continental shelf circulation is not homogeneous, with a complex pattern of uxes and counter-uxes, where currents have tendency to ow on opposite directions between mid and inner-shelf. There is also a tendency for currents on the inner-shelf to ow towards NE, speccialy between Santos and São Sebastião, and towards SW on the mid-shelf.

The purposes of the investigation were (1) to determine whether differences in attitudes, values, an dogmatisms exist between volunteers for an inner-city student teaching experience and other student teachers prior to a student teaching experience; (2) to determine whether differences in attitudes, values, and dogmatisms exist at the completion of student teaching between the experimental group and a control group composed of student teachers assigned to suburban schools.

This thesis is a study of fundamental properties of Hilbert space, properties of linear manifold, and realizations of Hilbert space.

This dissertation investigates public space within a South African con¬text as part of inner city regeneration. The architectural exploration aims to respond to a specific site and neighbourhood needs as identified. Protecting the openness of the site, integrating the site with its surroundings to enhance the potential of social engagement. The proposal provides a framework for spatial possibility in which architecture is used as a framework through which users influence a building’s design. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

The focus of this dissertation aims to bring about a dialogue between craft and design by using interior architecture as design medium. The study will investigate how craft can be implemented in space, in the form of products and as a part of place-making, in order for it to be elevated to the status of design. The roles of the producer and the user are of particular focus and are the means by which this re-establishment of craft’s identity, previously prey to local and global perceptions, will take place. An intervention that enables a productive work ethic is envisioned, to help contextualise a product effectively in order for it to reach its full potential. This concern for craft can raise awareness of local and global trends in its innovation and encourage the continuous integration of various creative fields. Furthermore, the investigation anticipates a redefinition of the term, commonly associated with souvenirs or curios, into an entity that harbours independence: an attribute that many designed products have. A vacant building in the Pretoria CBD is home to this crafts centre and its refurbishment aims at addressing the needs of those within the creative fields, as well as the general public. This Pretoria regionalist building from the 1960s poses an opportunity in terms of its materiality and its interior, comprising only a column grid. Thus a design opportunity arises in the form of vertical planes as infill, light entry and pedestrian movement, allowing surfaces and details to illustrate craft’s potential within the built environment. The value in the Modern facade is considered to a great extent in terms of retention, whereas the interior allows for a bolder intervention. / Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted