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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Intera??o de microorganismos na solubiliza??o de f?sforo e pot?ssio de rochas para produ??o de biofertilizantes

Silva, Val?ria Nogueira da 03 May 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeriaNS_TESE.pdf: 2082797 bytes, checksum: 3f7c49154416ffa0bea9f055c45ea17e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / he present model of agriculture is based on intensive use of industrial inputs, due to its rapid response, but it brings harmful consequences to the environment, and it is necessary the use of modern inputs. And an alternative is the use of rock biofertilizers in agriculture, a product easy to use, with higher residual effect and does not harm the environment. The objective of study was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of different microorganisms in the solubilization of rock phosphate and potash ground microbial evaluating the best performance in the production of biofertilizers comparing with rocks pure in soil chemical properties and, verify effect of inoculation of the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in the absorption of minerals dissolved in the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The first bioassay was conducted in Laboratory (UFRN) for 72 days in Petri dishes, where the rock powder was increased by 10% and sulfur co-inoculated and inoculated with bacterial suspension of Paenibacillus polymyxa grown in medium tryptone soy broth, Ralstonia solanacearum in medium Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum in medium Luria-Bertani and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in medium Tuovinen and Kelly,and fungi Trichoderma humatum and Penicillium fellutanum in malt extract. Every 12 days, samples were removed in order to build up the release curve of minerals. The second bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Rio Grande do Norte in experimental delineation in randomized block designs, was used 10 kg of an Yellow Argissolo Dystrophic per pot with the addition of treatments super phosphate simple (SS), potassium chloride (KCl), pure rock, biofertilizers in doses 40, 70, 100 and 200% of the recommendation for SS and KCl, and a control, or not inoculated with bacteria P. polymyxa. Were used seeds of cowpea BRS Potiguar and co-inoculated with the bacterial suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and P. polymyxa. The first crop was harvested 45 days after planting, were evaluated in the dry matter (ADM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn) in ADM. And the second at 75 days assessing levels of macro end micronutrients in plants and soil, and the maximum adsorption capacity of P in soil. The results showed synergism in co-inoculations with P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum and, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum solubilizations providing higher P and K, respectively, and better solubilization time at 36 days. The pH was lower in biofertilizers higher doses, but there was better with their addition to P at the highest dose. Significant reduction of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus with increasing dose of biofertilizer. For K and Ca was better with SS+KCl, and Mg to pure rock. There was an effect of fertilization on the absorption, with better results for P, K and ADM with SS+KCL, and N, Ca and Mg for biofertilizers. Generally, the P. polymyxa not influence the absorption of the elements in the plant. In treatments with the uninoculated P. polymyxa chemical fertilizer had an average significantly higher for weight and number of grains. And in the presence of the bacteria, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers had positive values in relation to rock and control. The data show that the rocks and biofertilizers could meet the need of nutrients the plants revealed as potential for sustainable agriculture / A agricultura atual se baseia no uso intensivo de fertilizantes industrializados, por sua resposta r?pida, por?m traz consequ?ncias danosas ao ambiente, e faz-se necess?rio o uso de insumos modernos. Uma alternativa ? o uso de biofertilizantes de rochas na agricultura, um produto de f?cil manuseio, com efeito residual maior e n?o agride o meio ambiente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a inocula??o e co-inocula??o de diferentes microrganismos na solubiliza??o de f?sforo e pot?ssio de rochas mo?das avaliando o melhor desempenho microbiano(s) na produ??o de biofertilizantes comparando com as rochas puras nas propriedades qu?micas do solo e, verificar o efeito da inocula??o da bact?ria Paenibacillus polymyxa na absor??o dos minerais solubilizados no desenvolvimento do feij?o caupi (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). O primeiro bioensaio foi conduzido em Laborat?rio (UFRN) por 72 dias em Placas de Petri, onde o p? de rocha era acrescido de 10% de enxofre e inoculados e co-inoculados com suspens?o bacteriana de Paenibacillus polymyxa cultivada em meio caldo triptona de soja, Ralstonia solanacearum em meio Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum em meio Luria-Bertani e Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans em meio Tuovinen e Kelly, e os fungos Penicillium fellutanum e Tricoderma humatum em meio contendo extrato de malte. A cada 12 dias, amostras eram retiradas a fim de construir uma curva de libera??o dos minerais. O segundo bioensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegeta??o da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria do Rio Grande do Norte, onde utilizou-se 10 kg do Argissolo Amarelo Distr?fico, por vaso, com adi??o dos tratamentos super fosfato simples (SS), cloreto de pot?ssio (KCl), rocha pura, biofertilizantes nas doses 40, 70, 100 e 200% da recomenda??o para SS e KCl, e uma testemunha, inoculados ou n?o com a bact?ria P. polymyxa. Foram utilizadas sementes da caupi BRS Potiguar e co-inoculadas com suspens?o bacteriana de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e P. polymyxa. A primeira colheita foi aos 45 dias de plantio avaliando a mat?ria seca da parte a?rea (MSPA), teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg,) e micronutrientes (Zn, Fe, Mn) na MSPA. A segunda colheita aos 75 dias avaliando teores de macro e micronutrientes na planta e no solo, e a capacidade m?xima de adsor??o de P (CMAP) no solo. Os resultados mostraram que houve sinergismo nas co-inocula??es com P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum e, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum com maiores solubiliza??es de K e P, respectivamente, e melhor tempo de solubiliza??o aos 36 dias. O pH foi mais reduzido nos biofertilizantes de maiores doses, e houve melhoras com sua adi??o para P na maior dose. Houve redu??o significativa da CMAP com o aumento da dose do biofertilizante. Houve efeito da fertiliza??o na absor??o, com melhoras para P, K e MSPA com SS+KCL, e N, Ca e Mg para biofertilizantes. De modo geral, o P. polymyxa n?o influenciou na absor??o dos elementos na planta. Para Ca e K houve melhoras com SS+KCl, e para Mg com rocha pura. O fertilizante qu?mico foi significativamente superior para peso e n?mero de gr?os, sem a presen?a do P. polymyxa. Na presen?a da bact?ria, biofertilizantes e fertilizante qu?mico apresentaram valores positivos em rela??o ? rocha e testemunha. Os dados evidenciaram que as rochas e os biofertilizantes podem suprir a necessidade de nutrientes ?s plantas revelando-se como potencial para uma agricultura sustent?vel
2

Análisis genético de la resistencia parcial a Magnaporthe oryzae en arroz (Oryza sativa) en varias poblaciones y ambientes

Pérez Lotz, Jorge 15 April 2016 (has links)
[EN] Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the main staple food for over 3 billion people (almost half the world population), and rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is the major threat for this crop worldwide, triggering also important losses in Spain some years. Some resistant cultivars have been released, mainly with complete resistance genes (Pi genes), but their resistance has not lasted long, due to the emergence of new virulent isolates. Therefore, the efforts for obtaining effective and durable resistance are focused nowadays on the use of partial resistance or a combination of partial and complete resistance. Partial resistance is a quantitative character, controlled by numerous genes of small effects (QTLs), that can interact among them, and usually also strongly with the environment. For a better knowledge of the population of M. oryzae in the Albufera region, and of the resistance genes and QTLs that might be effective in various Spanish rice growing regions, we tested along four years 31 differential varieties (isogenic lines carrying one different Pi gene each); these studies showed that fungus population can significantly change from one year to the other. On the other hand, we analyzed the genetics of resistance to M. oryzae in two populations derived from crosses between local and well adapted, although moderately susceptible, varieties (Sivert, JSendra), and allegedly resistant but poorly adapted varieties (CAN-6159, Gigante Vercelly. In F3 lines of both populations, the leaf and panicle susceptibility was determined in field trials under conditions that favour the infection: SixCNA lines were tested in a plot in the Albufera region, and those of JSxGV in four locations of Valencia, the Ebro River Delta, and Seville; inoculations in controlled conditions were also carried out in the second population. We compare the different methodologies for assessing susceptibility, and we discuss the environmental influence on it. 22 QTLs were detected in SIxCNA, and 61 in JSxGV, most of them in only one location. All four parents displayed partial resistance QTLs; but some QTLs showed small additive effects and, often, high dominance. At the same time, most of these QTLs exhibit significant interactions with other QTLs; and many of them co-localize with QTLs found in other studies. We have discovered substantial coincidences between QTLs that control incidence in panicle and those that determine leaf severity, thus supporting the hypothesis that there are common defence mechanisms in both organs. Chromosomal regions of interest for marker assisted breeding of resistant genotypes have been identified. / [ES] El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es la principal fuente de alimentación para más de 3.000 millones de personas, casi la mitad de la población mundial, y la "piriculariosis", causada por el hongo Magnaporthe oryzae Couch, es la enfermedad que más pérdidas causa en este cultivo a escala mundial; también en España ha causado pérdidas importantes algunos años. Se han obtenido diversas variedades resistentes, principalmente al incorporar genes de resistencia completa (genes Pi), pero la mayoría se han vuelto susceptibles en pocos años al aparecer nuevos aislados más virulentos. Actualmente, para conseguir una resistencia efectiva y duradera, se busca incorporar resistencia parcial, o una combinación de ambos tipos de resistencia. La resistencia parcial es un carácter cuantitativo, controlado por numerosos genes de efecto pequeño (o QTLs), que pueden interaccionar entre ellos y que, con frecuencia, también lo hacen intensamente con el ambiente. Para conocer mejor la población del patógeno presente en la zona de la Albufera, y qué genes y QTLs de resistencia pueden ser efectivos en ésta y otras zonas arroceras de España, por un lado se ensayaron durante varios años 31 variedades diferenciales (líneas con un gen Pi diferente cada una); esto demostró que la estructura de la población del hongo puede variar significativamente con los años. Por otro lado, realizamos estudios genéticos sobre la resistencia a M. oryzae en dos poblaciones, procedentes del cruzamiento entre variedades locales, bien adaptadas pero moderadamente susceptibles (Sivert y JSendra) y variedades resistentes, pero no adaptadas (CNA-6159 y Gigante Vercelli). En líneas F3 de ambas poblaciones se determinó la resistencia en campo, en condiciones favorables para el ataque del hongo, en hojas y órganos productivos: en SixCNA, en una parcela de la Albufera, y en JSxGV, en 4 localidades de Valencia, el Delta del Ebro y Sevilla; en JSxGV, además, se realizaron inoculaciones en condiciones controladas. Se comparan los diferentes sistemas de medida de la susceptibilidad, y se discute la influencia ambiental en ella. Se detectaron 22 QTLs en SixCNA, y 61 QTLs en JSxGV, la mayoría de los cuales sólo se expresan en una localidad. Todos los parentales aportan alelos de resistencia; pero la mayoría de los QTLs identificados son de efectos pequeños y, a menudo, con un notable componente dominante. Al mismo tiempo, gran parte de estos QTLs presentan interacciones significativas con otros QTLs; y muchos de ellos co-localizan con QTLs identificados en otros estudios. Hemos encontrado bastantes coincidencias entre QTLs que controlan la incidencia en panículas y los que determinan la severidad en las hojas, apoyando la hipótesis de que existen mecanismos de defensa comunes en ambos órganos. Se han localizado regiones cromosómicas de interés que podrían ser utilizadas para la selección de genotipos resistentes. / [CAT] L'arròs (Oryza sativa L.) és la principal font d'alimentació per a més de 3.000 millions de persones, quasi la meitat de la població mundial, i la "piriculariosi", causada pel fong Magnaporthe oryzae Couch, és la malaltia que més pèrdues origina en aquest conreu a escala mundial; també a Espanya ha causat pèrdues importants alguns anys. S'han obtès diverses varietats resistents, principalment en incorporar gens de resistència completa (gens Pi), però la majoria s'han tornat susceptibles en pocs anys en aparèixer nous aïllats més virulents. Actualment, per aconseguir una resistència efectiva i duradora, es cerca incorporar resistència parcial, o una combinació de tots dos tipus de resistència. La resistència parcial és un caràcter quantitatiu, controlat per nombrosos gens d'efecte reduït (o QTLs), els quals poden interaccionar entre sí i que, sovint, també ho fan intensament amb l'ambient. Per conéixer millor la població del patògen present a la zona de l'Albufera, i quins gens i QTLs de resistència poden ser efectius a aquesta i a d'altres zones arrosseres d'Espanya, per una banda s'assajaren durant diversos anys 31 varietats diferencials (línies amb un gen Pi diferent cadascuna); això demostrà que l'estructura de la població del fong pot variejar significativament amb els anys. Per altra banda, realitzàrem estudis genètics sobre la resistència a M. oryzae en dues poblacions, procedents del encreuament entre varietats locals, adaptades però moderadament susceptibles (Sivert i JSendra) i varietats resistents però no adaptades (CNA-6159 i Gigante Vercelli). En línies F3 d'ambdues poblacions es determinà la resistència en camp, en condicions favorables per a l'atac del fong, en fulles i òrgans productius: en SixCNA, en una parcel·la de l'Albufera, i en JSxGV en quatre localitats de València, el Delta de l'Ebre i Sevilla; en JSxGV, a més a més, es realitzaren inoculacions en condicions controlades. Es comparen els diversos sistemes de mesura de la susceptibilidad, i es discuteix la influència ambiental en aquesta. Es detectaren 22 QTLs en SixCNA i 61 QTLs en JSxGV, la major part dels quals solament s'expressen a una localitat. Tots els parentals aporten al·lels de resistència; però alguns dels QTLs identificats són d'efectes reduïts i, freqüentment, amb un notable component dominant. Paral·lelament, gran part d'aquestos QTLs presenten interaccions significatives amb altres QTLs; i molts d'aquestos co-localitzen amb QTLs identificats en altres estudis. Hem trobat bastants coincidències entre QTLs que controlen la incidència en panícules i els que determinen la severitat a les fulles, recolzant la hipòtesi que existeixen mecanismes de defensa comuns en ambdós òrgans. S'han localitzat regions cromosòmiques d'interès que podrien ser emprades per a la selecció de genotipus resistents / Pérez Lotz, J. (2016). Análisis genético de la resistencia parcial a Magnaporthe oryzae en arroz (Oryza sativa) en varias poblaciones y ambientes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62582 / TESIS

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