In order to delineate the potential sources and to understand the main controls on the biogeochemical cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM, POM) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during estuarine mixing, comprehensive seasonal geochemical and isotopic and surveys across the freshwater-tidal interface were carried out in the Tyne and Tweed Estuaries, NE UK. This study provided a contrast between a relatively pristine system (Tweed) with one that is heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity (Tyne). Geochemical and isotopic (13C, 14C and 15N) analyses demonstrated the predominance of terrigenous organic matter in both these estuaries, with elevated river discharges leading to enhanced terrestrial loading. High pCO2 values in the Tyne (summer) and Tweed (winter) suggested that a significant fraction of this terrestrially-derived organic matter (both DOM and POM pools) is relatively labile and can potentially undergo significant mineralization during estuarine mixing. In both estuaries in situ processing of DIN was relatively minor, with mixing between different sources being the main factor in controlling the distribution of nitrate and ammonium across the salinity gradient. However, anthropogenic ammonium discharges in the Tyne were found to have an enormous direct and indirect impact on estuarine nitrogen cycling. Large, concave removals of terrigenous high molecular weight (HMW) DOC caused by flocculation, biodegradation, and/or photochemical oxidation were associated with a non-conservative 13C-enrichment in d13C signatures. Radiocarbon dates showed an export of young (modern) HMW DOC and old (100-1000s of years), terrigenous POC to the North Sea. 14C-enriched values in coastal North Sea HMW DOC were attributed to anthropogenic discharges originating from within the coastal North Sea environment. In the Tweed, seasonal changes in soil characteristics resulted in an older age for POM during the summer. In the Tyne, decreases in POC% with increasing salinity sometimes coincided with an increase in POC age. This was attributed to mixing with older sediment and to the possible preferential loss of the younger, more labile POC fraction during mineralization. This study has shown that land use patterns, sewage inputs, and freshwater flushing time are the main influences in determining the behaviour and origin of organic matter and DIN entering the coastal North Sea in these two systems.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho analisar a influÃncia do nitrogÃnio inorgÃnico (N) na regulaÃÃo da homeostase K+/Na+ e nas respostas fisiolÃgicas de plantas de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], genÃtipo CSF20, submetidas ao estresse salino. Sementes de sorgo forrageiro foram semeadas em vermiculita e apÃs quatro dias, transferidas para soluÃÃes nutritivas contendo N a 5,0 mM, nas formas de NO3-, NO3-/NH4+ e NH4+ e K+ a 0,75 mM. ApÃs oito dias de cultivo, as plantas foram submetidas a estresse salino com NaCl a 75,0 mM. As coletas foram realizadas aos doze dias (antes da aplicaÃÃo do estresse), e com um, trÃs, cinco e sete dias de estresse salino. Analisaram-se o crescimento, os teores de Ãons (K+, Na+, Cl-, NO3- e NH4+) e de compostos orgÃnicos (carboidratos solÃveis, redutores e nÃo redutores, proteÃnas e N-aminossolÃveis), as trocas gasosas e a absorÃÃo de Ãgua. As plantas de sorgo nÃo estressadas cultivadas nas trÃs fontes de N nÃo apresentaram diferenÃas significativas em relaÃÃo ao seu crescimento. No entanto, houve uma forte reduÃÃo do mesmo quando as plantas foram submetidas à salinidade. Os teores de K+ foram severamente reduzidos com a salinidade, no entanto, as plantas cultivadas com NO3-, como Ãnica fonte de N, apresentaram as maiores reduÃÃes. Sob estas condiÃÃes, os cultivos com NH4+ apresentaram maiores taxas de seletividade de absorÃÃo e transporte de K+. O estresse salino aumentou consideravelmente os teores de Na+ em todas as partes das plantas de sorgo, independente da fonte de N, no entanto, os maiores incrementos foram observados nas plantas nutridas com NO3-. Em decorrÃncia do menor acÃmulo de Na+, as plantas cultivadas com NH4+ apresentaram maior relaÃÃo K+/Na+, principalmente na parte aÃrea. De modo geral, os teores de Cl- foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas com NH4+, sendo maiores os acÃmulos nas raÃzes. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis da parte aÃrea foram aumentados com a salinidade, entretanto, nas raÃzes, pouco ou nenhum efeito do estresse salino foi observado. O conteÃdo de carboidratos redutores, tanto na parte aÃrea como nas raÃzes, foi aumentado nos primeiros dias de estresse, entretanto, aos sete dias, o conteÃdo desses carboidratos foi reduzido em comparaÃÃo aos controles, exceto na parte aÃrea das plantas estressadas e cultivadas com NH4+, que no sÃtimo dia de estresse, apresentaram mais carboidratos redutores que os respectivos controles. Os teores de carboidratos nÃo redutores foram reduzidos com a salinidade nos primeiros dias de estresse, entretanto, foram observados aumentos nos Ãltimos dias de exposiÃÃo ao NaCl, independente da fonte de N. Os teores de amido aumentaram nos primeiros dias de estresse salino, porÃm, aos sete dias, todas as plantas apresentaram reduÃÃo no conteÃdo desses carboidratos. Sob condiÃÃes controle, o conteÃdo de proteÃnas solÃveis e N-aminossolÃveis foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas com NH4+. Jà sob estresse salino, os teores de proteÃnas solÃveis nÃo foram influenciados com a fonte de N, contudo, os teores de N-aminossolÃveis foram significativamente maiores nas plantas nutridas com NH4+. ReduÃÃes na condutÃncia estomÃtica, na transpiraÃÃo e na fotossÃntese lÃquida foram observadas em plantas estressadas e cultivadas com NO3- ou com NO3-/NH4+, entretanto, nÃo houve alteraÃÃes desses parÃmetros nas plantas nutridas com NH4+. Sob condiÃÃes controle, plantas crescendo com NO3- ou com NO3-/NH4+ apresentaram maiores taxas de absorÃÃo de Ãgua, entretanto sob condiÃÃes de salinidade, a absorÃÃo de Ãgua das plantas crescidas com NO3- foi reduzida. Por outro lado, o estresse salino promoveu aumentos na taxa de absorÃÃo de Ãgua das plantas cultivadas com NH4+. A anÃlise em conjunto destes resultados permite concluir que plantas de sorgo cultivadas com o Ãon NH4+ apresentaram uma maior tolerÃncia à salinidade, em decorrÃncia da regulaÃÃo mais eficiente da homeostase K+/Na+. / The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of inorganic nitrogen (N) on the regulation of homeostasis K+/Na+ in sorghum plants [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], genotype CSF20, submitted to salt stress. Sorghum seeds were sown in moistened vermiculite and after four days, transferred to a nutrient solution containing N at 5.0 mM as NO3 -, NO3 - /NH4 + and NH4 + and K+ at 0.75 mM. After eight days of cultivation, the plants were treated with NaCl at 75.0 mM. Plants were harvested at twelve days (before application of stress), and thereafter at one, three, five and seven days after salt stress exposition. It was determined the growth, the concentration of ions (K+, Na+, Cl-, NO3 - and NH4 +) and organic compounds (soluble carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing sugars, soluble protein and soluble amino acids), gas exchange and water absorption rate. Non-stressed sorghum plants grown in three N sources showed no significant differences in relation to its growth. However, there was a sharp reduction in growth when plants were subjected to salinity. The K+ contents were severely reduced by salinity, however, NO3 --grown plants as sole N source, showed the greatest reductions. Under these conditions, NH4 +-grown plants had higher rates of absorption and selective K+ transport. The salt stress increased significantly the Na+ levels in all tissues of the sorghum plants, regardless of N source, however, the highest increases were observed in plants growing in NO3 -. As a result of Na+ accumulation reduction, NH4 +-grown plants had a higher K+/Na+ ratio, particularly in shoot. In general, the Cl- levels were higher in NH4 +- grown plants, with the greatest accumulations in the roots. The shoot soluble carbohydrates were increased with salinity, however in roots, little or no effect of salt stress was observed. The reducing sugar contents in shoot and roots was increased one day after stress, however, on seventh day, the content of these sugars was reduced when compared to control, except in NH4 +-grown stressed plants, which seven day after stress exposure, had higher amount of reducing sugars than the control. The levels of reducing sugars were not reduced by salinity in the early days, however, increases were observed in the last days of NaCl exposure, regardless of source N. The starch content increased in the early days of salt stress, however, plants at seven days after stress showed less content of these sugars. Under control conditions, the soluble proteins and soluble amino acids contents were higher in NH4 +-grown plants. Already under salt stress, the soluble protein content were not affected due to the N source, however, the levels of soluble amino acids were significantly higher in NH4 +-grown plants. Reductions in stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were observed in NO3 - and NO3 -/NH4 +-grown stressed plants, however, there were no changes in these parameters in NH4 +-grown plants. Under control conditions, NO3 - or NO3 -/NH4 +-grown plants showed higher water absorption, however, under salinity conditions, water uptake of NO3 --grown plants was severely reduced. On the other hand, salt stress promoted increases in water uptake of NH4 +-grown plants. These results suggested that sorghum NH4 +-grown plants showed a greater tolerance to salinity, due to more efficient regulation of homeostasis K+/Na+

Includes vita. / Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 185 pages. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Seagrass communities are composed of numerous organisms that depend on water-column nutrients for metabolic processes. The rate at which these organisms remove a nutrient from the water column can be controlled by physical factors such as hydrodynamic regime or by biological factors such as speed of enzyme reactions. The impact of hydrodynamic regime on rates of nutrient uptake for seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) communities and for organisms that comprise the community (seagrass, epiphytes, phytoplankton, and microphytobenthos) was quantified in a series of field flume experiments employing the use of 15N-labeled ammonium and nitrate. Rates of ammonium uptake for the entire community and for seagrass leaves and epiphytes were significantly dependent on bulk velocity, bottom shear stress, and the rate of turbulent energy dissipation. / ABSTRACT: Relationships between uptake rates and these parameters were consistent with mass-transfer theory and suggest that the effect of water flow on ammonium uptake is the same for the benthos as a whole and for the organisms that form the canopy. In addition, epiphytes on the surface of T. testudinum leaves were shown to depress leaf uptake by an amount proportional to the area of the leaf covered by epiphytes. Water flow influenced rates of nitrate uptake for the community and the epiphytes; however, uptake rates were depressed relative to those for ammonium suggesting that uptake of nitrate was also affected by biological factors such as enzyme activity. Epiphytes reduced uptake of nitrate by the leaves; however, the amount of reduction was not proportional to the extent of epiphyte cover, which provided further evidence that nitrate uptake by T. testudinum leaves was biologically limited. / ABSTRACT: As an additional component of the research, hydrodynamic regime of a mixed seagrass and coral community in Florida Bay was characterized using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Hydrodynamic parameters estimated from velocity data were used in mass-transfer equations to predict nutrient uptake by the benthos over a range of water velocity. Measured rates of uptake from field flume experiments conducted in the same community confirmed that hydrodynamic data could be used to accurately predict nutrient transport to the benthos under natural flow conditions. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

In this study, yearly and seasonally nitrogen retention dynamics of reed beds surrounding Lake Mogan were investigated by comparing surface aerial nitrogen load and in-lake concentrations. The analyses were performed separately for nitrate-N, ammonium-N and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (sum of nitrate-N and ammonium-N) to reveal differences between them in terms of retention dynamics. 1998, 1999 and 2002 were relatively high-load years in terms of DIN-input to reed beds surrounding Lake Mogan, compared with the DIN-loadings of 1997, 2000 and 2001. A significant difference was observed between NO3-N input and output for the relatively high-load years to Lake Mogan reed beds indicating significantly high NO3-N retention rates for that periods, while no significant difference was observed in the relatively low-load years. Also, a clear linear relationship (R2 = 0.975) was found between amount of NO3-N retention and amount of NO3-N input to the system. NH4-N input and output were not significantly different in none of the study years. Then, a dynamic Wetland Nitrogen Model was utilized to model dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal capacity of the reed beds surrounding Lake Mogan. The model was firstly calibrated and validated using data sets of different study years and then used for prediction under wet and dry year scenarios. The model predictions revealed that NO3-N retention efficiency was distinctively higher in wet rather than the dry year conditions since the reed beds might have limited denitrification capacity in dry years due to unavailability of enough NO3-N load. Finally, the land-use changes occurred in the closer catchment of Lake Mogan and the potential risk areas for non-point nitrogen input to Lake Mogan were determined using aerial photos of the region and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). It was observed that highest potential risk area for non-point nitrogen input around the lake was north-east of the lake whereas, north end of the lake was least potential risk area.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO TATIANA.pdf: 475643 bytes, checksum: accc20b0283b458769c460005b76fed2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The jambú is a medicinal plant, cultivated mainly in the North of the Country, more necessarily in Pará. The extract of its leves possess anesthetical properties being used in the treatment of males of the mouth and the throat, as well as for tooth ache. Also it possess antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, analgesic and larvicidal activity. Such plant still is very used as condiment in the cookery of the Amazon Region, mainly in the preparation of the celebrity tacacá . The present work had as objective to establish different methodologies for the culture in vitro of nodal segments of jambú. Different concentrations of bioregulators had been tested, amongst them AIA (0; 0,5; 1,0; 3,0 mg.L- 1 ) and BAP (0; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 5,0 mg.L- 1 ), different concentrations of sucrose (0; 7,5; 15; 30; 45 g.L- 1 ) and inorganic nitrogen (0; 5; 10; 20 and 40 ml .L- 1 ) and finally was made the acclimatization of the micropropagated plants, testing different substrates (plantmax®, vermiculit and sawdust). The experimental delineation was entirely randomized, with 20 repetitions of each treatment. The plants had been evaluated, in the two first experiments, to the 45 days and, in the last one, to the 60 days. One evidenced that the addition of bioregulators influenced the development and multiplication of the shoots, being the best ones resulted gotten between 0,5 mg.L- 1 of AIA combined with 1,5 mg.L- 1 of BAP. Modi fications in such a way in the concentrations of sucrose, as in the ones of inorganic nitrogen had influenced the growth of the cultivated jambú in vitro. The concentrations of sucrose of 7,5 and 30 g.L- 1 , together with the dosages of the inorganic nitrogen of 10 and 20 ml.L- 1 , had provided the best ones resulted for all the evaluated characteristics. The substrate plantmax®, as well as the vermiculit and the sawdust, had not differed between itself, being appropriate for the acclimatization of jambú seedlings. / O jambú é uma planta medicinal, cultivada principalmente no Norte do País, mais precisamente no Pará. O extrato de suas folhas possui propriedades anestésicas sendo utilizada no tratamento de males da boca e da garganta, bem como para dor de dente. Também possui atividade antifúngica, antibacteriana, antiinflamatória, analgésica e larvicida. Tal planta ainda é muito utilizada como condimento na culinária da Região Amazônica, principalmente no preparo do famoso tacacá . O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer diferentes metodologias para o cultivo in vitro de segmentos nodais de jambú. Foram testadas diferentes concentrações de bioreguladores, dentre eles o AIA (0; 0,5; 1,0; 3,0 mg.L - 1 ) e BAP (0; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 5,0 mg.L-1 ), diferentes concentrações de sacarose (0; 7,5; 15; 30; 45 g.L- 1 ) e dosagens de nitrogênio inorgânico (0; 5; 10; 20 e 40 ml.L- 1 ) e por último foi feita a aclimatização das plantas micropropagadas, testando diferentes substratos (plantmax®, vermiculita e serragem). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 20 repetições de cada tratamento. As plantas foram avaliadas, nos dois primeiros experimentos, aos 45 dias e, no último, aos 60 dias. Constatou-se que a adição de bioreguladores influenciou o desenvolvimento e multiplicação dos brotos, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos entre 0,5 mg.L- 1 de AIA combinado com 1,5 mg.L- 1 de BAP. Modificações tanto nas concentrações de sacarose, como nas de nitrogênio inorgânico influenciaram o crescimento do jambú cultivado in vitro. As concentrações de sacarose de 7,5 e 30 g.L- 1 , juntamente com as dosagens de nitrogênio inorgânico de 10 a 20 ml.L- 1 , proporcionaram os melhores resultados para todas as características avaliadas. O substrato plantmax®, assim como a vermiculita e a serragem, não diferiram entre si, sendo apropriados para a aclimatização de plântulas de jambú.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13180号 / 論農博第2859号 / 新制||農||1061(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5102(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 小杉 緑子, 教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 舟川 晋也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Fertilizantes de liberação controlada como a ureia revestida com polímeros podem propiciar melhor sincronia entre a disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) no solo e as exigências do nutriente pela cultura de milho (Zea mays L.). Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes estratégias de uso da ureia revestida com polímeros na disponibilização de nitrogênio inorgânico, nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) no solo durante o ciclo da cultura de milho, e na produtividade final de grãos, foram conduzidos experimentos na safra 2012/2013, em duas condições edafoclimáticas no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. Os solos dos experimentos foram: Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (LVd) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico (LVAd). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições e os tratamentos constaram da aplicação da dose de 180 kg ha-1 de N, utilizando-se duas fontes de N, ureia revestida com polímeros e ureia convencional, aplicadas, respectivamente, nas proporções de 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 e 0:100%, além de um tratamento com ureia em manejo convencional com aplicação parcelada (20% na semeadura e 80% em cobertura entre os estádios V4-V6), e o controle sem aplicação de N. Foi semeado híbrido de milho com elevado potencial de produtividade. Os fertilizantes aplicados na semeadura foram incorporados a 5 cm de profundidade e 10 cm ao lado da linha de milho. Para determinar o teor de nitrogênio inorgânico no solo, nas camadas de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,4 e 0,4-0,6 m, foram realizadas amostragens na semeadura e em V4, V12 e R3 no LVd e na semeadura e em V6, V14 e R4 no LVAd. Produtividade de grãos, massa seca da parte aérea, acúmulo de N na parte aérea, exportação de N nos grãos, e a eficiência de utilização interna de nitrogênio foram avaliados na maturidade fisiológica da cultura. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando observado efeito significativo de tratamentos, foram realizadas análises de contraste de médias (p<=0,1). A produtividade máxima nos dois experimentos foi da ordem de 10 Mg ha-1 de grãos de milho. Nos dois experimentos a ureia revestida com polímeros disponibilizou nitrogênio mineral no solo ao longo de todo o ciclo da cultura de milho, o que resultou no LVAd em produtividade de grãos mais elevada em relação à utilização de ureia convencional, diferentemente do ocorrido no LVd, onde não foram observados efeitos de tratamentos. A utilização de misturas de URP e U na adubação da cultura do milho, com proporções variando de 100% a 50% da fonte de liberação controlada, mostrou-se eficiente e pode ser considerada uma estratégia que fornece N conforme a exigência da cultura, o que resulta em maior produtividade de grãos em condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis. / Controlled release fertilizers such polymer coated urea can provide better synchrony between nitrogen (N) availability in the soil and its requirements by maize (Zea mays L.). To evaluate the effect of different use strategies of polymer coated urea on the availability of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) throughout the crop cycle, and the grain yield, field experiments were carried out in the 2012-2013 growing season, in two soil-climatic conditions, in Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The soils were a clayey and a sandy Oxisol. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, and the treatments consisted of 180 kg N ha-1, using two sources of N, polymer coated urea and conventional urea, respectively, in proportions of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50% and 0:100%, besides a treatment with urea in conventional management, split-applied (20% at seeding and 80% side-dressed in V4-V6 corn growth stage) and a control (without N). Maize hybrid with high productivity potential was used. The fertilizers applied at seeding were placed in bands 5 cm depth and 10 cm aside the corn row. To determine the inorganic nitrogen content in the soil at 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4 and 0.4-0.6 m soil layers, samples were collected at seeding, V4, V12 and R3 corn growth stage in the clayey Oxisol, and at sedding, V6, V14 and R4 in the sandy Oxisol. Grain yield, aerial biomass, nitrogen uptake by the aerial biomass, grain nitrogen uptake and internal utilization efficiency of nitrogen were evaluated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and when differences were detected, means where separated using contrast test (p<=0.1). The maximum maize grain yield in the experiments was approximately 10 Mg ha-1. In the two experiments, polymer coated urea led to a greater inorganic nitrogen availability throughout the maize cycle, which resulted in higher yield comparing to the use of conventional urea in the sandy Oxisol, not thus in the clayey Oxisol, where no effects of treatments in grain yield were observed. The use of blends of polymer coated urea and conventional urea in maize fertilization, with ratios ranging from 100 to 50% of the controlled release source, was efficient and can be considered a strategy that supplies N as the crop demands it, and thus lead to a greater maize grain yield under agro-climatic favorable conditions.

Fertilizantes de liberação controlada como a ureia revestida com polímeros podem propiciar melhor sincronia entre a disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) no solo e as exigências do nutriente pela cultura de milho (Zea mays L.). Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes estratégias de uso da ureia revestida com polímeros na disponibilização de nitrogênio inorgânico, nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) no solo durante o ciclo da cultura de milho, e na produtividade final de grãos, foram conduzidos experimentos na safra 2012/2013, em duas condições edafoclimáticas no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. Os solos dos experimentos foram: Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (LVd) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico (LVAd). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições e os tratamentos constaram da aplicação da dose de 180 kg ha-1 de N, utilizando-se duas fontes de N, ureia revestida com polímeros e ureia convencional, aplicadas, respectivamente, nas proporções de 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 e 0:100%, além de um tratamento com ureia em manejo convencional com aplicação parcelada (20% na semeadura e 80% em cobertura entre os estádios V4-V6), e o controle sem aplicação de N. Foi semeado híbrido de milho com elevado potencial de produtividade. Os fertilizantes aplicados na semeadura foram incorporados a 5 cm de profundidade e 10 cm ao lado da linha de milho. Para determinar o teor de nitrogênio inorgânico no solo, nas camadas de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,4 e 0,4-0,6 m, foram realizadas amostragens na semeadura e em V4, V12 e R3 no LVd e na semeadura e em V6, V14 e R4 no LVAd. Produtividade de grãos, massa seca da parte aérea, acúmulo de N na parte aérea, exportação de N nos grãos, e a eficiência de utilização interna de nitrogênio foram avaliados na maturidade fisiológica da cultura. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando observado efeito significativo de tratamentos, foram realizadas análises de contraste de médias (p<=0,1). A produtividade máxima nos dois experimentos foi da ordem de 10 Mg ha-1 de grãos de milho. Nos dois experimentos a ureia revestida com polímeros disponibilizou nitrogênio mineral no solo ao longo de todo o ciclo da cultura de milho, o que resultou no LVAd em produtividade de grãos mais elevada em relação à utilização de ureia convencional, diferentemente do ocorrido no LVd, onde não foram observados efeitos de tratamentos. A utilização de misturas de URP e U na adubação da cultura do milho, com proporções variando de 100% a 50% da fonte de liberação controlada, mostrou-se eficiente e pode ser considerada uma estratégia que fornece N conforme a exigência da cultura, o que resulta em maior produtividade de grãos em condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis. / Controlled release fertilizers such polymer coated urea can provide better synchrony between nitrogen (N) availability in the soil and its requirements by maize (Zea mays L.). To evaluate the effect of different use strategies of polymer coated urea on the availability of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) throughout the crop cycle, and the grain yield, field experiments were carried out in the 2012-2013 growing season, in two soil-climatic conditions, in Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The soils were a clayey and a sandy Oxisol. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, and the treatments consisted of 180 kg N ha-1, using two sources of N, polymer coated urea and conventional urea, respectively, in proportions of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50% and 0:100%, besides a treatment with urea in conventional management, split-applied (20% at seeding and 80% side-dressed in V4-V6 corn growth stage) and a control (without N). Maize hybrid with high productivity potential was used. The fertilizers applied at seeding were placed in bands 5 cm depth and 10 cm aside the corn row. To determine the inorganic nitrogen content in the soil at 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4 and 0.4-0.6 m soil layers, samples were collected at seeding, V4, V12 and R3 corn growth stage in the clayey Oxisol, and at sedding, V6, V14 and R4 in the sandy Oxisol. Grain yield, aerial biomass, nitrogen uptake by the aerial biomass, grain nitrogen uptake and internal utilization efficiency of nitrogen were evaluated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and when differences were detected, means where separated using contrast test (p<=0.1). The maximum maize grain yield in the experiments was approximately 10 Mg ha-1. In the two experiments, polymer coated urea led to a greater inorganic nitrogen availability throughout the maize cycle, which resulted in higher yield comparing to the use of conventional urea in the sandy Oxisol, not thus in the clayey Oxisol, where no effects of treatments in grain yield were observed. The use of blends of polymer coated urea and conventional urea in maize fertilization, with ratios ranging from 100 to 50% of the controlled release source, was efficient and can be considered a strategy that supplies N as the crop demands it, and thus lead to a greater maize grain yield under agro-climatic favorable conditions.

MIRANDA, Rafael de Souza. Influência de diferentes fontes de N inorgânico na regulação da homeostase K+/Na+ e nas respostas fisiológicas de plantas de sorgo forrageiro ao estresse salino. 2011. 128 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T13:37:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_rsmiranda.pdf: 3995251 bytes, checksum: 4111189769c0516226949e3d06e5695f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:14:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_rsmiranda.pdf: 3995251 bytes, checksum: 4111189769c0516226949e3d06e5695f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:14:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_rsmiranda.pdf: 3995251 bytes, checksum: 4111189769c0516226949e3d06e5695f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of inorganic nitrogen (N) on the regulation of homeostasis K+/Na+ in sorghum plants [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], genotype CSF20, submitted to salt stress. Sorghum seeds were sown in moistened vermiculite and after four days, transferred to a nutrient solution containing N at 5.0 mM as NO3 -, NO3 - /NH4 + and NH4 + and K+ at 0.75 mM. After eight days of cultivation, the plants were treated with NaCl at 75.0 mM. Plants were harvested at twelve days (before application of stress), and thereafter at one, three, five and seven days after salt stress exposition. It was determined the growth, the concentration of ions (K+, Na+, Cl-, NO3 - and NH4 +) and organic compounds (soluble carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing sugars, soluble protein and soluble amino acids), gas exchange and water absorption rate. Non-stressed sorghum plants grown in three N sources showed no significant differences in relation to its growth. However, there was a sharp reduction in growth when plants were subjected to salinity. The K+ contents were severely reduced by salinity, however, NO3 --grown plants as sole N source, showed the greatest reductions. Under these conditions, NH4 +-grown plants had higher rates of absorption and selective K+ transport. The salt stress increased significantly the Na+ levels in all tissues of the sorghum plants, regardless of N source, however, the highest increases were observed in plants growing in NO3 -. As a result of Na+ accumulation reduction, NH4 +-grown plants had a higher K+/Na+ ratio, particularly in shoot. In general, the Cl- levels were higher in NH4 +- grown plants, with the greatest accumulations in the roots. The shoot soluble carbohydrates were increased with salinity, however in roots, little or no effect of salt stress was observed. The reducing sugar contents in shoot and roots was increased one day after stress, however, on seventh day, the content of these sugars was reduced when compared to control, except in NH4 +-grown stressed plants, which seven day after stress exposure, had higher amount of reducing sugars than the control. The levels of reducing sugars were not reduced by salinity in the early days, however, increases were observed in the last days of NaCl exposure, regardless of source N. The starch content increased in the early days of salt stress, however, plants at seven days after stress showed less content of these sugars. Under control conditions, the soluble proteins and soluble amino acids contents were higher in NH4 +-grown plants. Already under salt stress, the soluble protein content were not affected due to the N source, however, the levels of soluble amino acids were significantly higher in NH4 +-grown plants. Reductions in stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were observed in NO3 - and NO3 -/NH4 +-grown stressed plants, however, there were no changes in these parameters in NH4 +-grown plants. Under control conditions, NO3 - or NO3 -/NH4 +-grown plants showed higher water absorption, however, under salinity conditions, water uptake of NO3 --grown plants was severely reduced. On the other hand, salt stress promoted increases in water uptake of NH4 +-grown plants. These results suggested that sorghum NH4 +-grown plants showed a greater tolerance to salinity, due to more efficient regulation of homeostasis K+/Na+ / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho analisar a influência do nitrogênio inorgânico (N) na regulação da homeostase K+/Na+ e nas respostas fisiológicas de plantas de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], genótipo CSF20, submetidas ao estresse salino. Sementes de sorgo forrageiro foram semeadas em vermiculita e após quatro dias, transferidas para soluções nutritivas contendo N a 5,0 mM, nas formas de NO3-, NO3-/NH4+ e NH4+ e K+ a 0,75 mM. Após oito dias de cultivo, as plantas foram submetidas a estresse salino com NaCl a 75,0 mM. As coletas foram realizadas aos doze dias (antes da aplicação do estresse), e com um, três, cinco e sete dias de estresse salino. Analisaram-se o crescimento, os teores de íons (K+, Na+, Cl-, NO3- e NH4+) e de compostos orgânicos (carboidratos solúveis, redutores e não redutores, proteínas e N-aminossolúveis), as trocas gasosas e a absorção de água. As plantas de sorgo não estressadas cultivadas nas três fontes de N não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao seu crescimento. No entanto, houve uma forte redução do mesmo quando as plantas foram submetidas à salinidade. Os teores de K+ foram severamente reduzidos com a salinidade, no entanto, as plantas cultivadas com NO3-, como única fonte de N, apresentaram as maiores reduções. Sob estas condições, os cultivos com NH4+ apresentaram maiores taxas de seletividade de absorção e transporte de K+. O estresse salino aumentou consideravelmente os teores de Na+ em todas as partes das plantas de sorgo, independente da fonte de N, no entanto, os maiores incrementos foram observados nas plantas nutridas com NO3-. Em decorrência do menor acúmulo de Na+, as plantas cultivadas com NH4+ apresentaram maior relação K+/Na+, principalmente na parte aérea. De modo geral, os teores de Cl- foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas com NH4+, sendo maiores os acúmulos nas raízes. Os teores de carboidratos solúveis da parte aérea foram aumentados com a salinidade, entretanto, nas raízes, pouco ou nenhum efeito do estresse salino foi observado. O conteúdo de carboidratos redutores, tanto na parte aérea como nas raízes, foi aumentado nos primeiros dias de estresse, entretanto, aos sete dias, o conteúdo desses carboidratos foi reduzido em comparação aos controles, exceto na parte aérea das plantas estressadas e cultivadas com NH4+, que no sétimo dia de estresse, apresentaram mais carboidratos redutores que os respectivos controles. Os teores de carboidratos não redutores foram reduzidos com a salinidade nos primeiros dias de estresse, entretanto, foram observados aumentos nos últimos dias de exposição ao NaCl, independente da fonte de N. Os teores de amido aumentaram nos primeiros dias de estresse salino, porém, aos sete dias, todas as plantas apresentaram redução no conteúdo desses carboidratos. Sob condições controle, o conteúdo de proteínas solúveis e N-aminossolúveis foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas com NH4+. Já sob estresse salino, os teores de proteínas solúveis não foram influenciados com a fonte de N, contudo, os teores de N-aminossolúveis foram significativamente maiores nas plantas nutridas com NH4+. Reduções na condutância estomática, na transpiração e na fotossíntese líquida foram observadas em plantas estressadas e cultivadas com NO3- ou com NO3-/NH4+, entretanto, não houve alterações desses parâmetros nas plantas nutridas com NH4+. Sob condições controle, plantas crescendo com NO3- ou com NO3-/NH4+ apresentaram maiores taxas de absorção de água, entretanto sob condições de salinidade, a absorção de água das plantas crescidas com NO3- foi reduzida. Por outro lado, o estresse salino promoveu aumentos na taxa de absorção de água das plantas cultivadas com NH4+. A análise em conjunto destes resultados permite concluir que plantas de sorgo cultivadas com o íon NH4+ apresentaram uma maior tolerância à salinidade, em decorrência da regulação mais eficiente da homeostase K+/Na+.

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