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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Nitrogen Cycling from Fall Applications of Biosolids to Winter Small Grains

Bamber, Kevin William 03 February 2015 (has links)
Environmental concerns about winter nitrogen (N) leaching loss limit the amount of biosolids applied to winter small grains in Virginia. Ten field studies were established 2012-2014 in Virginia to determine the agronomic and environmental feasibility of fall biosolids applications to soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eight studies were located in the Coastal Plain physiographic province and two in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province. The effects of eight biosolids and urea N treatments on 1) biomass production at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 25-30, 2) soil inorganic N at GS 25-30, 3) soil mineralizable N at GS 25-30,4) N use efficiency (NUE) at GS 58, 5) grain yield, 6) end-of-season soil inorganic N, and 7) estimated N recovery were studied. Anaerobically digested (AD) and lime stabilized (LS) biosolids were fall applied at estimated plant available N (PAN) rates of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ and 50 kg N ha⁻¹. The 50 kg N ha⁻¹ biosolids treatments were supplemented with 50 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea in spring. Urea N was split applied at 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹, with 1/3 applied in fall and 2/3 in spring. Biomass at GS 25-30 increased with urea N rate and biosolids always resulted in equal or greater biomass than urea. Soil mineralizable N at GS 25-30 rarely responded to fall urea or biosolids N rate, regardless of biosolids type. Biosolids and urea applied at the agronomic N rate resulted in equal grain yield and estimated N recovery in soils where N leaching loss risk was low, regardless of biosolids type or application strategy. Lime stabilized biosolids and biosolids/urea split N application increased grain yield and estimated N recovery in soils with high or moderate N leaching loss risk. Therefore, AD and LS biosolids can be fall-applied to winter wheat at the full agronomic N rate in soils with low N leaching loss risk, while LS biosolids could be applied to winter wheat at the full agronomic N rate in soils with moderate or high N leaching loss risk. / Master of Science
22

Espécies nitrogenadas em água de chuva de Ribeirão Preto (SP) / Nitrogen species in rainwater of Ribeirão Preto (SP)

Crispim, Cristina Penna 28 June 2018 (has links)
Espécies nitrogenadas vem sendo adicionadas ao meio ambiente de forma intensa desde o desenvolvimento do processo Haber-Bosch para transformação de N2 em NH3, alterando significativamente o ciclo biogeoquímico do nitrogênio no ambiente. Uma vez na atmosfera, o nitrogênio reativo é depositado de volta à superfície da Terra por processos de deposição úmida e seca. A importância de levar em conta as formas orgânicas de nitrogênio para estimar a deposição de nitrogênio atmosférico pela chuva (úmida) já é conhecida, no entanto, ainda há poucos trabalhos que avaliam essa fração devido às dificuldades e incertezas impostas pelos métodos analíticos disponíveis. Este trabalho traz o desenvolvimento de um novo método, simples e de baixo custo, para a determinação de nitrogênio orgânico (N-org) em água de chuva utilizando o processo foto-Fenton e um foto-reator construído de forma artesanal. Por meio da adição de solução de Fenton (50 µmol L-1 Fe2+ e 2 mmol L-1 H2O2) e 90 min de radiação UV (85 °C) foi possível obter em média 106 ± 8% de recuperação de nitrogênio para soluções contendo 50 µmol N L-1 das moléculas modelos: ureia, serina, glicina e histidina. No caso da arginina, 90 min de radiação foi suficiente para degradar soluções contendo 10 µmol N L-1. O reator comercial se mostrou mais eficiente na degradação dos compostos testados (30 min), no entanto, com um tempo de 75 min, o reator artesanal atingiu os mesmos resultados. Com o uso de 0,2 g L-1 TiO2 e 120 min de radiação UV, também foi possível obter resultados satisfatórios. Porém, esse método possuiu valores de branco elevados, havendo necessidade de filtrar as amostras irradiadas antes da análise, adicionando tempo e custo ao procedimento analítico. O método desenvolvido utilizando foto-Fenton foi aplicado para a determinação de N-org em amostras de água de chuva coletadas na cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP) de 2013 a 2017. A concentração de N-org variou de 3,5 a 195 µmol N L-1 com concentração média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) de 17,7 ± 1,0 µmol N L-1 (n=236). Essa média foi maior que aquelas obtidas em água de chuva de várias partes do mundo, podendo ser atribuída a elevada queima de biomassa na região de estudo. As concentrações de aminoácidos livres dissolvidos (AA) representaram em média 15 ± 12% (n=144) em relação à fração orgânica de nitrogênio na chuva, enquanto as concentrações de ureia foram próximas ou inferiores ao limite de quantificação do método (0,5 µmol N L-1). Considerando toda série temporal iniciada no mesmo sítio amostral desde 2005, as concentrações MPV calculadas para os íons NH4+ foi de 22,2 ± 1,1 µmol L-1 (n=460), NO3- de 13,3 ± 0,6 µmol L-1 (n=466), sendo que a concentração de NO2- foi irrelevante. Foram obtidas concentrações significativamente mais elevadas (teste-t, P=0,05) de NH4+, NO3-, N-org e AA no período de safra da cana (seco) com relação à entressafra (chuvoso), para todos os anos avaliados. Apesar da colheita manual da cana ter sido drasticamente reduzida, o fato de manter a mesma tendência sazonal desde 2005, demonstra que a prática da queima de biomassa ainda é intensa na região. O uso de fogo para manejo na área rural ainda é comum, além de haver grandes áreas queimadas de forma acidental. A deposição úmida de nitrogênio (N-org + NH4+ + NO3-) para Ribeirão Preto foi de 10,5 kg (N) ha-1 ano-1, sendo que a fração orgânica representou 33% dessa deposição, demonstrando a importância de se determinar N-org para melhor estimar os fluxos atmosféricos de deposição. A massa estimada de nitrogênio depositada pela chuva é cerca de 16% do nitrogênio aplicado por meio de fertilizantes em culturas de cana. Somando as deposições de nitrogênio pelo material particulado, pela fase gasosa, e úmida, esta última representa 71% do fluxo atmosférico de nitrogênio. Nesse contexto, a fração orgânica corresponde a 24% da deposição total, sendo que este valor ainda pode estar sendo subestimado, pois as concentrações de N-org no material particulado não foram determinadas. A simplicidade e exatidão do método aqui proposto pode facilitar a aquisição de dados de N-org na chuva de outras partes do mundo, melhorando assim o conhecimento sobre o ciclo biogeoquímico global do nitrogênio. / Nitrogen species have been intensively added to the environment since the development of Haber-Bosch process for N2 transformation to NH3, significantly altering the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. Once in the atmosphere, reactive nitrogen is deposited back to the Earth\'s surface by wet and dry deposition processes. The importance of taking into account the organic forms of nitrogen to estimate atmospheric nitrogen deposition by rain is already known. However, few studies evaluated this fraction due to the difficulties and uncertainties imposed by the available analytical methods. This work presents the development of a new, simple and low-cost method for the determination of organic nitrogen (N-org) in rainwater using photo-Fenton process and a homemade photo-reactor. By adding Fenton solution (50 mol L-1 Fe2+ and 2 mmol L-1 H2O2) and keeping the reaction under UV radiation for 90 min (85 °C), it was possible to obtain an average of 106 ± 8% nitrogen recovery for solutions containing 50 mol N L-1 of the model molecules: urea, serine, glycine and histidine. In the case of arginine, 90 min of radiation was sufficient to degrade solutions containing 10 mol N L-1. A commercial reactor showed to be more efficient in degradation of the tested compounds (30 min). However, with a time of 75 min, the homemade reactor achieved the same results. With 0.2 g L-1 TiO2 and 120 min of UV radiation, it was also possible to obtain satisfactory results. Nevertheless, this method had high blank values, and filtration of irradiated samples before the analysis was necessary, which increased time and cost to the analytical procedure. The developed method using photo-Fenton was applied to determine N-org in rainwater samples collected in Ribeirão Preto city (SP) from 2013 to 2017. N-org concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 195 mol N L-1 with a volume-weighted mean concentration (VWM) of 17.7 ± 1.0 mol N L-1 (n = 236). This value was higher than those reported for rainwater from different parts of the world, and this fact can be attributed to the high biomass burning in the study region. Dissolved free amino acids (AA) mean concentrations represented 15 ± 12% (n = 144) of the organic nitrogen fraction in rain, while urea concentrations were close to or below the limit of quantification of the method (0.5 mol N L-1). Considering all temporal series, initiated in 2005 at the same sampling site, the VWM concentration calculated for NH4+ ions was 22.2 ± 1.1 mol L-1 (n = 460) and for NO3- was 13.3 ± 0.6 mol L-1 (n = 466), while NO2- mean concentration was irrelevant. Significantly higher concentrations (t-test, P = 0.05) of NH4+, NO3-, N-org and AA were obtained during the harvest period (dry season) in relation to the non-harvest one (rainy season), for all evaluated years. Although manual harvesting was drastically reduced, the fact that the same seasonal trend has been maintained since 2005 demonstrates that the practice of biomass burning is still intense in the region. In rural area, using fire for land management is still common, in addition to large areas burned by unintentional fires. Nitrogen deposition (N-org + NH4+ + NO3-) in Ribeirão Preto was 10.5 kg (N) ha-1 year-1, and the organic fraction represented 33% of this deposition, demonstrating the importance of determining N-org to better estimate the atmospheric deposition fluxes. The estimated mass of nitrogen deposited by rain represents approximately 16% of the nitrogen introduced by fertilizers in sugarcane crops. Summing up the nitrogen deposition by particulate matter, by gas phase, and by rain, the latter represents 71% of the atmospheric nitrogen flux. In this context, the organic fraction corresponds to 24% of the total deposition, and this value may still be underestimated, since N-org concentrations in particulate matter were not determined. The simplicity and accuracy of the method proposed here may facilitate acquisition of N-org data in rainwater from other parts of the world, thus improving the knowledge on the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen.
23

De la complexité fonctionnelle et écophysiologique des ressources lumières, azote et eau dans le réseau précoce d'interactions entre le jeune chêne (Quercus petraea) et deux Poacées (D. cespitosa et M. caerulea) : conséquences pour la régénération des chênaies tempérées / Functional and ecophysiological complexity of light, nitrogen and water resources in early interactions between oak seedlings (Quercus petraea) and two Poacea (D.cespitosa and M. caerulea) : consequences on oak temperate forest regeneration

Vernay, Antoine 04 December 2017 (has links)
La régénération forestière, naturelle ou non, est sujette à de nombreux échecs du fait d’une compétition importante entre les espèces de sous-bois et les jeunes plants d’arbre. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de comprendre les réponses du chêne sessile (Quercus petraea) et d’une poacée, tous deux en compétition dans un contexte de modification de la disponibilité des ressources. Deux espèces de poacées ont été étudiées, la molinie bleue (Molinia caerulea) et la canche cespiteuse (Deschampsia cespitosa). L’accent a été mis sur le rôle des interactions entre différentes ressources (lumière, eau et azote inorganique) sur l’évolution de la compétition (intensité/importance) entre ces espèces et les mécanismes écophysiologiques sous-jacents. Grâce à des expérimentations en conditions semi-contrôlées et à une installation in situ, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une compétition très précoce, dès les premiers mois d’interaction entre le chêne et les poacées voisines. L’abondance de lumière conduit à une compétition plus forte des poacées sur le chêne, amplifiée par l’apport d’azote. Par ailleurs, la nature et l’ampleur de ces interactions varient selon le niveau de stress abiotique appliqué et selon les organes considérés. Nos résultats montrent aussi que le chêne réagit principalement en accumulant les ressources dans son système racinaire, ressources qui sont mobilisées l’année suivante et qui peuvent avoir un arrière effet positif sur le fonctionnement du chêne en absence de stress hydrique. Enfin de la facilitation a également été observée du chêne envers la canche cespiteuse suite à un apport d’azote. Ce dernier améliore la croissance du chêne en compétition, qui pourrait augmenter sa production d’exsudats et son turn-over racinaire au bénéfice de la canche qui valoriserait cette nouvelle source d’azote. Ce travail renforce l’idée d’intégrer l’effet des interactions des différents facteurs abiotiques dans les modèles de compétitions et dans les pratiques de régénération afin d’optimiser la coexistence des espèces forestières, et ce dès la mise en concurrence des jeunes arbres avec les poacées du sous-bois. / Temperate forest ecosystems are prone to regeneration failures because of strong competition between understorey species and tree seedlings. This thesis aimed to improve our understanding of sessile oak seedlings (Quercus petraea) and poacea responses, both in competition among different levels of resource availabilities. Two poacea species were studied, Molinia caerulea and Deschampisa cespitosa. We focused on the role of the different resource combinations (light, water and inorganic nitrogen) on interaction variation (intensity and importance) between those species and underlying ecophysiological mechanisms. Our greenhouse and field experiments allowed us to infer a very early competition, from the first months of interaction between oak seedlings and poacea neighbours. High light level leads to stronger competition from poacea on oak seedlings, increased by nitrogen supply. Secondly nature and extent of these interactions depend on applied abiotic stress level and on considered organs. Thirdly Oak seedlings mainly respond by accumulating resources in coarse roots. These resources are remobilized next year and may have a positive carry-over effect on oak functioning if there is no water stress. Eventually we observed facilitation as well, from oak on D. cespitosa in fertilized environment. Nitrogen supply would foster oak seedling growth, increasing exudate production and root turn-over, to the benefit of D . cespitosa. The poacea would take up this extra nitrogen source for its own development. This study support the idea of including interaction effects of different abiotic factors in competition models. Silvicultural practices would also be enhanced by optimizing species coexistence in temperate forests as soon as tree seedlings and understorey species start to grow together.
24

Espécies nitrogenadas em água de chuva de Ribeirão Preto (SP) / Nitrogen species in rainwater of Ribeirão Preto (SP)

Cristina Penna Crispim 28 June 2018 (has links)
Espécies nitrogenadas vem sendo adicionadas ao meio ambiente de forma intensa desde o desenvolvimento do processo Haber-Bosch para transformação de N2 em NH3, alterando significativamente o ciclo biogeoquímico do nitrogênio no ambiente. Uma vez na atmosfera, o nitrogênio reativo é depositado de volta à superfície da Terra por processos de deposição úmida e seca. A importância de levar em conta as formas orgânicas de nitrogênio para estimar a deposição de nitrogênio atmosférico pela chuva (úmida) já é conhecida, no entanto, ainda há poucos trabalhos que avaliam essa fração devido às dificuldades e incertezas impostas pelos métodos analíticos disponíveis. Este trabalho traz o desenvolvimento de um novo método, simples e de baixo custo, para a determinação de nitrogênio orgânico (N-org) em água de chuva utilizando o processo foto-Fenton e um foto-reator construído de forma artesanal. Por meio da adição de solução de Fenton (50 µmol L-1 Fe2+ e 2 mmol L-1 H2O2) e 90 min de radiação UV (85 °C) foi possível obter em média 106 ± 8% de recuperação de nitrogênio para soluções contendo 50 µmol N L-1 das moléculas modelos: ureia, serina, glicina e histidina. No caso da arginina, 90 min de radiação foi suficiente para degradar soluções contendo 10 µmol N L-1. O reator comercial se mostrou mais eficiente na degradação dos compostos testados (30 min), no entanto, com um tempo de 75 min, o reator artesanal atingiu os mesmos resultados. Com o uso de 0,2 g L-1 TiO2 e 120 min de radiação UV, também foi possível obter resultados satisfatórios. Porém, esse método possuiu valores de branco elevados, havendo necessidade de filtrar as amostras irradiadas antes da análise, adicionando tempo e custo ao procedimento analítico. O método desenvolvido utilizando foto-Fenton foi aplicado para a determinação de N-org em amostras de água de chuva coletadas na cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP) de 2013 a 2017. A concentração de N-org variou de 3,5 a 195 µmol N L-1 com concentração média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) de 17,7 ± 1,0 µmol N L-1 (n=236). Essa média foi maior que aquelas obtidas em água de chuva de várias partes do mundo, podendo ser atribuída a elevada queima de biomassa na região de estudo. As concentrações de aminoácidos livres dissolvidos (AA) representaram em média 15 ± 12% (n=144) em relação à fração orgânica de nitrogênio na chuva, enquanto as concentrações de ureia foram próximas ou inferiores ao limite de quantificação do método (0,5 µmol N L-1). Considerando toda série temporal iniciada no mesmo sítio amostral desde 2005, as concentrações MPV calculadas para os íons NH4+ foi de 22,2 ± 1,1 µmol L-1 (n=460), NO3- de 13,3 ± 0,6 µmol L-1 (n=466), sendo que a concentração de NO2- foi irrelevante. Foram obtidas concentrações significativamente mais elevadas (teste-t, P=0,05) de NH4+, NO3-, N-org e AA no período de safra da cana (seco) com relação à entressafra (chuvoso), para todos os anos avaliados. Apesar da colheita manual da cana ter sido drasticamente reduzida, o fato de manter a mesma tendência sazonal desde 2005, demonstra que a prática da queima de biomassa ainda é intensa na região. O uso de fogo para manejo na área rural ainda é comum, além de haver grandes áreas queimadas de forma acidental. A deposição úmida de nitrogênio (N-org + NH4+ + NO3-) para Ribeirão Preto foi de 10,5 kg (N) ha-1 ano-1, sendo que a fração orgânica representou 33% dessa deposição, demonstrando a importância de se determinar N-org para melhor estimar os fluxos atmosféricos de deposição. A massa estimada de nitrogênio depositada pela chuva é cerca de 16% do nitrogênio aplicado por meio de fertilizantes em culturas de cana. Somando as deposições de nitrogênio pelo material particulado, pela fase gasosa, e úmida, esta última representa 71% do fluxo atmosférico de nitrogênio. Nesse contexto, a fração orgânica corresponde a 24% da deposição total, sendo que este valor ainda pode estar sendo subestimado, pois as concentrações de N-org no material particulado não foram determinadas. A simplicidade e exatidão do método aqui proposto pode facilitar a aquisição de dados de N-org na chuva de outras partes do mundo, melhorando assim o conhecimento sobre o ciclo biogeoquímico global do nitrogênio. / Nitrogen species have been intensively added to the environment since the development of Haber-Bosch process for N2 transformation to NH3, significantly altering the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. Once in the atmosphere, reactive nitrogen is deposited back to the Earth\'s surface by wet and dry deposition processes. The importance of taking into account the organic forms of nitrogen to estimate atmospheric nitrogen deposition by rain is already known. However, few studies evaluated this fraction due to the difficulties and uncertainties imposed by the available analytical methods. This work presents the development of a new, simple and low-cost method for the determination of organic nitrogen (N-org) in rainwater using photo-Fenton process and a homemade photo-reactor. By adding Fenton solution (50 mol L-1 Fe2+ and 2 mmol L-1 H2O2) and keeping the reaction under UV radiation for 90 min (85 °C), it was possible to obtain an average of 106 ± 8% nitrogen recovery for solutions containing 50 mol N L-1 of the model molecules: urea, serine, glycine and histidine. In the case of arginine, 90 min of radiation was sufficient to degrade solutions containing 10 mol N L-1. A commercial reactor showed to be more efficient in degradation of the tested compounds (30 min). However, with a time of 75 min, the homemade reactor achieved the same results. With 0.2 g L-1 TiO2 and 120 min of UV radiation, it was also possible to obtain satisfactory results. Nevertheless, this method had high blank values, and filtration of irradiated samples before the analysis was necessary, which increased time and cost to the analytical procedure. The developed method using photo-Fenton was applied to determine N-org in rainwater samples collected in Ribeirão Preto city (SP) from 2013 to 2017. N-org concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 195 mol N L-1 with a volume-weighted mean concentration (VWM) of 17.7 ± 1.0 mol N L-1 (n = 236). This value was higher than those reported for rainwater from different parts of the world, and this fact can be attributed to the high biomass burning in the study region. Dissolved free amino acids (AA) mean concentrations represented 15 ± 12% (n = 144) of the organic nitrogen fraction in rain, while urea concentrations were close to or below the limit of quantification of the method (0.5 mol N L-1). Considering all temporal series, initiated in 2005 at the same sampling site, the VWM concentration calculated for NH4+ ions was 22.2 ± 1.1 mol L-1 (n = 460) and for NO3- was 13.3 ± 0.6 mol L-1 (n = 466), while NO2- mean concentration was irrelevant. Significantly higher concentrations (t-test, P = 0.05) of NH4+, NO3-, N-org and AA were obtained during the harvest period (dry season) in relation to the non-harvest one (rainy season), for all evaluated years. Although manual harvesting was drastically reduced, the fact that the same seasonal trend has been maintained since 2005 demonstrates that the practice of biomass burning is still intense in the region. In rural area, using fire for land management is still common, in addition to large areas burned by unintentional fires. Nitrogen deposition (N-org + NH4+ + NO3-) in Ribeirão Preto was 10.5 kg (N) ha-1 year-1, and the organic fraction represented 33% of this deposition, demonstrating the importance of determining N-org to better estimate the atmospheric deposition fluxes. The estimated mass of nitrogen deposited by rain represents approximately 16% of the nitrogen introduced by fertilizers in sugarcane crops. Summing up the nitrogen deposition by particulate matter, by gas phase, and by rain, the latter represents 71% of the atmospheric nitrogen flux. In this context, the organic fraction corresponds to 24% of the total deposition, and this value may still be underestimated, since N-org concentrations in particulate matter were not determined. The simplicity and accuracy of the method proposed here may facilitate acquisition of N-org data in rainwater from other parts of the world, thus improving the knowledge on the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen.
25

Deposições atmosféricas de nitrogênio em áreas costeiras e montanhosas cobertas por floresta atlântica no Sudeste do Brasil

Souza, Patrícia Alexandre de 23 May 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-23T15:29:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA A DE SOUZA_TESE DOUTORADO__GEOQUÍMICA UFF.pdf: 3232130 bytes, checksum: 1d90cf082dcb5a35552bfb02f10beaf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T15:29:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA A DE SOUZA_TESE DOUTORADO__GEOQUÍMICA UFF.pdf: 3232130 bytes, checksum: 1d90cf082dcb5a35552bfb02f10beaf7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / As regiões tropicais estão sofrendo mudanças na quantidade e na forma de N depositado como um resultado da poluição urbana. As origens e os sorvedouros desses poluentes têm sido pouco estudados. Neste trabalho foram examinadas as entradas atmosféricas de N em regiões costeiras urbanas e em áreas montanhosas de Floresta Atlântica (400 m e 1000 m acima do mar) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de agosto de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Concentrações de nitrogênio total dissolvido (NTD), nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido (NID= NH4++ NO3-+ O2-) e ureia foram medidos na precipitação total em todos os locais de amostragem, bem como na transprecipitação - água que atravessa o dossel da floresta - em locais de uma floresta submontana. Nitrogênio total dissolvido foi analisado pelo método de oxidação por perssulfato de potássio. Amônio (NH4+) e nitrito (NO2-) foram determinados pelos métodos espectrofotométricos de Azul de Indofenol e diazotação, respectivamente. Nitrato (NO3-) foi analisado pelo método espectrofotométrico após o método de redução de cádmio em amostras de transprecipitação. Em amostras de precipitação total, NO3- foi analisado por método cromatógrafo. Ureia foi determinada pelo método spectrofotométrico de diacetilmonoxima. Nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido (NOD) foi calculado como a diferença entre NTD e NID. As concentrações anuais médias ponderadas pelo volume de todas as espécies foram maiores nas áreas costeiras urbanas que no nos locais de floresta, com NOD compreendendo respectivamente, 32 a 56% e 26 a 32% das concentrações de NTD na precipitação total. A deposição total de NTD variou 12,1 a 17,2 kg N ha-1 ano - 1 e tenderam a decrescer com o aumento da distância da região costeira urbana. O fluxo de NTD na transprecipitação na floresta submontana, 34,4 kg N ha-1 ano-1, foi duas vezes maior que a deposição de NTD na precipitação total, com NOD compreendendo 61% do total de N depositado no solo da floresta. A magnitude e a qualidade do NOD foram ainda mudadas durante a passagem através do dossel da floresta; ureia compreendeu 27% do NOD na transprecipitação comparado com o total de 100% na precipitação total. Apesar das diferenças sazonais da entrada da água precipitada, nenhuma diferença sazonal significativa foi encontrada na deposição de N na precipitação total e na transprecipitação entre os períodos seco e de chuvas. Este estudo mostra que NOD é um importante, e ainda pouco estudado, componente da deposição de NTD, compreendendo um terço a mais que a metade do N depositado na chuva e na transprecipitação. Além disso, o aumento da p oluição de N em áreas de expansão urbana nos trópicos poderá impactar a ciclagem de nutrientes nos ecossistemas adjacentes. Neste local de floresta Atlântica submontana o fluxo de N na transprecipitação foi 3 - 7 vezes maior que a carga critica empírica para florestas tropical e subtropical húmidas. / Tropical regions are currently experiencing changes in the qua ntity and form of N deposition as a result of urban and industrial pollution. The sources and sinks for these pollutants have, to date, been little s tudied. In this work were examined atmospheric N inputs to coastal urban region and montane (400 m and 10 00 m) Atlantic Forest sites in Rio de Janeiro state, from August 2008 to August 2009. Concentrations of t otal dissolved nitrogen ( NTD ), dissolved inorganic nitrogen ( NID = NH 4 + + NO 3 - + NO 2 - ) and urea were measured in bulk precipitation at all sampling si tes, as well as canopy throughfall - rainwater that has passed through the forest canopy - in the lower montane forest plot. Total dissolved nitrogen was analized by oxidation with potassium persulphate. Ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrite (NO 2 - ) were determined b y Indophenol Blue and by diazotization spectrophotometric methods , respectively . Nitrate (NO 3 - ) was analyzed by cadmium reduction follow ed by spectrophotometric method after cadmium reduction column method for throughfall samples. In bulk deposition sample s, NO 3 - was analized by chromatographer method . Urea was determined spectrophotometrically by diacetilmonoxime method. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was calculated as the difference between TDN and DIN. Annual volume - weighted mean bulk concentrations of all species were higher at the coastal urban than montane forest s sites, with DON accounting for 32 to 56% and 26 to 32%, respectively, of the TDN concentration in precipitation. Bulk deposition of TDN ranged 12.1 to 17.2 kg N ha - 1 yr - 1 and tended to dec rease with increasing distance from the coastal urban region. In the lower montane forest, t hroughfall TDN flux, 34.3 kg N ha - 1 yr - 1 , was over 2 - fold higher than bulk TDN deposition, and DON comprised 61% of the total N deposited to forest soil. The qual ity of DON also changed upon passage through the forest canopy; urea comprised 27% of DON in throughfall compared to up to 100% in bulk precipitation. Despite marked seasonal differences in water input, significant differences in bulk or throughfall N dep osition between wet and dry seasons were not detected. Our findings show that DON is an important, yet understudied, component of TDN deposition, comprising one - third to greater than one - half of the N deposited in rainfall and throughfall. Further, incre asing N pollution in expanding urban areas in the tropics could impact N cycling in adjacent ecosystems. In this lower montane Atlantic Forest site, the total throughfall N flux was 3 - 7 fold higher than the empirical critical load for tropical and subtrop ical humid forests
26

INVESTIGATION OF CORN YIELD IMPROVEMENT FOLLOWING CEREAL RYE USING STARTER NITROGEN FERTILIZER

Houston L Miller (7830965) 20 November 2019 (has links)
Cereal rye (CR), the most common and effective nitrogen (N) scavenging cover crop option in the Midwest, is often utilized in cropping systems to reduce nitrate loss for environmental benefits. To increase environmental efficiency in Midwest corn cropping systems, we must increase the overall adoption of CR. However, due to the yield reduction potential (6%) for corn planted after CR termination, CR is primarily recommended before soybean. To increase CR adoption, we must develop adaptive fertilizer management practices that achieve competitive grain yields relative to cropping systems where CR is not adopted. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine (1) the effect of CR and starter nitrogen rate on corn growth and nitrogen content. (2) the optimum starter nitrogen rate to achieve agronomic optimum corn yield following CR. (3) the impact of phosphorus (P) at starter on plant growth, nitrogen content, and yield with the inclusion of CR. For our study, five starter N rates were applied in a 5x5 cm band to both CR and non-CR plots, concentrations ranged from 0-84 kg N ha<sup>-1 </sup>in 28 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> intervals. Total N applied was the same for each treatment, relative to its location, and was split between starter N at planting and sidedress applied at growth stage V6 relatively. Although CR termination took place at least two weeks before planting, CR decreased corn grain yield at one of three locations by an average of 8%, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 27%, and R6 total N content by 23%, relative to the conventional control (non-CR 0N), when no starter N was applied. At one of three locations, starter N rates of 56 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, 56 kg N ha<sup>-1 </sup>plus 17 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup>, and 84 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> increased corn grain yield, in CR plots, and 56 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> plus 17 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup> increased corn grain yield in non-CR plots. Phosphorus increased corn grain N content at growth stage R6 in one of three locations and did not impact corn grain yield at all locations. We conclude that the inclusion of starter N at planting has the potential to increase agronomic productivity in CR corn cropping systems in soil environments with a high capacity to mineralize soil N. However, further research is required to refine our starter N results to find an optimum starter N rate to apply before planting corn following CR.

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