<p>This thesis covers an introduction to the present conditions for newspaper publishing, definitions and analyses of the processes of newspaper production and distribution, expected future developments with respect to products and production processes, and finally, conclusions regarding the need for global coordination of products, production and distribution.</p><p>Primarily, the conditions in the Nordic countries have been analysed. Particular attention has been drawn to Swedish morning newspapers with a circulation exceeding about 50 000 copies per publishing day.</p><p>The study has been carried out mainly through literature research, through case studies using the SDA-method, and through acquisition and analyses of production data from the case studies. In addition, interviews and questionnaires have been used.</p><p>A modern newspaper printing plant requires heavy investments. The number of newspaper printing plants is decreasing, but he number of newspaper titles printed in each plant increases. The flexibility in and utilisation of the remaining plants increases as well as the complexity and variety of the products handled.</p><p>In all case studies of newspaper production, the companies use fixed production and distribution plans, following the same timetable from day to day. Delayed press starts, deviations from the calculated production speed, and interruptions during the production immediately cause disturbances in the distribution, delay costs, and goodwill losses.</p><p>The time needed to produce a fixed number of copies varies within a wide range. Days of more complex production in the production plants meet with problems more often. The average net production speed is progressively reduced at higher page counts. Inserting operations result in an accelerated reduction. The difference is mainly caused by product related differences in cruising speed and by the occurrence of unplanned stops. The coordination of products, production and distribution is essential already today, and will be even more important in the future.</p><p>More flexible production and distribution plans would imply controlled and predictable risks. In addition, it will render increased utilisation of the resources available. A product model can be used in order to identify an associated production process model as a set of separate activities. Detailed modelling of the different activities demands detailed tracking and systematic use of the production history. A detailed activity modelling will make it possible to predict the capability of a certain activity in terms of production speed and reliability. This will facilitate coordination on a global level.</p>

A biossíntese do 21o. aminoácido, Selenocisteína (Sec - U), envolve uma complexa maquinaria enzimática composta, em eubactérias, pela Selenocisteína Sintase (SELA), Fator de Elongação de Selenocisteína (SELB), Selenofosfato Sintetase (SELD) e tRNA de Inserção Selenocisteína (tRNAsec). Em arqueobactérias e eucariotos existem ainda O fosforil tRNAsec Kinase (PSTK), SepSecS como SELA, EFSec como SELB, SPS1 e 2 como SELD e Proteína Ligante ao SECIS 2 (SBP2). O resíduo Selenocisteína é incorporado à proteína nascente no códon semelhante ao UGA de terminação identificado como local para incorporação de Sec, pela presença da Sequência de Inserção de Selenocisteína (SECIS), juntamente ao códon UGA na região codificante em bactérias e na região 3\'não codificante em arqueobactérias e eucariotos. SELA desempenha um papel central nessa via de biossíntese pela modificação do resíduo de Serina carregado ao tRNAsec pela enzima Seril-tRNA Sintetase (SerRS) convertendo-o em Selenocisteína. Essa enzima forma um complexo homodecamérico que reconhece e liga-se especificamente a SeriltRNAsec. A interação específica entre SELA e o tRNA permanece ainda não determinada. Nosso objetivo é a investigação estrutural por Espalhamento de Raios-X a Baixos Ângulos (SAXS) e cristalização da SELA e SELA-tRNAsec de Escherichia coli. Dados de SAXS determinaram parâmetros dimensionais como dimensão máxima, massa molecular e raio de giro. O modelo ab-inition foi calculado assumindo a simetria P52 de projeções de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM). Os cristais obtidos do complexo SELA-tRNA mostraram o grupo espacial e dimensões da cela, apesar da baixa resolução dos dados. Para melhorar os estudos estruturais um modelo para proteína SELA de Escherichia coli foi construído usando o alinhamento da sequência de aminoácidos e o PDB, da proteína SELA putativa, de Methanococcus jannaschii, que apesar da baixa identidade resultou em um modelo muito bom. Adicionalmente, uma Análise de Acoplamento Estatístico (SCA) foi realizada baseada em alinhamentos múltiplos da proteína SELA, ordenando os aminoácidos mais conservados e a relação existente entre eles. / The biosynthesis of the 21th amino acid, Selenocysteine (Sec - U), requires complex enzymatic machinery composed in eubacteria of: Selenocysteine Synthase (SELA), Selenocysteine Specific Elongation Factor (SELB), Selenophosphate Synthetase (SELD) and a specific Selenocysteine Inserting tRNA (tRNAsec). In archaeabacteria and eukaryotes there are O phosphoryl tRNAsec Kinase (PSTK), SepSecS as SELA, EFSec as SELB, SPS1 and 2 as SELD and SECIS Binding Protein 2 (SBP2). The Selenocysteine residue is incorporated into a nascent protein at a UGA like stop codon signaling as a Sec incorporation site by the presence of a Selenocysteine Insertion Sequence (SECIS), embedding the UGA codon in the coding region in bacteria and in a 3\' UTR in archaea and eukarya. SELA plays a central role in this pathway by modifying the Serine residue charged into the tRNAsec by Seryl-tRNA Synthetase (SerRS) and converting it into Selenocysteine. This enzyme forms a homodecameric complex that specifically recognizes and binds to Seryl-tRNAsec. The specific interaction of SELA and its tRNA remains unclear. Our aim is the structural investigation by Small Angle X ray Scattering (SAXS) and crystallization of Escherichia coli SELA and SELA-tRNAsec. SAXS datas determined dimensional parameters as maximum dimension, molecular mass and radius of gyration. Abinition model calculation was made assuming a P52 symmetry from Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) projections Crystals of SELA-tRNA complex shown the space-group and cell dimensions, although its low resolution. To improve the structural studies a SELA model of E. coli was built using the amino acid sequences alignment and the PDB from Methanococcus jannaschii, SELA putative protein, which although the lower identities result in a very good model. In addition, a Statistical Coupling Analysis (SCA) was performed based on a multiple sequence alignment of SELA, ordering the most preserved amino acid and the relation between them.

This thesis covers an introduction to the present conditions for newspaper publishing, definitions and analyses of the processes of newspaper production and distribution, expected future developments with respect to products and production processes, and finally, conclusions regarding the need for global coordination of products, production and distribution. Primarily, the conditions in the Nordic countries have been analysed. Particular attention has been drawn to Swedish morning newspapers with a circulation exceeding about 50 000 copies per publishing day. The study has been carried out mainly through literature research, through case studies using the SDA-method, and through acquisition and analyses of production data from the case studies. In addition, interviews and questionnaires have been used. A modern newspaper printing plant requires heavy investments. The number of newspaper printing plants is decreasing, but he number of newspaper titles printed in each plant increases. The flexibility in and utilisation of the remaining plants increases as well as the complexity and variety of the products handled. In all case studies of newspaper production, the companies use fixed production and distribution plans, following the same timetable from day to day. Delayed press starts, deviations from the calculated production speed, and interruptions during the production immediately cause disturbances in the distribution, delay costs, and goodwill losses. The time needed to produce a fixed number of copies varies within a wide range. Days of more complex production in the production plants meet with problems more often. The average net production speed is progressively reduced at higher page counts. Inserting operations result in an accelerated reduction. The difference is mainly caused by product related differences in cruising speed and by the occurrence of unplanned stops. The coordination of products, production and distribution is essential already today, and will be even more important in the future. More flexible production and distribution plans would imply controlled and predictable risks. In addition, it will render increased utilisation of the resources available. A product model can be used in order to identify an associated production process model as a set of separate activities. Detailed modelling of the different activities demands detailed tracking and systematic use of the production history. A detailed activity modelling will make it possible to predict the capability of a certain activity in terms of production speed and reliability. This will facilitate coordination on a global level.

A biossíntese do 21o. aminoácido, Selenocisteína (Sec - U), envolve uma complexa maquinaria enzimática composta, em eubactérias, pela Selenocisteína Sintase (SELA), Fator de Elongação de Selenocisteína (SELB), Selenofosfato Sintetase (SELD) e tRNA de Inserção Selenocisteína (tRNAsec). Em arqueobactérias e eucariotos existem ainda O fosforil tRNAsec Kinase (PSTK), SepSecS como SELA, EFSec como SELB, SPS1 e 2 como SELD e Proteína Ligante ao SECIS 2 (SBP2). O resíduo Selenocisteína é incorporado à proteína nascente no códon semelhante ao UGA de terminação identificado como local para incorporação de Sec, pela presença da Sequência de Inserção de Selenocisteína (SECIS), juntamente ao códon UGA na região codificante em bactérias e na região 3\'não codificante em arqueobactérias e eucariotos. SELA desempenha um papel central nessa via de biossíntese pela modificação do resíduo de Serina carregado ao tRNAsec pela enzima Seril-tRNA Sintetase (SerRS) convertendo-o em Selenocisteína. Essa enzima forma um complexo homodecamérico que reconhece e liga-se especificamente a SeriltRNAsec. A interação específica entre SELA e o tRNA permanece ainda não determinada. Nosso objetivo é a investigação estrutural por Espalhamento de Raios-X a Baixos Ângulos (SAXS) e cristalização da SELA e SELA-tRNAsec de Escherichia coli. Dados de SAXS determinaram parâmetros dimensionais como dimensão máxima, massa molecular e raio de giro. O modelo ab-inition foi calculado assumindo a simetria P52 de projeções de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM). Os cristais obtidos do complexo SELA-tRNA mostraram o grupo espacial e dimensões da cela, apesar da baixa resolução dos dados. Para melhorar os estudos estruturais um modelo para proteína SELA de Escherichia coli foi construído usando o alinhamento da sequência de aminoácidos e o PDB, da proteína SELA putativa, de Methanococcus jannaschii, que apesar da baixa identidade resultou em um modelo muito bom. Adicionalmente, uma Análise de Acoplamento Estatístico (SCA) foi realizada baseada em alinhamentos múltiplos da proteína SELA, ordenando os aminoácidos mais conservados e a relação existente entre eles. / The biosynthesis of the 21th amino acid, Selenocysteine (Sec - U), requires complex enzymatic machinery composed in eubacteria of: Selenocysteine Synthase (SELA), Selenocysteine Specific Elongation Factor (SELB), Selenophosphate Synthetase (SELD) and a specific Selenocysteine Inserting tRNA (tRNAsec). In archaeabacteria and eukaryotes there are O phosphoryl tRNAsec Kinase (PSTK), SepSecS as SELA, EFSec as SELB, SPS1 and 2 as SELD and SECIS Binding Protein 2 (SBP2). The Selenocysteine residue is incorporated into a nascent protein at a UGA like stop codon signaling as a Sec incorporation site by the presence of a Selenocysteine Insertion Sequence (SECIS), embedding the UGA codon in the coding region in bacteria and in a 3\' UTR in archaea and eukarya. SELA plays a central role in this pathway by modifying the Serine residue charged into the tRNAsec by Seryl-tRNA Synthetase (SerRS) and converting it into Selenocysteine. This enzyme forms a homodecameric complex that specifically recognizes and binds to Seryl-tRNAsec. The specific interaction of SELA and its tRNA remains unclear. Our aim is the structural investigation by Small Angle X ray Scattering (SAXS) and crystallization of Escherichia coli SELA and SELA-tRNAsec. SAXS datas determined dimensional parameters as maximum dimension, molecular mass and radius of gyration. Abinition model calculation was made assuming a P52 symmetry from Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) projections Crystals of SELA-tRNA complex shown the space-group and cell dimensions, although its low resolution. To improve the structural studies a SELA model of E. coli was built using the amino acid sequences alignment and the PDB from Methanococcus jannaschii, SELA putative protein, which although the lower identities result in a very good model. In addition, a Statistical Coupling Analysis (SCA) was performed based on a multiple sequence alignment of SELA, ordering the most preserved amino acid and the relation between them.

Novelty of the research: 1. Using pure and cross breeding methods competitive genotype of Lithuanian White pig was formed. 2. Method of mixed linear model multivariate analysis was used and heritability of pig productive traits was evaluated in one farm conditions. 3. Genetic evaluation of Lithuanian White breed structure – boars’ lines and sows’ families- was performed as well as their productive traits correlations were determined for the first time in country. 4. For the first time in Lithuanian pig husbandry computerized method for determination of „muscle eye“ area was used. Practical meaning of the work: Using advantages of pure breeding and applying Large White breed „blood infusion“ was created consolidated meat genotype of Lithuanian White pig with high heritability of muscularity, which is used for genetic improvement in other Lithuanian White pig breed farms. At the moment 90 % of best BLUP method evaluated Lithuanian White pig breed boars and sows are kept in UAB „Berka“.

Background Force feedback is a critical element for performing and learning surgical suturing skill. Force feedback is impoverished or not present at all in non-open surgery (i.e., in simulation, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted surgery), but it can be augmented using different modalities. This rapid, systematic review examines how the modality of delivering force feedback influences the performance and learning of surgical suturing skills. Methods An electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase databases to identify relevant articles. The results were synthesized using vote counting based on direction of effect. Results A total of nine studies of medium-to-low quality were included. The synthesis of results suggests that the visual modality could be more beneficial than the tactile and auditory modalities in improving force control and that auditory and tactile modalities could be more beneficial than the visual modality in improving suturing performance. Results are mixed and unclear with regards to how modality affects the reduction of force magnitude and unclear when unimodal was compared to multimodal feedback. The studies have a general low level of evidence. Conclusion The low number of studies with low methodological quality and low level of evidence (most were proof of concept) prevents us from drawing any meaningful conclusion and as such it is currently unknown whether and how force feedback modality influences surgical suturing skill. Speculatively, the visual modality may be more beneficial for improving the control of exerted force, while auditory and tactile modalities may be more effective in improving the overall suturing performance. We consider the issue of feedback modality to be highly relevant in this field, and we encourage future research to conduct further investigation integrating principles from learning psychology and neuroscience: identify feedback goal, context, and skill level and then design and compare feedback modalities accordingly.

Máquinas insersoras de componentes são utilizadas na indústria eletrônica moderna para a montagem automática de placas de circuito impresso. Com a competição acirrada, há necessidade de se buscar todas as oportunidades para diminuir custos e aumentar a produtividade na exploração desses equipamentos. Neste trabalho, foi proposto um procedimento de otimização do processo de inserção da máquina insersora AVK da Panasonic, implementado em um sistema baseado na técnica de times assíncronos (A-Teams). Foram realizados testes com exemplos de placas de circuito impresso empregadas por uma indústria do ramo e problemas sintéticos para avaliar o desempenho do sistema. / Component inserting machines are employed in the modern electronics industry for the automatic assembly of printed circuit boards. Due the fierce competition, there is a need to search for all opportunities to reduce costs and increase the productivity in the exploitation of these equipment. In this work we propose an optimization procedure for the insertion process of the AVK Panasonic inserting machine, implemented in a system based on asynchronous teams (A-Teams). Tests were conducted using as examples both printed circuit boards used by a particular industry of the realm and synthetic problems for the evaluation of the system.

Máquinas insersoras de componentes são utilizadas na indústria eletrônica moderna para a montagem automática de placas de circuito impresso. Com a competição acirrada, há necessidade de se buscar todas as oportunidades para diminuir custos e aumentar a produtividade na exploração desses equipamentos. Neste trabalho, foi proposto um procedimento de otimização do processo de inserção da máquina insersora AVK da Panasonic, implementado em um sistema baseado na técnica de times assíncronos (A-Teams). Foram realizados testes com exemplos de placas de circuito impresso empregadas por uma indústria do ramo e problemas sintéticos para avaliar o desempenho do sistema. / Component inserting machines are employed in the modern electronics industry for the automatic assembly of printed circuit boards. Due the fierce competition, there is a need to search for all opportunities to reduce costs and increase the productivity in the exploitation of these equipment. In this work we propose an optimization procedure for the insertion process of the AVK Panasonic inserting machine, implemented in a system based on asynchronous teams (A-Teams). Tests were conducted using as examples both printed circuit boards used by a particular industry of the realm and synthetic problems for the evaluation of the system.