While some countries are thriving in political stability and economicprosperity, others are struggling with political instability and poverty. The fundamental difference between the successful and the failed nations boildown to their institutions, as stated by Acemoglu and Robinson in their influential institutional economics work, “Why Nations Fail”. Inclusive institution is the reason why some countries achieved economic success and prosperity because they allow the population to participate and take advantage of the economic activities while extractive institutions hinder it incase of failed nations. The purpose of this study is to explore more closely how extractive institutions persist in an ex-colonised country in spite of institutional drift andthe political disruptions of post-colonial governments avowedly vying to rid the present of the past. Indonesia is chosen as the subject for this historical desk research case study wherein the relevant history surrounding thecolonial period and the subsequent development will be explored andanalysed through the lens of secondary literature. In addition to being based on textual evidence, the institutional economics approach will be used as a theoretical framework to break down the social, economic, and political aspects of the history. Furthermore, the mechanism of how the institutions evolve will be seen through the political development framework. The result will show that patrimonialism is present as an extractive feature in both modern and colonial Indonesia and how it has been sustained after independence. This study also suggests other extractive features as a legacy ofthe Dutch colonialism that is separate from the native tradition and customs which are Javacentrism and racism in the form of social stratification between races as a result of colonial policies.

Mit zunehmender Globalisierung wird es für deutsche Unternehmen als notwendig angesehen, deutsches Bilanzrecht zu Gunsten internationaler Regeln aufzugeben, um Zugang zu den internationalen Kapitalmärkten zu erhalten. Aber ist das deutsche Bilanzrecht tatsächlich schlechter als internationale Bilanzierungsstandards und sollte es demzufolge an diese ange-paßt werden? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wird versucht, die Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts auf Bilanzierungsregeln anzuwenden, wobei § 249 HGB als typisches Beispiel dient. Es wird ein einfaches Unternehmensmodell in einer neo-institutionalistischen Welt eingeführt, dessen Schwerpunkt auf den Finanzierungsbeziehungen der Unternehmung liegt. Es wird unter-schieden zwischen den finanziellen Beziehungen der Anteilseigner, die das Unternehmen gegründet haben, den Beziehungen zwischen gegenwärtigen und potentiellen Anteilseignern und schließlich der Beziehung von Unternehmung und Banken. Während traditionelle Bilanztheorien oder -ansätze nicht einmal geeignet sind, den § 249 HGB in seiner Gesamtheit zu erklären, gelingt es den neueren Ansätze, die Agency Theorie bzw. die Theorie des Marktver-sagens mit Bilanztheorien verbinden, die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in einzelnen finanziellen Beziehungen zu erklären. Jedoch ist keiner dieser Ansätze in der Lage, die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in allen Beziehungen des Modells auf einmal zu erklären. Durch Anwendung der jüngst entwickelten Neuen Institutionenökonomie, die verschiedene Ansätze miteinander verbindet, gelingt es unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ökono-mischen Vertragstheorie alle finanziellen Beziehungen in der Unternehmung und zwischen der Unternehmung und den Finanzmärkten als Verträge zu interpretieren. Dadurch erhalten juristisches Denken und Bilanztheorien einen gemeinsamen Nenner. Verschiedene Ansätze können zu einem umfassenden System verknüpft werden, in welchem die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in den verschie-denen finanziellen Beziehungen positiv analysiert werden können. Die positive Analyse beantwortet jedoch nicht die Frage wie Bilanzierungsregeln ausgestaltet sein sollten. An dieser Stelle kann die Konstitu-tionenökonomie das fehlende Bindeglied darstellen. Sie faßt sämtliche Beziehungen als Ergebnis individueller Verträge zwischen Individuen auf. Alle Regeln können dann normativ analysiert werden, indem gefragt wird, ob sich die Betroffenen für oder gegen die Regel ausgesprochen hätten, wenn sie vorher gefragt worden wären. Hätten sie sich für eine Regel entschieden, dann dient diese Regel ihren Interessen. Ist mehr Wissen verfügbar, kann die Befragung wiederholt werden, und das Ergebnis kann sich zugunsten einer besseren Regel ändern. Es wird als ausreichend angesehen, wenn sich die Betroffenen freiwillig auf abstrakte Regeln einigen, wie die Verfassung. Vergleicht man den Gesellschaftsvertrag, den die Unternehmensgründer schließen, mit der Verfassung, läßt sich zeigen, daß Unterneh-mensgründer unter bestimmten Umständen freiwillig bereit wären, sich auf Regeln wie den § 249 HGB zu einigen. Ob die Einigung zustande kommt, hängt davon ab, wie die Unternehmung finanziert werden soll. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß die Besonderheiten des deutschen Bilanzrechts, die der § 249 HGB repräsentiert, nicht einfach aufgegeben werden sollten, nur um Forderungen internationaler Märkte zu folgen. Für bestimmte Unternehmen erfüllen deut-sche Bilanzierungsstandards ihren Zweck und sollten für diese als Option erhalten bleiben. / With the world turning into a global village it is generally considered necessary for German companies to abandon German accounting rules in favor of international standards in order to access money markets. But is German accounting law as laid down in the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB) really inferior to international standards and should it consequently be adjusted to international rules? To answer these questions it is attempted to apply economic theory of law to accounting rules, using § 249 HGB as a typical example. To this purpose a simple business model in a in a neo-institutional world is introduced where the emphasis is put on different kinds of financial relations. A distinction is made between the financial relations between the shareholders that founded the company, the financial relations between new shareholders and the founders of the company and finally the relationship between the company and banks financing the business. Whereas traditional accounting theories or approaches even fail to fully explain the set of rules put down in § 249 HGB, newer approaches combining agency theory and/or the theory of market failure with accounting theory are able to explain the function of § 249 HGB in one financial relation at a time. However, none of these approaches is applicable to all financial relations as depicted in the model. Using new institutional economics, a recently developed theory combining different other approaches in economics, and putting the emphasis on (economic) contract theory, it is possible to understand all financial relations within a company as well as the financial relations between a company and the money markets as contracts. This way legal thinking and newer accounting theories have a common denominator. Different approaches can be combined to form a comprehensive system. Within this system the functions of § 249 HGB in the model´s different financial relations can be positively analyzed. However, positive analysis does not provide the answer to the question of how German accounting rules should be. This is where constitutional economics may provide the missing link. Constitutional economics interpret all kinds of relationships as individual contracts between human beings. Then any given rule can be normatively analyzed by simply asking the people if they would have voted for or against the rule if they had been asked in advance. If they had voted for the rule then the rule is made the way it serves peoples´ interests best. However, if more knowledge is available the questioning can be repeated and the outcome may change in favor of better rules. It is considered sufficient that people voluntarily agree to a rule on a very abstract level, e.g. to the constitution. If the contract the founders of a company have to agree to is compared to the constitution, it can be shown that the founders of the company might under certain circumstances voluntarily agree to the rules as they are laid down in § 249 HGB. If agreement can be reached depends on the financial plans they have for the company. Therefore it can be concluded that specifics of German accounting law as represented in § 249 HGB should not simply be given up to follow the demands of the international money markets. For certain classes of companies German accounting rules serve their purpose and should at least be kept as an option for these companies.

Zusammenfassung: Diese Arbeit liefert eine institutionenökonomische Sicht auf den chinesischen Bankensektor des Jahres 2005. Im theoretischen Teil werden etablierte makroprudentielle Indikatoren zur Prüfung der Bankenstabilität in einen Rahmen aus informellen und formalen marktregulierenden und marktstabilisierenden Institutionen integriert. Die sich anschließende positive institutionelle Analyse zielt auf die Identifizierung von Risiken für die Stabilität des chinesischen Bankensektors ab, welche sich aus diesem institutionellen Gefüge ergeben. Abstract / Abstract: This paper gives an institutional perspective on the Chinese banking sector at the end of 2005. For the theoretical part, this paper uses established macroprudential indicators for banking sector stability and integrates these into a set of formal and informal market-regulating and market-stabilising institutions. The following positive institutional analysis aims at identifying risks for the stability of the Chinese banking sector emanating from this institutional framework.

La ricerca considera il problema dell'effettività dell'aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo secondo una prospettiva istituzionale. Nello specifico,la sostenibilità di accordi cooperativi tra donors and recipients viene considerata con riferimento a modelli istituzionali teorici. Il sistema di incentivi che determina la natura della relazione d'aiuto nel caso del General Budget Support è inoltre considerato con riferimento alla più recente prassi sviluppatasi in Tanzania. / The researches considers that issues that are inherently connected with the type of donor-recipient relationship affect the productivity of aid. This is mainly because incentives embodied in the relation shape party behaviours. The basic elements that characterized the aid relationship and the incentives that aid organization face, are in fact altered according to the institutional set in which money flows. Different aid modalities bear in themselves the potential of acting on the aid relationship by changing the basic rules of the game. General Budget Support (GBS), as a new aid modality represents quite an interesting institution. Getting the “incentives” right for cooperation, in such a context, would imply a rethinking of the basic theoretical model and organizational features on the ground of the evolving practices and specific technology of provision. The research aim is opening a route of possible investigation into the dynamics of incentives related to international cooperation at country level. Tanzania has been chosen among a series of possible cases study as in the Sub Saharan Africa panorama it represents one of most successful cases of GBS implementation. The analysis is grounded on a general institutional analysis that puts at the centre of observation the structure of the negotiations between the group of donors and the recipient government. The framework employed represents an adaptation of the Institutional Analysis for Development. The purpose of understanding the set of explicit and hidden motivations is functional to better delineate the contractual set in which the bulk of relations takes place.Results obtained from the empirical analysis are considered in a theoretical fashion with the purpose of generalizing on the main structural change caused by GBS on the donor-recipient relation. Concepts are taken from NIE and organizational theory to study the governance structure of aid relations.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse how the road allotment system functioned as an institution to mobilise resources and organise the provision of roads. Through this institution every peasant was made responsible for certain parts of a road. The analysis focuses on road repair and maintenance in the Swedish region of Västmanlands län c. 1750–1850. Previous research has described the allotment system as unfair, unprofessional and ineffective in providing a functioning road system and has contrasted it against modern road management based on cash taxes or fees, a central administrative body and professional engineers and workers. The results indicate that the allotment system under certain circumstances helped minimise administrative expenses for mobilising resources and organising work. Through the allotment system local resources throughout the area could be exploited and there was no need to convert tax revenue into output. When roads had been divided into parts it was not necessary to continually plan and manage work efforts, and through the quality inspections punishment could easily be enforced and road standards guaranteed. The allotment model also enabled peasants to perform road work at a convenient time and to make long-term improvements in their road parts. This was only possible when there were no ambiguities concerning limits and occupants of every road section, and a high degree of societal continuity, which was enabled by tying the obligation to homesteads through a constant taxation index. Without these preconditions there was a risk that a section of the road was not maintained at all, making it necessary to redistribute road parts, which was a complicated, time-consuming, and costly process. This was due to difficulties in making small adjustments without influencing all road parts within a large area. Furthermore, an equal distribution of road sections was hard to accomplish since traffic and natural conditions varied, and every part was at a different distance from the gravel pit and from the peasants’ farms. The possibility to mobilise resources within the allotment system was also restricted in time and by the availability of maintenance materials. / Det svenska vägnätets uppbyggnad 1750-1944

Esta tese objetiva explicar a persistência e o fim da inflação no Brasil a partir de um enfoque institucionalista. Mais especificamente, faz uma análise dos Planos Cruzado e Real com base nos referenciais teóricos da Teoria da Regulação, do antigo institucionalismo de Veblen e da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), com especial atenção à visão de Douglass North. A partir do referencial teórico da Teoria da Regulação, observa-se a contribuição das formas institucionais de estrutura nos anos 1980 e 1990 para a persistência e o fim da inflação. Do ponto de vista do institucionalismo vebleniano, observa-se que as formas institucionais de estrutura, na década de 1980, contribuíram para consolidar o que se denominou de hábito inflacionário, presente no Brasil ao longo de sua história, mas que ganhou maior relevância na segunda metade dessa década e início dos anos 1990. Frente a esse hábito, formado a partir de um ambiente de seleção e adaptação que ganha relevância mais significativa quando a incerteza aumenta, explicamos o resultado do Plano Cruzado, incapaz de eliminar o hábito compartilhado de reajustar preços. Fez-se necessária a adoção de uma série de transformações (formas institucionais) para a eliminação do hábito inflacionário e o sucesso do Plano Real, que continuaria a processar significativas transformações na economia nacional. Do ponto de vista da Nova Economia Institucional, trabalhamos o conceito de moeda como uma instituição fundamental nas economias de mercado. Nesse contexto, a configuração das formas institucionais e a formação do hábito inflacionário transformaram a moeda nacional em uma instituição ineficiente (que não cumpria adequadamente suas funções) que não desapareceu porque foram criados os mecanismos de indexação como complementares às suas funções. No esquema de mudança institucional de Douglass North, fica claro que o Plano Cruzado fracassou porque não foi capaz de alterar as crenças dos agentes, fruto de anos de convivência com uma economia inflacionária. Por outro lado, o Plano Real teve êxito porque, além de ter sido elaborado em um novo contexto de formas institucionais e de eliminação do hábito inflacionário, alterou a crença dos agentes em relação à moeda nacional em um momento em que a própria convivência com a inflação havia se tornado difícil. / This thesis aims at explaining the persistence and the end of inflation in Brazil from an institutionalist approach. More specifically, analyses the Cruzado and Real Plans based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Regulation, Veblen‘s old institutionalism and the New Institutional Economics (NIE), with special attention to the vision of Douglass North. From the Theory of Regulation theoretical framework we observed the contribution of institutional forms of structure in the years 1980 and 1990 for the persistence and end of inflation. From the Veblenian institutionalism point of view, it is observed that the institutional forms of structure, in the 1980s, helped consolidate what was called inflationary habit. This is present in Brazil throughout its history but gained greater prominence in the second half of this decade and early 1990s. Facing this habit, formed from an environment of selection and adaptation that gains a more significant relevance when the uncertainty increases, we explain the result of the Cruzado Plan which was unable to eliminate the shared habit of readjusting prices. It was necessary to adopt a series of transformations (institutional forms) to eliminate the inflationary habit and to enable the success of the Real Plan, which would continue to handle significant changes in the national economy. From the perspective of the New Institutional Economics, we worked with the concept of money as a fundamental institution in market economies. In this context, the configuration of institutional forms and the formation of inflationary habit transformed the national currency in an inefficient institution (that did not fulfilled its functions properly) which did not disappeared because indexation mechanisms were created as complementary to its functions. In Douglass North scheme of institutional change, it is clear that the Cruzado Plan failed because it was not able to change the agents‘ beliefs, a result of years of living with an inflationary economy. On the other hand, the Real Plan was successful because, besides having been prepared in a new context of institutional forms and elimination of inflationary habit, changed the agents belief towards the national currency at a time when the coexistence with inflation itself had become difficult.

Questa tesi ha lo scopo di verificare l’influenza che la teoria economica esercita sullo sviluppo del concetto di impresa giuridicamente e funzionalmente rilevanti per il diritto commerciale brasiliano contemporaneo. L’obiettivo è quello di individuare come le modalità di costruzione di rapporti tra diritto ed economia rendono difficile da un lato, per realizzare il compito di elaborare un concetto giuridico dell’impresa, e dall’altro, di individuare possibili alternative alle reimpostazione del problema per facilitare la stesura di um concetto di impresa giuridicamente rilevante fondati negli dati pertinenti il teorico economico. L’indagine è condotta dalla messa in discussione dei fini normativi svolte dall’impresa e il concetto economico di impresa per cui lavorano gli giuristi. Questi aspetti della teoria sono raccolti per verificare la coerenza tra la finalità normativa dell’impresa e il suo concetto economico dominante. Il test viene effettuato analizzando il concetto giuridico di impresa e il concetto economico di impresa. Nella seconda parte di questa tesi, si indaga le teorie economiche dell’impresa fornito dall'economia neoclassica e dalla Nuova Economia Istituzionale, per verificare le strutture e le funzioni dell’impresa. Poi, per intraprendere uno sforzo interdisciplinare di integrazione tra diritto ed economia, dai presupposti metodologici del Funzionalismo Giuridico. Sulla base del risultato dell’affermazione di dialogo interdisciplinare, si procede alla elaborazione di un concetto giuridico di impresa fondati nel dato teorico economico, per verificare l’ipotesi che la impresa è una situazione giuridica complessa. / Esta tese tem por objeto a influência que dado teórico econômico exerce na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável no direito comercial brasileiro contemporâneo. Seu objetivo consiste em identificar de que modo as formas de construção das relações entre direito e economia dificultam, por um lado, a consecução da tarefa de elaborar-se um conceito jurídico de empresa, e, de outro lado, identificar alternativas possíveis para a reimpostação do problema que auxiliem na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico. A pesquisa é conduzida a partir do questionamento das funções normativas desempenhadas pela empresa e o do conceito econômico de empresa com o qual trabalham os juristas. Estes aspectos da teoria são cotejados para verificar se há congruência entre a função normativa preponderante da empresa e o seu conceito econômico. Este teste é realizado mediante a análise do conceito jurídico de empresa e o conceito econômico de empresa. Na segunda parte desta tese, investiga-se as teorias econômicas da empresa fornecidas pela economia neoclássica e pela Nova Economia Institucional, para verificar-se as estruturas e funções da empresa. Em seguida, empreende-se esforço de integração interdisciplinar entre direito e economia, a partir das pressuposições metodológicas do Funcionalismo Jurídico. Com base no resultado da afirmação do diálogo interdisciplinar, parte-se para a elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico, mediante o teste da hipótese segundo a qual a empresa constitui uma situação jurídica complexa. / This thesis aims at verifying the influence that the economic data has on the legal concept of firm in contemporary brazilian commercial law. Its goal is to identify how the distinct ways chosen to build the relationships between law and economics make it difficult to achieve the task of drawing up a legal concept of the firm and to identify possible alternatives to face the problem in a way that could lead to a relevant legal concept of the firm. The survey is conducted from the questioning of legal functions performed by the firm and how the lawyers build an economic concept of the firm. This test is performed by the analysis of the legal concept of enterpreneur and the economic concept of the firm. In the second part, this thesis investigates the economic theories of the firm provided by neoclassical economics and by New Institutional Economics, to check the economic structures and functions of the firm. Then, it undertakes an interdisciplinary effort between law and economics, from the theoretical assumptions provided by the Legal Functionalism. Based on the result of the interdisciplinary dialogue, it proceeds to the development of a legal concept of the firm starting from the economic theory, by testing the hypothesis that the legal meaning of the firm is a nexus of contracts relationship.

Pelo menos até o primeiro governo Vargas, a dinâmica da economia brasileira era ditada pela produção primária para exportação, numa sucessão de produtos que culminou com a produção cafeeira. Esse quadro foi, porém, completamente alterado durante a década de 1930, quando se caracterizou um momento de inflexão econômica e institucional de grandes dimensões, que transformou a dinâmica de toda a economia. A solidificação da nova forma da economia só foi possível por ter sido acompanhada de uma alteração na estrutura institucional do país, tornando os sistemas financeiro, tributário e educacional, além das relações de trabalho, mais adequados a este novo panorama. Instituições são as regras do jogo em uma sociedade que moldam a interação entre os homens e, assim, fornecem estruturas estáveis para que as transações ocorram. Conhecer as características institucionais históricas de cada país pode trazer uma melhor compreensão de suas deficiências atuais e das alternativas viáveis de mudança para superá-las. O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar o ambiente institucional brasileiro do período entre 1889 e 1945, com base na Nova Economia Institucional, identificando, também, os efeitos destas instituições sobre o desempenho econômico e os processos de mudança institucional do período, especialmente a mudança ocorrida após a Revolução de 1930. Mostra-se que a nova estrutura institucional, então criada, permitiu a continuidade do processo de industrialização, com maior intervenção do Estado na economia, o qual dispôs de melhores instrumentos para alcançar seu objetivo industrializante e com regras mais claras, seja para o sistema financeiro e a concessão de crédito, seja para a contratação de mão-de-obra. Permitiu, ademais, que a economia brasileira se tornasse mais robusta, deixando de ser tão vulnerável às flutuações externas. As mudanças desta época foram importantes para o crescimento do período posterior por criar uma base mais sólida tributária, financeira, de relações de trabalho e de educação. / At least until the first Vargas government, the dynamics of the Brazilian economy was dictated by the primary production for exportation, in a succession of products that culminated with coffee. This situation was, however, completely modified during the decade of 1930, when a moment of economic and institutional inflection of great dimensions was characterized, that transformed the dynamics of the whole economy. The solidification of the new form of the economy was only possible because it came along with an alteration in the institutional structure of the country, rendering the financial, educational, tributary systems and work relations more adjusted to this new panorama. Institutions are the rules of the game in a society that shape human interactions, establishing stable structures for the occurrence of transactions. To know the historical institutional characteristics of the country can provide a better understanding of its current deficiencies and suggest the viable alternatives to surpass them. The present work intends to characterize the Brazilian institutional environment of the period between 1889 and 1945, on the basis of the New Institutional Economics, identifying, also, the effect of these institutions on the economic performance and the processes of institutional change of the period, especially those that occurred after the Revolution of 1930. It is shown that the then created institutional structure allowed the continuity of the industrialization process, with stronger intervention of the State in the economy and with clearer rules, both for the financial system and the concession of credit, and for hiring labor. The government had available better instruments to reach its industrializing objective. Moreover, it allowed the Brazilian economy to become more robust, becoming less vulnerable to the external fluctuations. The changes of this period were important for the growth of the following decades for it created a more solid tax, financial, educational and work relations structure.

Pelo menos até o primeiro governo Vargas, a dinâmica da economia brasileira era ditada pela produção primária para exportação, numa sucessão de produtos que culminou com a produção cafeeira. Esse quadro foi, porém, completamente alterado durante a década de 1930, quando se caracterizou um momento de inflexão econômica e institucional de grandes dimensões, que transformou a dinâmica de toda a economia. A solidificação da nova forma da economia só foi possível por ter sido acompanhada de uma alteração na estrutura institucional do país, tornando os sistemas financeiro, tributário e educacional, além das relações de trabalho, mais adequados a este novo panorama. Instituições são as regras do jogo em uma sociedade que moldam a interação entre os homens e, assim, fornecem estruturas estáveis para que as transações ocorram. Conhecer as características institucionais históricas de cada país pode trazer uma melhor compreensão de suas deficiências atuais e das alternativas viáveis de mudança para superá-las. O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar o ambiente institucional brasileiro do período entre 1889 e 1945, com base na Nova Economia Institucional, identificando, também, os efeitos destas instituições sobre o desempenho econômico e os processos de mudança institucional do período, especialmente a mudança ocorrida após a Revolução de 1930. Mostra-se que a nova estrutura institucional, então criada, permitiu a continuidade do processo de industrialização, com maior intervenção do Estado na economia, o qual dispôs de melhores instrumentos para alcançar seu objetivo industrializante e com regras mais claras, seja para o sistema financeiro e a concessão de crédito, seja para a contratação de mão-de-obra. Permitiu, ademais, que a economia brasileira se tornasse mais robusta, deixando de ser tão vulnerável às flutuações externas. As mudanças desta época foram importantes para o crescimento do período posterior por criar uma base mais sólida tributária, financeira, de relações de trabalho e de educação. / At least until the first Vargas government, the dynamics of the Brazilian economy was dictated by the primary production for exportation, in a succession of products that culminated with coffee. This situation was, however, completely modified during the decade of 1930, when a moment of economic and institutional inflection of great dimensions was characterized, that transformed the dynamics of the whole economy. The solidification of the new form of the economy was only possible because it came along with an alteration in the institutional structure of the country, rendering the financial, educational, tributary systems and work relations more adjusted to this new panorama. Institutions are the rules of the game in a society that shape human interactions, establishing stable structures for the occurrence of transactions. To know the historical institutional characteristics of the country can provide a better understanding of its current deficiencies and suggest the viable alternatives to surpass them. The present work intends to characterize the Brazilian institutional environment of the period between 1889 and 1945, on the basis of the New Institutional Economics, identifying, also, the effect of these institutions on the economic performance and the processes of institutional change of the period, especially those that occurred after the Revolution of 1930. It is shown that the then created institutional structure allowed the continuity of the industrialization process, with stronger intervention of the State in the economy and with clearer rules, both for the financial system and the concession of credit, and for hiring labor. The government had available better instruments to reach its industrializing objective. Moreover, it allowed the Brazilian economy to become more robust, becoming less vulnerable to the external fluctuations. The changes of this period were important for the growth of the following decades for it created a more solid tax, financial, educational and work relations structure.

Cette thèse a pour objet la modernisation des Systèmes Hydriques Urbains de l'Europe des XV (SHUE). Débutant à la fin des années 1990, ce processus de rerégulation des SHUE opère une transformation du cadre réglementaire européen de la gestion de l'eau. Il vise une amélioration du fonctionnement de la gouvernance afin, notamment, d'imprimer une trajectoire soutenable aux SHUE. Or, les bilans intermédiaires s'avèrent mitigés et mettent en avant un besoin de caractérisation et d'explication analytiques de la modernisation des SHUE, afin d'en cerner les effets non anticipés. Par conséquent, la thèse aborde les effets de la modernisation des SHUE dans ses dimensions organisationnelle et soutenable. L'objectif de la thèse consiste à fournir une interprétation des impacts de la modernisation sur la structure de la gouvernance des SHUE et sur son efficacité dans une perspective de soutenabilité. Ancrée dans une approche d'économie institutionnelle, la démarche adoptée compare les modèles allemand, français et anglais et s'organise en deux temps. Le premier temps relève de l'observation empirique. Les phénomènes caractérisant la modernisation sont identifiés et formulés sous la forme de faits stylisés. Le second temps explique théoriquement ces phénomènes. Au regard des apports et limites des différents institutionnalismes, il est choisi de mobiliser le courant néoinstitutionnaliste pour rendre compte des aspects organisationnels et l'approche par les Régimes institutionnels de ressources pour traiter de la dimension soutenable de la modernisation des SHUE. Cette thèse soutient que la modernisation entraîne une mutation des modalités de coordination des SHUE, tout en intensifiant et polarisant les problèmes de soutenabilité autour du pilier économique. Au niveau organisationnel, nous mettons en évidence que, d'une part, la modernisation tend à dépolitiser les SHUE et que, d'autre part, le degré d'intégration de ses principes dans un SHUE est positivement corrélé à une dynamique socio-institutionnelle résiliente. Ces deux phénomènes résultent principalement d'une hybridation des arrangements institutionnels en direction du pôle marché. Le changement des formes contractuelles et l'atténuation des droits de propriété au sein des SHUE réduisent le contrôle direct de l'Etat et augmentent la capacité d'adaptation rapide des acteurs. A propos du potentiel de soutenabilité, un manque de cohérence dans le développement de la rerégulation des SHUE explique les perspectives relativement pessimistes. Nous montrons que ce paradoxe manifeste une incapacité intrinsèque de la modernisation à maximiser le potentiel de soutenabilité des SHUE. Si le développement de la réglementation est censé améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance, dans notre cas, elle s'accompagne d'un accroissement mécanique de coûts de coordination entravant l'atteinte d'une trajectoire soutenable. / This PhD dissertation focuses on the modernization of the urban water systems in Europe (UWSE). Since the end of the 1990's, this reregulation of the UWSE has transformed the European regulatory framework of water management. It is driven by two mains objectives: improving of the governance process and implementing a sustainable path for the UWSE. Present day, intermediate assessments highlight a need for analytical characterization and explanation of the UWSE's modernization, in order to home in on the unanticipated effects. Thus, the PhD thesis analyses the effects of the UWSE's modernization in its organizational and sustainable dimensions. The goal of the PhD is to provide an interpretation of the modernization impacts on the UWSE governance structure and on the efficiency of the reforms from a sustainability point a of view. Rooted in an institutional economics approach, our methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the German, French and English models of the UWSE. Two phases structure this methodology. The first focuses on empirical observation. The phenomena that characterize the modernization are identified and enunciated as stylized facts. The second phase theoretically explains these phenomena. Regarding the contributions and limits of the different institutionalisms, we choose to mobilize the New institutional economics here to deal with the organizational aspects and Institutional resources regimes to address the sustainable dimension of the UWSE's modernization. We argue that the modernization of the UWSE involves a transformation of their coordination modalities, at the same time; it is intensifying and it leads the sustainability problems to focus on the economic pillar. At the organizational level, we support that, on the one hand, modernization tends to depoliticize UWSE and that, on the other hand, the degree of integration of its principles in the UWSE is positively correlated with a resilient socio-institutional dynamics. These two phenomena ensue essentially from a hybridation of the institutional arrangements in the direction of the market pole. In the UWSE, the change of the contractual forms and the attenuation of the property rights lead to a reduction of the State's direct control and to an augmentation of the actors' ability to adapt quickly. Regarding the potential of sustainability, a lack of coherence in reregulation of UWSE accounts for the pessimistic prospects. We show a paradox which manifests itself in the intrinsic inability of the modernization to maximize the UWSE's potential of sustainability. If the development of the regulation is supposed to improve the governance quality, in this case, it comes with a mechanical increase of the costs of coordination which hampers the achievement of a sustainable path.