本論文旨在探討1990年後期興起的中國大陸鄉鎮選舉改革。四川省遂寧市市中區步雲鄉1998年的鄉長直選係全中國大陸首例。因此以步雲鄉鄉長直選為案例，探討其起源、歷程、困境及意義為何？特別是著重探究推動基層選舉改革的動因為何？本論文使用「次級資料分析法」與「案例分析法」為研究方法，進而分析中國大陸基層選舉制度的相關海內外文獻，另採用理性選擇制度變遷、自主性制度變遷及強制性制度變遷等理論，以及國家與公民社會研究途徑，以探析影響中國大陸基層選舉改革的因素。 / The theme of this thesis lies in probing into the reforms of China’s local election at Xiang/township level that was beginning to rise in late 1990's. The election of Buyun Xiang chief directly in the Shizhong District of Suining in Sichuan Province set a precedent for the first time at the end of 1998. So in order to regard Buyun Xiang as the case, probe into the origin, course, dilemma and meaning of the Xiang chief election directly? Especially understand emphatically what promote the incentive of the election reform at the basic level? The thesis uses “secondary materials analysis” and “case study analysis” as the research method, as to analysing about the relevant documents which study the Mainland China electoral system at the basic level both at home and abroad, and choose Rational Choice Institutionalism, Motivational and Compulsory of Institutional Transitions, complement it with research approach of State and Civil Society, do case analysis to the factor influencing electoral reform at the basic level.

This study will discuss with the transition of China¡¦s technology innovation system before and after ¡§Open door policy¡¨. Because I want to know how many characters between those two phases? Why China chose transition before ¡§Open door policy¡¨? When China upgrades their innovative capabilities, do any factors affect outcomes? This study will use more macroscopic to face transition of China¡¦s technology innovation system since established PRC. To survey the institution and interaction between governments, research institutes, universities, native companies and foreign-invested companies. Finally, this study consider that China¡¦s achievement is not clearly because the shortage of talent, basic research capability between research institute is weak, government have ¡§strong control¡¨ in this system, the market mechanism is not maturity so that Chinese native companies do not have skilful in innovation. Consequently, China¡¦s technology innovation system seems to have long way to go.

Notre recherche vise à expliquer et comprendre la manière dont 3 formateurs chevronnés parviennent, à travers le développement de leur activité, à "absorber" des prescriptions issues d’un nouveau paradigme de professionnalisation, à l’origine d’une discontinuité culturelle. Comment dans ce contexte, parviennent-ils à mettre en place un nouveau dispositif, le "tutorat partagé" entre l’ESPE et les établissements scolaires, considéré comme un des piliers de cette nouvelle réforme et de la formation en alternance ?En reposant sur une méthodologie interventionniste, les résultats de cette recherche montrent la nécessité, pour ces trois formateurs expérimentés, de faire appel à leur expérience afin de trouver les compromis nécessaires leur permettant d’être efficaces « malgré tout ». Nous montrons comment ils dégagent un certain nombre d’implications au niveau de la formation, notamment en passant par une phase de transition professionnelle, correspondant à un usage débutant du genre formateur leur permettant une plus grande maîtrise de la situation et l’obtention d’un confort relatif. Prendre au sérieux la permanence du changement à l’œuvre dans les prescriptions adressées aux formateurs, nous conduira à dégager des conditions d’un accompagnement plus efficient propres à les aider à traverser des périodes de transition complexes. C’est à travers la création d’un milieu de travail "extra-ordinaire" sur le travail ordinaire que nous visons à faire des différentes pratiques de "tutorat partagé", fondé sur l’inter-métier de formateurs aux statuts différents, un objet de controverses professionnelles afin d’accroître les ressources mobilisables et le pouvoir d’agir des intéressés. / Our research aims at explaining and at including how three experienced trainers, through the development of their activity, succeed in "absorbing" prescriptions arising from a new paradigm of professionalisation, at the origin of a cultural discontinuity. How do they manage to set a new device, the "shared tutoring" between the ESPE and the schools, in this context, considered as one of the pillars of this new reform and of work-linked training courses ?Based on an interventionist methodology, the results of this research show the need, for these three experienced trainers, to use their experience to find compromises necessary to be effective "despite everything". We show how they have a number of training implications, in particular through a professional transition phase, corresponding to a beginner use of the trainer type, allowing them a greater control of the situation and the procurement of a relative comfort. Taking into account the permanence of the change in work in the prescriptions addressed to the trainers will lead us to identify the conditions of a more efficient support capable of helping them through complex transition periods. It is through the creation of an “extraordinary” work environment on the ordinary work that we aim to make various practices of "shared tutoring", based on inter-trade of the different trainers, an object of professional controversies in order to increase the mobilizable resources and the power to act of the interested parties.

The aim of this research is to bridge the correlation of peace and foreign investments through the lens of North et al.’s (2013) Limited Access Orders (LAOs). The research seeks to engage in the discussion of LAOs by providing a perspective from analyzing Chinese investments under the context of New Silk Road policy with the case of Tasang Dam. Current discussion of LAOs does not involve how foreign investments affect institutional transition in LAOs. Therefore this research is a humble attempt to engage in the existing literature from a different perspective.         Tasang Dam is designed to be built in southern Shan State, Myanmar, an area that has encountered continuous armed conflicts. The conflicts between the local armed group SSA-S/RCSS and the Tatmadaw continue even after a ceasefire agreement was signed in 2011. Chinese investors acting under the context of New Silk Road project have tried to involve in creating stability in the area to reduce costs.         According to the LAOs logic, if the access to rents is open to armed organizations, there will be motivations for rival parties to avoid violence. In order to redistribute the resources, there should be an institutional transition. In Tasang Dam’s case, the rents created by Chinese investments are not available to SSA-S/RCSS, but with the Chinese investments as the democratization of Myanmar goes on, there are opportunities to alter the story of repeated violence.