Feed represents a large portion of input costs for dairy operations. Decreasing the feed consumed, measured here as dry matter intake (DMI), would therefore be advantageous to producers. However, this decrease could result in cows that do not supply the necessary energy to maintain high production, growth, and reproduction. Measures of feed efficiency try to capture important energy expenditures to ensure that cows consume less while maintaining production. Feed efficiency in this study is measured in residual feed intake (RFI), which is calculated as the difference between DMI and expected DMI based on production and growth measures. However, the RFI model does not capture the energy stores required for reproduction; therefore, selection for RFI may lead to reduced reproductive performance. In this thesis, I explored the phenotypic and genetic relationships between RFI, DMI, and reproductive performance as measured by number of services (NS), days open (DO), and days to first calving (DFC). First, ANOVA tests and phenotypic correlations determined the phenotypic relationship between the traits. Then, heritability and genetic correlations were used to estimate the genetic parameters. Phenotypically, results indicated mixed relationships between traits. Heritability estimates were low for reproductive traits and moderate for DMI and RFI. There was no unfavorable genetic relationship between DMI or RFI with any of the reproductive traits. Therefore, neither selection for DMI nor RFI will unfavorably impact reproduction. / Master of Science / Dairy cows consume significant resources in the form of feed. Decreasing the feed consumed, measured here as dry matter intake (DMI), would therefore be advantageous to producers and consumers. However, this decrease could result in cows that do not supply the necessary energy to maintain high production, growth, and reproduction. Measures of feed efficiency try to capture important energy expenditures to ensure that cows consume less while maintaining production. Feed efficiency in this study is measured in residual feed intake (RFI), which is calculated as the difference between DMI and expected DMI based on production and growth measures. However, the RFI model does not capture the energy stores required for reproduction; therefore, selection for RFI may lead to reduced reproductive performance. In this thesis, I explored the phenotypic and genetic relationships between RFI, DMI, and reproductive performance as measured by number of services, days open, and days to first calving. First, ANOVA tests and phenotypic correlations determined the phenotypic relationship between the traits. Then, heritability and genetic correlations were used to estimate the genetic relationship between traits. Heritability estimates were low for reproductive traits and moderate for DMI and RFI. There was no unfavorable genetic relationship between DMI or RFI with any of the reproductive traits. Therefore, neither selection for DMI nor RFI will unfavorably impact reproduction.

High dietary sodium intake is hypothesized to increase food intake (FI), fluid intake and glycemic response. Two short-term randomized repeated-measures studies measured the effects of acute sodium intake on FI, water intake (WI), subjective appetite (SA), thirst, and blood glucose (BG) in young men. Sodium additions were 740 and 1480 mg to a solid food (beans) in Experiment 1; and 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg to a beverage (tomato juice) in Experiment 2. FI and WI were measured at ad libitum pizza meals 120 and 30 min later, respectively. SA, thirst and BG were measured at intervals before and after pizza. Compared with controls, treatments with added-sodium had no effect on dependent measures. In conclusion, acute intake of sodium in a solid or liquid matrix does not increase subjective ratings of appetite or thirst, ad libitum food or water intakes, or blood glucose in healthy young adults.

High dietary sodium intake is hypothesized to increase food intake (FI), fluid intake and glycemic response. Two short-term randomized repeated-measures studies measured the effects of acute sodium intake on FI, water intake (WI), subjective appetite (SA), thirst, and blood glucose (BG) in young men. Sodium additions were 740 and 1480 mg to a solid food (beans) in Experiment 1; and 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg to a beverage (tomato juice) in Experiment 2. FI and WI were measured at ad libitum pizza meals 120 and 30 min later, respectively. SA, thirst and BG were measured at intervals before and after pizza. Compared with controls, treatments with added-sodium had no effect on dependent measures. In conclusion, acute intake of sodium in a solid or liquid matrix does not increase subjective ratings of appetite or thirst, ad libitum food or water intakes, or blood glucose in healthy young adults.

Subsurface intake systems are known to improve the feed water quality for SWRO plants. However, a little is known about the feasibility of implementation in coastal settings, the degree of water quality improvements provided by these systems, and the internal mechanisms of potential fouling compounds removal within subsurface intake systems. A new method was developed to assess the feasibility of using different subsurface intake systems in coastal areas and was applied to Red Sea coastline of Saudi Arabia. The methodology demonstrated that five specific coastal environments could support well intake systems use for small-capacity SWRO plants, whereas large-capacity SWRO facilities could use seabed gallery intake systems. It was also found that seabed intake system could run with no operational constraints based on the high evaporation rates and associated diurnal salinity changes along the coast line. Performance of well intake systems in several SWRO facilities along the Red Sea coast showed that the concentrations of organic compounds were reduced in the feed water, similar or better than traditional pretreatment methodologies. Nearly all algae, up to 99% of bacteria, between 84 and 100% of the biopolymer fraction of NOM, and a high percentage of TEP were removed during transport through the aquifer. These organics cause membrane biofouling and using well intakes showed a 50-75% lower need to clean the SWRO membranes compared to conventional open-ocean intakes. An assessment of the effectiveness of seabed gallery intake systems was conducted through a long-term bench-scale column experiment. The simulation of the active layer (upper 1 m) showed that it is highly effective at producing feed water quality improvements and acts totally different compared to slow sand filtration systems treating freshwater. No development of a “schmutzdecke” layer occurred and treatment was not limited to the top 10 cm, but throughout the full column thickness. Algae and bacteria were removed in a manner similar to slow sand filtration, but it took many months to produce consistent reductions in NOM fractions and TEP. The data suggested that a thicker active layer (2m) is needed to facilitate a more rapid reduction in the main potential fouling organics.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A tese descreve o consumo de alimentos marcadores da qualidade da dieta no Brasil e identifica os alimentos que mais contribuem com a ingestão de açúcar e sódio no país. Foram utilizados para este fim os dados do Sistema Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) realizado nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009 e os dados provenientes do primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA) realizado nos anos de 2008-2009 no Brasil. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de quatro artigos. O primeiro artigo avaliou as questões marcadoras de consumo alimentar do Sistema VIGITEL e sua evolução temporal e inclui 135.249 indivíduos de 27 cidades brasileiras, entrevistados nos anos de 2007 2009. Para os demais artigos, utilizou-se os dados obtidos no INA, para descrever os alimentos mais consumidos no país segundo sexo, grupo etário, região e faixa de renda familiar per capita (artigo 2) e identificar os alimentos que mais contribuem para o consumo de sódio (artigo 3) e de açúcar na população brasileira (artigo 4). As análises do INA baseiam-se em informações do primeiro de dois dias não consecutivos de registro alimentar de 34.003 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade. Os resultados apresentados indicam que a alimentação dos brasileiros vem se caracterizando pela introdução de alimentos processados de alta densidade energética e bebidas com adição de açúcar, embora os hábitos tradicionais de alimentação, como o consumo de arroz e feijão, ainda sejam mantidos. Entre as bebidas açucaradas os refrigerantes aparecem como importante marcador da qualidade da dieta na população brasileira. Os dados do VIGITEL evidenciaram aumento no consumo deste item de 7% e dentre os itens avaliados no inquérito, foi o que mais discriminou o consumo alimentar na população. De acordo com os dados do INA, o refrigerante foi um dos itens mais consumidos pelos brasileiros, e constitui-se também como marcador do consumo de açúcar total, de adição e livre, juntamente com sucos, café e biscoitos doces. Adolescentes apresentaram o maior consumo de açúcar, comparados aos adultos e idosos e este resultado pode ser explicado pelo alto consumo de bebidas açucaradas e biscoitos doces observado nesta faixa etária. Quanto ao consumo de sódio, alimentos processados, como carne salgada, carnes processadas, queijos, biscoitos salgados, molhos e condimentos, sanduíches, pizzas e pães figuraram entre as principais fontes de sódio na dieta do brasileiro. Nossos achados reafirmam a importância de políticas de alimentação e nutrição, que estimulem o consumo de alimentos saudáveis, como frutas, verduras e grãos integrais, e a manutenção do consumo de alimentos básicos tradicionais, como o feijão. O sistema VIGITEL deve contemplar itens do consumo alimentar que possam ter impacto na redução das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. / This dissertation aimed to describe the most consumed foods in the Brazilian diet according to gender, age, regions and per capita family income and to identify the main sources of sugar and sodium in the country using data from the 2007-2009 Telephone-based Risk Factor Surveillance System for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL) and from the first Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS). The results are described in 4 articles. The first article aimed to evaluate markers of food intake of the telephone-based risk factor surveillance system for chronic diseases (VIGITEL) and the trend of these markers. A total of 135,249 subjects from 27 brazilian cities interviewed in the 2007 2009 surveys were evaluated. For the others articles, data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian NDS were used in order to describe the most consumed foods in the country according to gender, age, regions and per capita family income (article 1) and to identify the major food sources of dietary sodium (article 3) and free, added and total sugar in Brazil (article 4). The analysis was based on food intake data obtained on the first of two non-consecutive food records from 34,003 subjects over 10 years old. Brazilian population food intake has been characterized by the increase of the consumption of high energy-dense processed foods and sugar sweetened beverages, even though the intake of traditional foods, such as rice and beans, were still observed. Among the sugar sweetened beverages, the consumption of soft drinks can be considered as marker of quality of the diet in the Brazilian population. Data from the VIGITEL showed an increase of 7% in the consumption of soft drinks, and this item was the one that discriminates food intake the most. According to the data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian NDS, soft drinks was one of most consumed food items, and could be also considered as a marker of total, added and free sugar intake, as well as, the intake of juices, cookies and coffee. Adolescents were the age group that presented the highest intake of total, added and free sugar. This result could be attributable to the largest intake of sugar sweetened beverage and cookies in this age group. Regarding sodium intake, processed foods, such as salty preserved meats, processed meats, cheeses, crackers, oils, spreads, sauces and condiments, sandwiches, pizzas, and breads were the main sources of dietary sodium in the Brazilian population diet. Our findings reinforce the importance of food and nutrition policies that encourage the intake of healthy food, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and traditional foods, such as beans. VIGITEL system should include food items that may have impact in reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A tese descreve o consumo de alimentos marcadores da qualidade da dieta no Brasil e identifica os alimentos que mais contribuem com a ingestão de açúcar e sódio no país. Foram utilizados para este fim os dados do Sistema Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) realizado nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009 e os dados provenientes do primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA) realizado nos anos de 2008-2009 no Brasil. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de quatro artigos. O primeiro artigo avaliou as questões marcadoras de consumo alimentar do Sistema VIGITEL e sua evolução temporal e inclui 135.249 indivíduos de 27 cidades brasileiras, entrevistados nos anos de 2007 2009. Para os demais artigos, utilizou-se os dados obtidos no INA, para descrever os alimentos mais consumidos no país segundo sexo, grupo etário, região e faixa de renda familiar per capita (artigo 2) e identificar os alimentos que mais contribuem para o consumo de sódio (artigo 3) e de açúcar na população brasileira (artigo 4). As análises do INA baseiam-se em informações do primeiro de dois dias não consecutivos de registro alimentar de 34.003 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade. Os resultados apresentados indicam que a alimentação dos brasileiros vem se caracterizando pela introdução de alimentos processados de alta densidade energética e bebidas com adição de açúcar, embora os hábitos tradicionais de alimentação, como o consumo de arroz e feijão, ainda sejam mantidos. Entre as bebidas açucaradas os refrigerantes aparecem como importante marcador da qualidade da dieta na população brasileira. Os dados do VIGITEL evidenciaram aumento no consumo deste item de 7% e dentre os itens avaliados no inquérito, foi o que mais discriminou o consumo alimentar na população. De acordo com os dados do INA, o refrigerante foi um dos itens mais consumidos pelos brasileiros, e constitui-se também como marcador do consumo de açúcar total, de adição e livre, juntamente com sucos, café e biscoitos doces. Adolescentes apresentaram o maior consumo de açúcar, comparados aos adultos e idosos e este resultado pode ser explicado pelo alto consumo de bebidas açucaradas e biscoitos doces observado nesta faixa etária. Quanto ao consumo de sódio, alimentos processados, como carne salgada, carnes processadas, queijos, biscoitos salgados, molhos e condimentos, sanduíches, pizzas e pães figuraram entre as principais fontes de sódio na dieta do brasileiro. Nossos achados reafirmam a importância de políticas de alimentação e nutrição, que estimulem o consumo de alimentos saudáveis, como frutas, verduras e grãos integrais, e a manutenção do consumo de alimentos básicos tradicionais, como o feijão. O sistema VIGITEL deve contemplar itens do consumo alimentar que possam ter impacto na redução das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. / This dissertation aimed to describe the most consumed foods in the Brazilian diet according to gender, age, regions and per capita family income and to identify the main sources of sugar and sodium in the country using data from the 2007-2009 Telephone-based Risk Factor Surveillance System for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL) and from the first Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS). The results are described in 4 articles. The first article aimed to evaluate markers of food intake of the telephone-based risk factor surveillance system for chronic diseases (VIGITEL) and the trend of these markers. A total of 135,249 subjects from 27 brazilian cities interviewed in the 2007 2009 surveys were evaluated. For the others articles, data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian NDS were used in order to describe the most consumed foods in the country according to gender, age, regions and per capita family income (article 1) and to identify the major food sources of dietary sodium (article 3) and free, added and total sugar in Brazil (article 4). The analysis was based on food intake data obtained on the first of two non-consecutive food records from 34,003 subjects over 10 years old. Brazilian population food intake has been characterized by the increase of the consumption of high energy-dense processed foods and sugar sweetened beverages, even though the intake of traditional foods, such as rice and beans, were still observed. Among the sugar sweetened beverages, the consumption of soft drinks can be considered as marker of quality of the diet in the Brazilian population. Data from the VIGITEL showed an increase of 7% in the consumption of soft drinks, and this item was the one that discriminates food intake the most. According to the data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian NDS, soft drinks was one of most consumed food items, and could be also considered as a marker of total, added and free sugar intake, as well as, the intake of juices, cookies and coffee. Adolescents were the age group that presented the highest intake of total, added and free sugar. This result could be attributable to the largest intake of sugar sweetened beverage and cookies in this age group. Regarding sodium intake, processed foods, such as salty preserved meats, processed meats, cheeses, crackers, oils, spreads, sauces and condiments, sandwiches, pizzas, and breads were the main sources of dietary sodium in the Brazilian population diet. Our findings reinforce the importance of food and nutrition policies that encourage the intake of healthy food, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and traditional foods, such as beans. VIGITEL system should include food items that may have impact in reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Objective: To conduct a secondary analysis of dietary variety consumed by individuals of African-origin in two countries with differing stages of economic development. Our overall aim is to determine the relationships of two different dietary variety scores developed previously in our laboratory with reported energy intake (rEI), ER (which will be a more accurate reflection of true EI) and BMI in the total sample and the plausibly reporting subsample. Methods: Data for this analysis were collected as part of METS between January 2010 to September 2011, whose purpose was to elucidate the associations of physical activity and diet with body weight, diabetes, and risk of cardiovascular disease. Five communities of African-origin and in different countries were selected based on their different levels of economic development, as measured using the UN Human Development Index. A subsample of 141 (Ghana, n=70 and U.S., n=71) men and women with an average age of 35.1±0.5 years and an average BMI of 27.5±0.6 kg/m2 were randomly selected to have their total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Participants were interviewed using the multiple-pass method designed by the Medical Research Council of South Africa to estimate their dietary intake the day after consumption. Data was transferred to Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR) ver. 2011 and dietary variety scores (DVS) were calculated for combination and ingredient varieties. Combination variety was defined as the total number of unique foods and beverages consumed in a day. Ingredient variety was the total number of unique ingredients consumed in a day. Implausibility of rEI was controlled for by calculating rEI as a percentage of TEE. Associations of dietary variety scores with total energy intake and BMI were assessed for both the total sample and plausible subsample using SPSS version 22 through univariate analyses of variance and correlations. Results: Both combination and ingredient variety were positively associated with rEI in both countries when implausible reporting was not controlled, but no significant association was observed in both countries when implausible reporting was controlled. Ingredient variety was negatively associated with TEE when implausible reporting was both controlled and uncontrolled in the U.S. (p= 0.029), but no association was observed in Ghana. Ingredient and combination variety were also negatively associated with log BMI, percent body fat, and weight in U.S. when implausible reporting was not controlled but not in Ghana’s. However, in Ghana, combination variety was positively associated with percent body fat (p=0.041) and log BMI (p= 0.027) when plausible reporting was controlled but was not significant when implausible reporting was uncontrolled. Conclusion: Dietary variety was positively associated with rEI in both countries when implausible reporting was not controlled and with obesity markers in Ghana when plausible reporting was controlled.

No description available.

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2 pp. / discontinued 3/4/11 / Food intake tips for training and competition.