O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar os parâmetros genéticos e correlações das medidas de ingestão e eficiência alimentar com desempenho e características de carcaça, além de realizar o estudo de associação de amplo genoma (GWAS) para ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), consumo alimentar residual (CAR) e ganho de peso (GMD) em bovinos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus). Foram utilizados dados de 1.058 animais com fenótipo para IMS, taxa de conversão alimentar (CA), CAR, ganho de peso residual (GPR), consumo e ganho residuais (CGR), ganho de peso diário (GMD) e características de carcaça. Os parâmetros genéticos da IMS, CA, CAR, GPR e CGR e suas as correlações com GMD e características de carcaça foram estimados utilizando abordagem bayesiana. Quatro marcadores do tipo SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), localizados em genes relacionados ao controle de apetite (NPY e PDE3B) e transporte iônico (TRPM3 e ITPR1), foram associados com o desempenho, ingestão e medidas de eficiência alimentar. Adicionalmente, os animais foram genotipados em dois chips distintos (Illumina Bovine HD e Illumina BovineSNP50) e as informações genotípicas foram combinadas por meio de estudo de imputação. As centenas de milhares de SNPs foram utilizadas para o GWAS da IMS, CAR e GMD pelo teste de associação GRAMMAR-Gamma. A herdabilidade da IMS, CAR e CGR foi de 0,40, 0,38 e 0,54, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas associações nos SNPs localizados nos genes TRPM3, NPY e ITPR1, no entanto, o SNP no gene PDE3B foi associados significativamente (P≤0,05) com IMS, CAR e CGR. Os SNPs mais associados com a IMS e CAR, no GWAS, estão localizados nos cromossomos 4, 8, 14 e 21 em regiões genômicas relacionadas com transporte iônico e regulação da ingestão. O GWAS para o GMD apontou os cromossomos 3, 6 e 10 como os que continham os marcadores com maior associação. A ingestão e eficiência alimentar são passíveis de seleção genética, principalmente o CGR. O gene PDE3B deve ser melhor estudado pois, aparenta ter relação com esses fenótipos. Por fim, esse trabalho apontou regiões genômicas, por meio de associação de amplo genoma, relacionadas com a IMS, CAR e GMD, acredita-se ser o primeiro estudo desse tipo para esses fenótipos em animais da raça Nelore. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters and correlations of intake and feed efficiency with performance and carcass traits, and perform the genome-wide association study (GWAS) for dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI) and average daily gain (ADG) in Nelore cattle (Bos indicus). Data from 1,058 animals phenotyped for DMI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), RFI, residual body weight gain (RG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG), average daily gain (ADG) and carcass traits were used. Genetic parameters of DMI, FCR, RFI, RG and RIG and their correlations with ADG and carcass traits were estimated using Bayesian approach. Four SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), located in genes related to appetite control (NPY and PDE3B) and ion transport (TRPM3 and ITPR1), were associated with performance, intake and feed efficiency traits. Additionally, the animals were genotyped in two different chips (Illumina Bovine HD and Illumina BovineSNP50) and genotypic information were combined by imputation. The hundreds of thousands of SNPs were used for GWAS of DMI, RFI and ADG by GRAMMAR-Gamma association test. The heritability of DMI, RFI and RIG was 0.40, 0.38 and 0.54, respectively. No associations were found in SNPs in genes TRPM3, NPY and ITPR1, however, the SNP in PDE3B gene was significantly associated (P≤0.05) with DMI, RFI and RIG. The SNPs most associated with DMI and RFI, in GWAS, are located on chromosomes 4, 8, 14 and 21 in genomic regions associated with ion transport and appetite regulation. The GWAS pointed chromosomes 3, 6 and 10 as those containing more associated markers for ADG. Feed intake and feed efficiency are amenable to genetic selection, especially the RIG. The PDE3B gene should be further studied thus appears to be related to these phenotypes. Finally, this work shows genomic regions by genome-wide association, related to DMI, RFI and ADG, believed to be the first study of its kind for these phenotypes in Nellore cattle.

Introdução. O consumo de açúcares aumentou consideravelmente nas últimas décadas, bem como a incidência e a prevalência da obesidade, gerando a elaboração de recomendações para moderá-lo. Os açúcares contribuem para a palatabilidade dos alimentos, podendo também aumentar sua densidade energética (DE), outro fator de risco para obesidade. Uma alternativa seria a substituição por adoçantes não calóricos, que também aumentam a palatabilidade dos alimentos, porém são isentos calorias. No entanto, ainda não existe consenso a respeito das implicações desta substituição principalmente na redução da ingestão energética e do peso corporal. Objetivo. Identificar a DE da dieta, a ingestão energética total e de macronutrientes, segundo consumo de adoçantes e/ou alimentos processados com adoçantes por adultos e idosos. Métodos. Estudo transversal, no qual foram coletados dados de sexo; idade; peso e estatura, para cálculo do IMC; consumo de adoçantes, por questionário adaptado e pelo recordatório de 24 horas, foram calculadas as médias de DE, de ingestão energética total e de macronutrientes. Para verificar associação entre variáveis independentes (idade, sexo, IMC, uso de adoçantes não calóricos) com a dependente \"classificação da DE foi realizada regressão logística, considerando dietas com alta DE aquelas com 1,5 Kcal/g ou mais. Para comparação das médias de ingestão energética e de macronutrientes, entre usuários de adoçantes e não usuários, foi utilizado o Teste t de Student (p 0,05) pelo Stata 10.0. Resultados. Participaram do estudo 168 indivíduos, com idade média de 54,8 anos (DP = 14,9 anos), sendo 84,5 por cento do sexo feminino, 67,9 por cento com sobrepeso ou obesidade e 44,1 por cento usuários de adoçantes. A média da DE das dietas de usuários de adoçantes foi 1,15 Kcal/g (IC 95 por cento [1,11; 1,19]), e de não usuários 1,28 Kcal/g (IC 95 por cento [1,23; 1,33]). Para regressão logística, as variáveis contínuas, idade e IMC, foram categorizadas, porém esta última não permaneceu no modelo final (p > 0,10). Apesar de não significativo, a variável sexo permaneceu no modelo como ajuste. A classificação da idade (p = 0,042) e o uso de adoçantes (p = 0,002) apresentaram associação com os menores valores de DE. Não foi encontrada diferença nas médias de ingestão energética e de macronutrientes entre os grupos. Conclusão. Uso de adoçantes se associou com menores valores de DE, mas não houve diferença no consumo energético total e de macronutrientes entre grupos / The consumption of sugar has increased considerably in recent decades, as well as the incidence and prevalence of obesity, leading the development of recommendations to moderate this consumption. Sugars contribute to the palatability of food, but may also increase their energy density (ED), which is an important obesitys risk factor. An alternative would be replacing sugar by non-caloric sweeteners, which increase the palatability of foods, but with free calories. However, the implications of this substitution in reducing energy intake and body weight are controversial. Objective. Identify the ED of diets, the total energy intake and macronutrient consumption according to the consumption of sweeteners and/or processed foods with sweeteners by adults and elderly. Methods. A cross sectional study, that collected data on gender, age, weight and height, to calculate BMI, consumption of non-caloric sweeteners, by questionnaire and with data from 24-hour recall, were calculated the average of ED, total energy intake and total macronutrient intake. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association between independent variables (age, gender, BMI, use of non-caloric sweeteners) and the dependent classification of ED, considering diets with high ED those with 1.5 kcal/g or more. To compare the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake, among noncaloric sweeteners users and nonusers, was used the Students t test (p 0.05) by Stata 10.0. Results. Were collected data form 168 individuals, with an average age of 54.8 years (SD = 14.9 years), 84.5 per cent female, 67.9 per cent overweight or obese and 44.1 per cent users of sweeteners. The mean of ED diets of non-caloric sweeteners users was 1.15 kcal/g (CI 95 per cent [1.11; 1.19]), and 1.28 Kcal/g (CI 95 per cent [1.23; 1.33]) for non-users. For logistic regression the continuous variables, BMI and age, were categorized, but the former did not remained in the final model. Although the variable gender was not significant it remained in the model for adjustment. The classification of age (p = 0.042) and the use of sweeteners (p = 0.002) were associated with lower values of ED. No difference was found in the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake between the groups. Conclusion. The use of sweeteners was associated with lower values of ED, but there was no difference in the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake between the groups

The purpose of this study was to explore patients' perception and knowledge regarding hypertension and hypertensive guidelines on sodium intake and lifestyle modifications in a work environment in the Republic of Panama. Hypertension is important not only because of its high prevalence but also because it is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In Panama the prevalence of hypertension is about 38.7% and uncontrolled hypertension is almost 50%.This number may translate into complications for the general population. For instance 52.8% of the population has had an ischemic disease and death by ischemic disease climbed from third place to second place from 2009 to 2010. This qualitative study used an exploratory approach and semi-structured in-depth interviews to answer the research questions. A purposive sample included woman with a hypertension diagnosis, between 30 to 59 years of age, and working in a single organization. A constant comparative analysis was used to search for themes grounded in the data. Emerging themes illustrated that participants perspectives of hypertension had become their drives towards the management of their disease and throughout their daily lives constant different factors played the role of motivating or discouraging their non-pharmacological treatment. Participants had also provided a list of barriers and coping strategies which were redundant on the need of practical knowledge, obtainable goals and policy changes of their environment in order for them to keep their disease management. Further research at a population level may aid to generalize this finding and to provide a better understanding of patients' compliance to non-pharmacological treatment.

Bakgrund. Kostens sammansättning får en stor betydelse för boende i Sverige då de inte tillgodogör sig D-vitamin från solen i samma utsträckning som länder vid ekvatorn, speciellt vintertid. Hela 80 % av den intagna mängden D-vitamin absorberas i tarmen, ändå visar forskning på att brist föreligger i större utsträckning bland boende över 55 breddgraden. Syfte. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur troligt det är att boende i Sverige uppnår rekommenderat dagligt intag av D-vitamin. Metod. För att besvara syftet utfördes en internetbaserad kvantitativ studie, baserad på en frekvensenkät. Enkäten bestod av 28 frågor, varav åtta mätte intagsfrekvens av D-vitaminrika livsmedel. Urvalet baserades på ett bekvämlighetsurval. Kön, utbildningsnivå, hemort, utlandsvistelse, träning, kosttillskott- och solskyddsanvändning testades mot tre intagsgrupper baserad på intagen mängd D-vitamin med hjälp av Chit2-test. Vidare jämfördes deltagarnas intag mot EFSA´s gränsvärden. Resultat. Totalt inkom 144 enkätsvar av dessa rapporterade 93 % ett D-vitaminintag under rekommenderat dagligt intag (RDI). Beträffande livsmedel var lax, makrill, berikad lätt-/mellanmjölk och ägg de främsta källorna till deltagarnas uppskattade D-vitaminintag. Det var 21 % av respondenter som rapporterade ett intag under lower intake level (LI). Vidare rapporterade 32 % av respondenterna ett intag mellan LI och average requirement (AR). En mindre andel av respondenterna (n=20) hade varit utomlands under efterfrågad period. Majoriteten av respondenterna sågs använda solskyddsmedel, var aktiva och upplevde sig ha en god hälsa. Slutsats. Det beräknades föreligga en 53-% risk att någon av deltagarna hade ett inadekvat D-vitaminintag. Ett fåtal deltagare (n=10) beräknades inta D-vitamin i enlighet med RDI. / Background. The diet is of a great importance for residents in Sweden, since they do not assimilate vitamin D from the sun to the same extent as people living in countries located at the equator. The intestine absorbs as much as 80 % of the vitamin-D intake; nevertheless the insufficiency is more common among countries above the 55 latitude. Aim. The study aimed to investigate how likely it is that people in Sweden achieves the recommended daily intake of vitamin D. Method. To answer the question a quantitative study approach was chosen based on a non-random selection. Frequency questionnaire consisted of a total of 28 questions; eight measured the intake frequency of D- vitamin in food. Gender, education, place of residence, educational, training, food supplements and sun block use were tested against three intake groups based on vitamin D intake with Chit2 test. Later on participants' intake was compared with the limits of EFSA. Results. A total of 144 responded the survey, 93% of these reported a D-vitamin intake below the recommended daily intake (RDI). Food such as, salmon, mackerel, enriched easy- /semi-skimmed milk and eggs were principal sources of the participants' estimated D-vitamin intake. It was 21 % of respondents who reported an intake below lower intake level (LI). Furthermore, 32% of the respondents reported an intake between LI and average requirement (AR). A smaller proportion of the respondents (n= 20) had been abroad during requested period. The majority of the respondents were seen using sun block, was active and experienced to have a good health. Conclusion. It might be a 53-% risks that participants have an inadequate D-vitamin intake. A small number of participants (n= 10) estimate a vitamin D intake in accordance with RDI.

During adolescence, the nutritional needs are higher than at any other time in the lifecycle. Childhood food practices persist into late adolescence and children's food preferences predict their food consumption patterns. Therefore, it is important to understand what influences their preferences and how they change over time. The main objective of this part of the THUSA BANA study was to investigate the eating habits of children aged 10-15 years in the North West Province (NWP). A cross-sectional design was used to investigate the eating habits of the children. A single, random sample, stratified for gender (male/female) and ethnic group (black, white, coloured, Indian) was drawn from schools (primary/secondary) in the five regions in the NWP. Dietary intake data (24-h recall method) were used to evaluate the adequacy of nutrient intakes, while frequencies and mean quantities of food intakes and an eating habits questionnaire were used to establish patterns of intake to identify dietary practices. Overall the diets of children 10-15 years of age were deficient in various micronutrients. The RD/Al's were not met for vitamin A, C, E, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. The intake of fibre was low. Girls skipped breakfast more often than boys and children from informal settlements skipped breakfast more often than children from rural and urban areas. A significantly lower BMI was found for the children having breakfast when observing all the children, but not for different age and gender groups. The reason given most for skipping breakfast was not being hungry in the morning, but food availability which may have also played a role. The skipping of breakfast was associated with a lower diet quality. A low intake of fruit and vegetables and high intake of snacks were apparent. The intake of snacks, such as chips, cheese curls and sweets were reported more frequently than fruit or vegetables. Small milk portions and large portions of cold drink were reported, suggesting that cold drink is replacing milk in the diet. Overweight children consumed smaller portions of milk, though no correlation between calcium intake and BMI was found. Overweight boys consumed more carbonated cold drink and overweight girls consumed more squash, showing cold drink intake may be positively related to overweight. The snacks consumed were not nutrient dense and were consumed very regularly. The high intake of snacks may contribute to the low micronutrient and fibre intake. The importance of fruit, vegetables, milk, breakfast and high nutrient dense snacks needs to be emphasized with both the children and their parents. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

A atração dos seres humanos pelas cores é um fenômeno instintivo. Cores agradáveis em alimentos geram no consumidor a sensação de um produto com características sensoriais mais prazerosas e fornecem a sensação de maior qualidade global. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham corantes na sua formulação, selecionar aqueles que continham o corante artificial tartrazina, estimar a Ingestão Diária Teórica Máxima (IDTM) deste corante e realizar análises laboratoriais para avaliar a quantidade de tartrazina em refrescos em pó e isotônicos. Observou-se que de 3475 alimentos comercializados 28,7% continham pelo menos um corante na formulação e que os mais utilizados foram urucum (presente em 8,43% dos alimentos), caramelo (7,68%), cúrcuma (5,47%), carmim de cochonilha (4,52%) e carotenos (4,23%). O corante Tartrazina (INS 102) ocupa a sexta posição na lista dos corantes alimentícios mais utilizados, com frequencia de uso de 2,62%, sendo o corante artificial mais utilizado nos produtos desse estudo. Por meio do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009, do limite máximo de uso permitido por lei e da prevalência de consumo, observou-se que, considerando o consumo de tartrazina médio per capita, a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) não foi ultrapassada em nenhuma das distribuições: gêneros, regiões brasileiras, classes de rendas familiares per capita e por grupos de faixas etárias. Mas, quando é considerada a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a (IDMT) foi superior à IDA em alguns casos: para mulheres nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste; mulheres nas classes de renda familiar per capita “até R$ 296” e “mais de R$ 296 a R$ 571”; e para as faixas etárias “Adolescentes” (para ambos os sexos) e “Adultos” para “19 anos” e “20 a 24 anos” do sexo feminino. Para os “Adolescentes” de 10 anos a IDMT foi o dobro da IDA. Os produtos da categoria “sucos/refrescos/sucos em pó reconstituídos” apresentaram contribuição expressiva no total de tartrazina consumido ao longo de um dia para todas as distribuições populacionais estudadas. Posteriormente foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) 34 amostras de refrescos em pó e 8 de isotônicos sendo que todas estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente para o conteúdo de tartrazina (máximo de 10mg/100mL) com exceção de um refresco em pó sabor pêssego que apresentou 20,92mg/100mL, o que representa mais que o dobro da quantidade permitida por lei. Outras amostras também apresentaram conteúdo expressivo de tartrazina: os refrescos em pó sabor maracujá (72,4% do limite máximo permitido por lei), manga (71,1%) e laranja com mamão (65,2%) e os isotônicos sabores frutas cítricas (57,7%) e laranja (49,4%). As análises laboratoriais mostram que não existe uniformidade no uso do corante tartrazina entre os produtos analisados, sendo utilizada em quantidades que variaram de 4% do valor máximo permitido até valores acima de 70%. A partir do exposto, observa-se um uso mais freqüente de corantes naturais em alimentos quando comparado aos artificiais, provavelmente devido à demanda dos consumidores, atualmente mais preocupados com a saúde. Porém, ainda existe um número expressivo de produtos coloridos artificialmente no mercado. Estudos relacionam o uso de corantes alimentícios com potencial efeito tóxico aos seres humanos. Dentre os corantes “azo”, a tartrazina tem enfoque maior para os toxicologistas e alergistas, sendo relacionada com várias reações adversas à saúde. A preocupação de que a IDA seja ultrapassada para alguns compostos é uma realidade quando se utiliza o limite máximo de uso e a prevalência de consumo como aproximação dos cálculos de ingestão. / The attraction of human by the colors is an instinctive phenomenon. Nice colors in foods generate the feeling of a product with more pleasurable sensory characteristics and give the feeling of greater overall quality. The objectives of this work were to assess which foods marketed by one of the largest networks in the country supermarkets containing dyes in its formulation, select those containing the artificial dye tartrazine, estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of this dye and perform laboratory tests to assess the amount of tartrazine in powdered soft drinks and isotonic drinks. It was observed that 28.7% of the products (n=3475) contained at least one dye in its formulation and the most used are annatto (present in 8.43%), caramel (7.68%), turmeric (5.47%), carmine cochineal (4.52%) and carotenes (4.23%). The dye Tartrazine (INS 102) ranks sixth in the list of the most used food colors, with frequency of use of 2.62% and it was the most widely used artificial coloring in the product of this study. By using the Family Budget Survey (HBS) 2008-2009 data and the maximum amount permitted by law, it was observed that, considering the average intake per capita of tartrazine, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was not exceeded in any of the distributions: gender, Brazilian regions, classes of Family income per capita and age groups. But when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI was higher than the ADI in some cases: for women in the North, Midwest and Northeast; women in per capita family income classes "up to R$ 296" and "more than R$ 296 to R$ 571"; and for the age groups "Adolescents" (for both sexes) and "Adults" to "19 years" and "20 to 24" female. For the "Adolescents" of 10 years IDMT was twice the ADI. Products category "juices / soft drinks / juices reconstituted powder" had a significant contribution in the amount of tartrazine consumed over a day for all population distributions studied. 34 samples of powdered drinks and 8 samples of isotonic drinks were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All of them were in accordance with Brazilian law (maximum of 10mg/100mL of tartrazine) with one exception: a peach flavor soft drink that presented 20,92mg/100mL, which is more than the double amount permitted. Other samples also showed expressive content of tartrazine: passion fruit flavor soft drink (72.4% of the maximum extent permitted by law), mango (71.1%) and orange with papaya flavor (65.2%). In addition to these, the isotonic citrus fruits flavors (57.7%) and orange (49.4%). Laboratory tests show that there is no uniformity in the use of the dye tartrazine between analyzed products and it is used in amounts ranging from 4% to values above 70% of the maximum permitted. Therefore, it is observed a more frequent use of natural dyes in foods when compared to artificial, probably due to consumer demand, currently more concerned with health. However, there are still a significant number of artificially colored products on the market. Studies have linked the use of food colors with potential toxic effects in humans. Among the dyes "azo", tartrazine is greater focus on toxicologists and allergists, being related to several adverse reactions to health. Concern that the ADI is exceeded for some compounds is a reality when using the maximum amounts permitted and the prevalence of consumption for the intake calculations.

A atração dos seres humanos pelas cores é um fenômeno instintivo. Cores agradáveis em alimentos geram no consumidor a sensação de um produto com características sensoriais mais prazerosas e fornecem a sensação de maior qualidade global. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham corantes na sua formulação, selecionar aqueles que continham o corante artificial tartrazina, estimar a Ingestão Diária Teórica Máxima (IDTM) deste corante e realizar análises laboratoriais para avaliar a quantidade de tartrazina em refrescos em pó e isotônicos. Observou-se que de 3475 alimentos comercializados 28,7% continham pelo menos um corante na formulação e que os mais utilizados foram urucum (presente em 8,43% dos alimentos), caramelo (7,68%), cúrcuma (5,47%), carmim de cochonilha (4,52%) e carotenos (4,23%). O corante Tartrazina (INS 102) ocupa a sexta posição na lista dos corantes alimentícios mais utilizados, com frequencia de uso de 2,62%, sendo o corante artificial mais utilizado nos produtos desse estudo. Por meio do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009, do limite máximo de uso permitido por lei e da prevalência de consumo, observou-se que, considerando o consumo de tartrazina médio per capita, a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) não foi ultrapassada em nenhuma das distribuições: gêneros, regiões brasileiras, classes de rendas familiares per capita e por grupos de faixas etárias. Mas, quando é considerada a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a (IDMT) foi superior à IDA em alguns casos: para mulheres nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste; mulheres nas classes de renda familiar per capita “até R$ 296” e “mais de R$ 296 a R$ 571”; e para as faixas etárias “Adolescentes” (para ambos os sexos) e “Adultos” para “19 anos” e “20 a 24 anos” do sexo feminino. Para os “Adolescentes” de 10 anos a IDMT foi o dobro da IDA. Os produtos da categoria “sucos/refrescos/sucos em pó reconstituídos” apresentaram contribuição expressiva no total de tartrazina consumido ao longo de um dia para todas as distribuições populacionais estudadas. Posteriormente foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) 34 amostras de refrescos em pó e 8 de isotônicos sendo que todas estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente para o conteúdo de tartrazina (máximo de 10mg/100mL) com exceção de um refresco em pó sabor pêssego que apresentou 20,92mg/100mL, o que representa mais que o dobro da quantidade permitida por lei. Outras amostras também apresentaram conteúdo expressivo de tartrazina: os refrescos em pó sabor maracujá (72,4% do limite máximo permitido por lei), manga (71,1%) e laranja com mamão (65,2%) e os isotônicos sabores frutas cítricas (57,7%) e laranja (49,4%). As análises laboratoriais mostram que não existe uniformidade no uso do corante tartrazina entre os produtos analisados, sendo utilizada em quantidades que variaram de 4% do valor máximo permitido até valores acima de 70%. A partir do exposto, observa-se um uso mais freqüente de corantes naturais em alimentos quando comparado aos artificiais, provavelmente devido à demanda dos consumidores, atualmente mais preocupados com a saúde. Porém, ainda existe um número expressivo de produtos coloridos artificialmente no mercado. Estudos relacionam o uso de corantes alimentícios com potencial efeito tóxico aos seres humanos. Dentre os corantes “azo”, a tartrazina tem enfoque maior para os toxicologistas e alergistas, sendo relacionada com várias reações adversas à saúde. A preocupação de que a IDA seja ultrapassada para alguns compostos é uma realidade quando se utiliza o limite máximo de uso e a prevalência de consumo como aproximação dos cálculos de ingestão. / The attraction of human by the colors is an instinctive phenomenon. Nice colors in foods generate the feeling of a product with more pleasurable sensory characteristics and give the feeling of greater overall quality. The objectives of this work were to assess which foods marketed by one of the largest networks in the country supermarkets containing dyes in its formulation, select those containing the artificial dye tartrazine, estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of this dye and perform laboratory tests to assess the amount of tartrazine in powdered soft drinks and isotonic drinks. It was observed that 28.7% of the products (n=3475) contained at least one dye in its formulation and the most used are annatto (present in 8.43%), caramel (7.68%), turmeric (5.47%), carmine cochineal (4.52%) and carotenes (4.23%). The dye Tartrazine (INS 102) ranks sixth in the list of the most used food colors, with frequency of use of 2.62% and it was the most widely used artificial coloring in the product of this study. By using the Family Budget Survey (HBS) 2008-2009 data and the maximum amount permitted by law, it was observed that, considering the average intake per capita of tartrazine, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was not exceeded in any of the distributions: gender, Brazilian regions, classes of Family income per capita and age groups. But when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI was higher than the ADI in some cases: for women in the North, Midwest and Northeast; women in per capita family income classes "up to R$ 296" and "more than R$ 296 to R$ 571"; and for the age groups "Adolescents" (for both sexes) and "Adults" to "19 years" and "20 to 24" female. For the "Adolescents" of 10 years IDMT was twice the ADI. Products category "juices / soft drinks / juices reconstituted powder" had a significant contribution in the amount of tartrazine consumed over a day for all population distributions studied. 34 samples of powdered drinks and 8 samples of isotonic drinks were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All of them were in accordance with Brazilian law (maximum of 10mg/100mL of tartrazine) with one exception: a peach flavor soft drink that presented 20,92mg/100mL, which is more than the double amount permitted. Other samples also showed expressive content of tartrazine: passion fruit flavor soft drink (72.4% of the maximum extent permitted by law), mango (71.1%) and orange with papaya flavor (65.2%). In addition to these, the isotonic citrus fruits flavors (57.7%) and orange (49.4%). Laboratory tests show that there is no uniformity in the use of the dye tartrazine between analyzed products and it is used in amounts ranging from 4% to values above 70% of the maximum permitted. Therefore, it is observed a more frequent use of natural dyes in foods when compared to artificial, probably due to consumer demand, currently more concerned with health. However, there are still a significant number of artificially colored products on the market. Studies have linked the use of food colors with potential toxic effects in humans. Among the dyes "azo", tartrazine is greater focus on toxicologists and allergists, being related to several adverse reactions to health. Concern that the ADI is exceeded for some compounds is a reality when using the maximum amounts permitted and the prevalence of consumption for the intake calculations.

A atração dos seres humanos pelas cores é um fenômeno instintivo. Cores agradáveis em alimentos geram no consumidor a sensação de um produto com características sensoriais mais prazerosas e fornecem a sensação de maior qualidade global. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham corantes na sua formulação, selecionar aqueles que continham o corante artificial tartrazina, estimar a Ingestão Diária Teórica Máxima (IDTM) deste corante e realizar análises laboratoriais para avaliar a quantidade de tartrazina em refrescos em pó e isotônicos. Observou-se que de 3475 alimentos comercializados 28,7% continham pelo menos um corante na formulação e que os mais utilizados foram urucum (presente em 8,43% dos alimentos), caramelo (7,68%), cúrcuma (5,47%), carmim de cochonilha (4,52%) e carotenos (4,23%). O corante Tartrazina (INS 102) ocupa a sexta posição na lista dos corantes alimentícios mais utilizados, com frequencia de uso de 2,62%, sendo o corante artificial mais utilizado nos produtos desse estudo. Por meio do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009, do limite máximo de uso permitido por lei e da prevalência de consumo, observou-se que, considerando o consumo de tartrazina médio per capita, a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) não foi ultrapassada em nenhuma das distribuições: gêneros, regiões brasileiras, classes de rendas familiares per capita e por grupos de faixas etárias. Mas, quando é considerada a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a (IDMT) foi superior à IDA em alguns casos: para mulheres nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste; mulheres nas classes de renda familiar per capita “até R$ 296” e “mais de R$ 296 a R$ 571”; e para as faixas etárias “Adolescentes” (para ambos os sexos) e “Adultos” para “19 anos” e “20 a 24 anos” do sexo feminino. Para os “Adolescentes” de 10 anos a IDMT foi o dobro da IDA. Os produtos da categoria “sucos/refrescos/sucos em pó reconstituídos” apresentaram contribuição expressiva no total de tartrazina consumido ao longo de um dia para todas as distribuições populacionais estudadas. Posteriormente foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) 34 amostras de refrescos em pó e 8 de isotônicos sendo que todas estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente para o conteúdo de tartrazina (máximo de 10mg/100mL) com exceção de um refresco em pó sabor pêssego que apresentou 20,92mg/100mL, o que representa mais que o dobro da quantidade permitida por lei. Outras amostras também apresentaram conteúdo expressivo de tartrazina: os refrescos em pó sabor maracujá (72,4% do limite máximo permitido por lei), manga (71,1%) e laranja com mamão (65,2%) e os isotônicos sabores frutas cítricas (57,7%) e laranja (49,4%). As análises laboratoriais mostram que não existe uniformidade no uso do corante tartrazina entre os produtos analisados, sendo utilizada em quantidades que variaram de 4% do valor máximo permitido até valores acima de 70%. A partir do exposto, observa-se um uso mais freqüente de corantes naturais em alimentos quando comparado aos artificiais, provavelmente devido à demanda dos consumidores, atualmente mais preocupados com a saúde. Porém, ainda existe um número expressivo de produtos coloridos artificialmente no mercado. Estudos relacionam o uso de corantes alimentícios com potencial efeito tóxico aos seres humanos. Dentre os corantes “azo”, a tartrazina tem enfoque maior para os toxicologistas e alergistas, sendo relacionada com várias reações adversas à saúde. A preocupação de que a IDA seja ultrapassada para alguns compostos é uma realidade quando se utiliza o limite máximo de uso e a prevalência de consumo como aproximação dos cálculos de ingestão. / The attraction of human by the colors is an instinctive phenomenon. Nice colors in foods generate the feeling of a product with more pleasurable sensory characteristics and give the feeling of greater overall quality. The objectives of this work were to assess which foods marketed by one of the largest networks in the country supermarkets containing dyes in its formulation, select those containing the artificial dye tartrazine, estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of this dye and perform laboratory tests to assess the amount of tartrazine in powdered soft drinks and isotonic drinks. It was observed that 28.7% of the products (n=3475) contained at least one dye in its formulation and the most used are annatto (present in 8.43%), caramel (7.68%), turmeric (5.47%), carmine cochineal (4.52%) and carotenes (4.23%). The dye Tartrazine (INS 102) ranks sixth in the list of the most used food colors, with frequency of use of 2.62% and it was the most widely used artificial coloring in the product of this study. By using the Family Budget Survey (HBS) 2008-2009 data and the maximum amount permitted by law, it was observed that, considering the average intake per capita of tartrazine, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was not exceeded in any of the distributions: gender, Brazilian regions, classes of Family income per capita and age groups. But when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI was higher than the ADI in some cases: for women in the North, Midwest and Northeast; women in per capita family income classes "up to R$ 296" and "more than R$ 296 to R$ 571"; and for the age groups "Adolescents" (for both sexes) and "Adults" to "19 years" and "20 to 24" female. For the "Adolescents" of 10 years IDMT was twice the ADI. Products category "juices / soft drinks / juices reconstituted powder" had a significant contribution in the amount of tartrazine consumed over a day for all population distributions studied. 34 samples of powdered drinks and 8 samples of isotonic drinks were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All of them were in accordance with Brazilian law (maximum of 10mg/100mL of tartrazine) with one exception: a peach flavor soft drink that presented 20,92mg/100mL, which is more than the double amount permitted. Other samples also showed expressive content of tartrazine: passion fruit flavor soft drink (72.4% of the maximum extent permitted by law), mango (71.1%) and orange with papaya flavor (65.2%). In addition to these, the isotonic citrus fruits flavors (57.7%) and orange (49.4%). Laboratory tests show that there is no uniformity in the use of the dye tartrazine between analyzed products and it is used in amounts ranging from 4% to values above 70% of the maximum permitted. Therefore, it is observed a more frequent use of natural dyes in foods when compared to artificial, probably due to consumer demand, currently more concerned with health. However, there are still a significant number of artificially colored products on the market. Studies have linked the use of food colors with potential toxic effects in humans. Among the dyes "azo", tartrazine is greater focus on toxicologists and allergists, being related to several adverse reactions to health. Concern that the ADI is exceeded for some compounds is a reality when using the maximum amounts permitted and the prevalence of consumption for the intake calculations.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar os parâmetros genéticos e correlações das medidas de ingestão e eficiência alimentar com desempenho e características de carcaça, além de realizar o estudo de associação de amplo genoma (GWAS) para ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), consumo alimentar residual (CAR) e ganho de peso (GMD) em bovinos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus). Foram utilizados dados de 1.058 animais com fenótipo para IMS, taxa de conversão alimentar (CA), CAR, ganho de peso residual (GPR), consumo e ganho residuais (CGR), ganho de peso diário (GMD) e características de carcaça. Os parâmetros genéticos da IMS, CA, CAR, GPR e CGR e suas as correlações com GMD e características de carcaça foram estimados utilizando abordagem bayesiana. Quatro marcadores do tipo SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), localizados em genes relacionados ao controle de apetite (NPY e PDE3B) e transporte iônico (TRPM3 e ITPR1), foram associados com o desempenho, ingestão e medidas de eficiência alimentar. Adicionalmente, os animais foram genotipados em dois chips distintos (Illumina Bovine HD e Illumina BovineSNP50) e as informações genotípicas foram combinadas por meio de estudo de imputação. As centenas de milhares de SNPs foram utilizadas para o GWAS da IMS, CAR e GMD pelo teste de associação GRAMMAR-Gamma. A herdabilidade da IMS, CAR e CGR foi de 0,40, 0,38 e 0,54, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas associações nos SNPs localizados nos genes TRPM3, NPY e ITPR1, no entanto, o SNP no gene PDE3B foi associados significativamente (P≤0,05) com IMS, CAR e CGR. Os SNPs mais associados com a IMS e CAR, no GWAS, estão localizados nos cromossomos 4, 8, 14 e 21 em regiões genômicas relacionadas com transporte iônico e regulação da ingestão. O GWAS para o GMD apontou os cromossomos 3, 6 e 10 como os que continham os marcadores com maior associação. A ingestão e eficiência alimentar são passíveis de seleção genética, principalmente o CGR. O gene PDE3B deve ser melhor estudado pois, aparenta ter relação com esses fenótipos. Por fim, esse trabalho apontou regiões genômicas, por meio de associação de amplo genoma, relacionadas com a IMS, CAR e GMD, acredita-se ser o primeiro estudo desse tipo para esses fenótipos em animais da raça Nelore. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters and correlations of intake and feed efficiency with performance and carcass traits, and perform the genome-wide association study (GWAS) for dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI) and average daily gain (ADG) in Nelore cattle (Bos indicus). Data from 1,058 animals phenotyped for DMI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), RFI, residual body weight gain (RG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG), average daily gain (ADG) and carcass traits were used. Genetic parameters of DMI, FCR, RFI, RG and RIG and their correlations with ADG and carcass traits were estimated using Bayesian approach. Four SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), located in genes related to appetite control (NPY and PDE3B) and ion transport (TRPM3 and ITPR1), were associated with performance, intake and feed efficiency traits. Additionally, the animals were genotyped in two different chips (Illumina Bovine HD and Illumina BovineSNP50) and genotypic information were combined by imputation. The hundreds of thousands of SNPs were used for GWAS of DMI, RFI and ADG by GRAMMAR-Gamma association test. The heritability of DMI, RFI and RIG was 0.40, 0.38 and 0.54, respectively. No associations were found in SNPs in genes TRPM3, NPY and ITPR1, however, the SNP in PDE3B gene was significantly associated (P≤0.05) with DMI, RFI and RIG. The SNPs most associated with DMI and RFI, in GWAS, are located on chromosomes 4, 8, 14 and 21 in genomic regions associated with ion transport and appetite regulation. The GWAS pointed chromosomes 3, 6 and 10 as those containing more associated markers for ADG. Feed intake and feed efficiency are amenable to genetic selection, especially the RIG. The PDE3B gene should be further studied thus appears to be related to these phenotypes. Finally, this work shows genomic regions by genome-wide association, related to DMI, RFI and ADG, believed to be the first study of its kind for these phenotypes in Nellore cattle.

Many dieters and compulsive overeaters report that sugar and chocolate are the most commonly craved foods. Further, many individuals have proclaimed themselves to be "addicted" to sugar or chocolate. It remains unclear, however, what factors lead to report of specific food addictions. A number of researchers have suggested that highly repetitive consumption of sugar and chocolate may result from various physiological processes (e.g., neurochemical imbalances, glucose/insulin malfunctioning). However, there is also considerable evidence that psychosocial factors (i.e., expectancies, classical, and operant conditioning) play the major role in the development and maintenance of excessive sugar,chocolate intake. Empirical studies examining factors that underlie this behavior are almost nonexistent. Therefore, it is useful for researchers to explore perspectives about the causes of addictive or compulsive behavior. This study addressed the question, "Are adverse eating symptoms/outcomes for women who believe they are addicted to sugar or chocolate explained primarily by learning factors or by the key chemical constituents in these foods?" This study involved procedures that influenced subjects' perceptions and expectations about the sugar/chocolate content of a beverage (i.e., real chocolate, sugar versus synthetic substitute [placebo]) in a laboratory taste test situation. In an ABAB experimental design, self-avowed addict and control subjects were tested on four consecutive days receiving two chocolate/sugar (A) and two placebo (B) beverages. Changes in mood and food cravings were measured, as was an index of perceived eating dyscontrol following the consumption of beverages. In addition to establishing a baseline measure each day, subjects' mood and cravings were assessed immediately after consumption of chocolate or placebo as well as 45 minutes later. The responses (mood, food cravings, food intake) that occurred after exposure to drinks containing placebo or sugar/chocolate suggested that subjects do not always respond in the manner they purport to (e.g., increased cravings, mood improvement, subsequent overeating of treats). Other factors such as learning and conditioning may play a key role in accounting for their report of excessive behavior. Specifically, individuals who believe they are addicted to sugar or chocolate evidence similar responses and symptoms irrespective of wether they consumed a placebo versus sugar or chocolate.