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All bodies of critical discourse on any given literary canon seek visibility through self- celebration, subversion of competing critical ideas and identification with supposedly popular, scientific and incisive critical theories. Thus, the literary-critical quest for significance and visibility is, in essence, a quest for „space‟, „voice‟ and „authority‟ in the discussion of aspects of a given literary corpus. This research explores the politics of „space‟, „voice‟ and „authority‟ in „white critical thought‟ on „the black Zimbabwean novel‟. It unfolds in the context of the realisation that as a body of critical discourse on „the black Zimbabwean novel‟, „white critical thought‟ does not only emerge in an intellectual matrix in which it shares and competes for „space‟, „voice‟ and „authority‟ with other bodies of critical thought on the literary episteme in question; it also develops in the ambit of Euro-African cultural politics of hegemony and resistance. Thus, the research sets out to identify the ways in which „white critical thought‟ affirms and perpetuates or questions and negates European critical benchmarks and cultural models in the discussion of selected aspects of „the black Zimbabwean novel‟. The investigation considers the fissures at the heart of „white critical thought‟ as a critical discourse and the myriad of ways in which it interacts with competing critical discourses on the „the black Zimbabwean novel‟. It derives impetus from the fact that while other versions of critical thought on „the black Zimbabwean novel‟ have received extensive metacritical discussion elsewhere, „white critical thought‟ remains largely under-discussed. This phenomenon enables it to solidify into a settled body of critical thought. The metacritical discussion of „white critical thought‟ in this research constitutes part of the repertoire of efforts that will help check the solidification of critical discourses into hegemonic bodies of thought. The research makes use of Afrocentric and Postcolonial critical tenets to advance the contention that while „white critical thought‟ on „the black Zimbabwean novel‟ is fraught with fissures and contradictions that speak directly to its complexity and resistance to neat categorisation, it is largely vulnerable to identification as part of the paraphernalia of European cultural and intellectual hegemony in African literature and its criticism, given its tendency to discuss the literature outside the context of critical theories that emerge from the same culture and history with the literary corpus in question. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This study explores the rediscovery and development of a tradition of Ciceronian academic scepticism in British philosophy between c.1660-c.1760. It considers this tradition alongside two others, recently recovered by scholars, which were recognised by contemporaries to offer opposing visions of man, God and the origins of society: the Augustinian-Epicurean, and the neo-Stoic. It presents John Locke, Conyers Middleton and David Hume as the leading figures in the revival of the tradition of academic scepticism. It considers their works in relation to those of Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury, and Bernard Mandeville, whose writings refashioned respectively the neo-Stoic and Augustinian-Epicurean traditions in influential ways. These five individuals explicitly identified themselves with these late Hellenistic philosophical traditions, and sought to contest and redefine conventional estimations of their meaning and significance. This thesis recovers this debate, which illuminates our understanding of the development of the ‘science of man’ in Britain. Cicero was a central figure in Locke’s attempt to explain, against Hobbes, the origins of society and moral consensus independent of political authority. Locke was a theorist of societies, religious and civil. He provided a naturalistic explanation of moral motivation and sociability which, drawing heavily from Cicero, emphasised the importance of men’s concern for the opinions of others. Locke set this within a Christian divine teleology. It was Locke’s theologically-grounded treatment of moral obligation, and his attack on Stoic moral philosophy, that led to Shaftesbury’s attempt to vindicate Stoicism. This was met by Mandeville’s profoundly Epicurean response. The consequences of the neo-Epicurean and neo-Stoic traditions for Christianity were explored by Middleton, who argued that only academic scepticism was consistent with Christian belief. Hume explored the relationship between morality and religion with continual reference to Cicero. He did so, in contrast to Locke or Middleton, to banish entirely moral theology from philosophy.

This thesis analyses processes of discursive European identity formation in three cultural journals: Esprit, from France, the British New Left Review and the German Merkur during the time periods 1989-92, and, a decade later, during 2003-06. The theoretical framework which the thesis brings to bear on this analysis is that of the European Public Sphere. This model builds on Jürgen Habermas’s original model of a “public sphere”, and alleges that a sphere of common debate about issues of European concern can lead to a more defined and integrated sense of a European identity which is widely perceived as vague and inchoate. The relevancy of the public sphere model and its connection to the larger debate about European identity, especially since 1989, are discussed in the first part of the thesis. The second part provides a comparative analysis of the main European debates in the journals during the respective time periods. It outlines the mechanisms by which identity is expressed and assesses when, and to what extent, shared notions of European identity emerge. The analysis finds that identity formation does not occur through a developmental, gradual convergence of views as the European public sphere model envisages. Rather, it is brought about in much more haphazard back-and-forth movements. Moreover, shared notions of European identity between all the journals only arise in moments of perceived crises. Such crises are identified as the most salient factor which galvanizes expressions of a common, shared sense of European identity across national boundaries and ideological cleavages. The thesis concludes that the model of the EPS is too dependent on a partial view of how identity formation occurs and should thus adopt a more nuanced understanding about the complex factors that are at play in these processes. For the principled attempt to circumscribe identity formation as the outcome of communicative processes alone is likely to be thwarted by external events.

Spanish Republican philosophers in exile defended the Second Republic, legally proclaimed on April 14, 1931. They embraced the anti-fascist cause rising in the 1920s and the 1930s in Europe. During the Civil War, which lasted three years, they stood among the people. 1939 saw the victory of General Francisco Franco, supported by Nazi Germany and the Italy of Mussolini. Threatened with death, they had no choice but to escape from Spain. Some intellectuals experienced French concentration camps but, for the most part, they found refuge in Latin America, especially in Mexico and Venezuela. In exile, they swore to remain loyal to the Second Republic and to the spirit of the Spanish people. Moved by liberal views and humane ideals, these philosophers belonged to the vanquished, as those everywhere in Europe who rose against Fascist barbarity. As a result, their respective works are still widely unknown today – despite relentless efforts made to promote their thought to a larger audience for over half a century. In addition to the historical context of crisis during the interwar period, the situation of Spanish philosophy itself is suggestive. Indeed, Spanish philosophy was institutionalised at the beginning of the twentieth century only: the Schools of Madrid and Barcelona were created. These politics of cultural and intellectual renovation are first bestowed upon the generation of philosophers I study, born in the 1900s. When the Spanish War erupts, they had become professionals of international recognition. This shows the actual limits of academic philosophy, incapable of acknowledging unorthodox ways of philosophising. The experience of exile itself serves in my opinion as a catalyst: Spanish Republican philosophers in exile seek emancipation from academic conventions to philosophise freely; that is, in Spanish and according to the spirit of the people. No doubt “poetic reason” – the true invention of Spanish Republican exile – stems from this ideal of autonomous thinking.

This paper focuses on the Secret Six who consisted of Theodore Parker, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, Samuel Gridley Howe, George Luther Stearns, and Gerrit Smith, and the concepts that these men believed in regarding the type of society they wanted established in the United States. The dominant theme in the minds of this Secret Six was the romantic belief in the free individual. The belief in the free individual living in a free, progressive society held out the promise that America could become a perfect community of autonomous individuals and an example for all the world. But the Secret Six realized that for America to be this perfect community of autonomous individuals, America had to be freed of any determinism in its institutions. These six crusaders had such faith in their theories of individualism, that they abandoned moral persuasion and accepted violence as the principal means of establishing their society. These men believed that only the type of an individual who was willing to use violence if necessary and to die for the dictates of his conscience, could reform America into a community that exemplified to the world a belief in the free individual.

Postmemory is an interpretive theory that describes the relationship between the children of Holocaust survivors (Second-generation witnesses) and the trauma suffered by their parents. This thesis extends postmemory in two ways: first, postmemory is extended to include refugees who escaped the Holocaust. Thus, refugee families are situated in the three familial paradigms of Holocaust memory. Second, postmemory is extended to Third-generation witnesses (grandchildren of Holocaust survivors and refugees). Manifestations and representations of postmemory in Third-generation refugee families is demonstrated by authorial narration of photographs in third-generation refugee writer Erika Dreifus's short story collection Quiet Americans. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

本文是第一部專以清初陶學為研究對象的論文，擬從文人的情懷、詩學的演變、詩歌的用意、意象的運用、注本的闡釋等多角度概述清初陶學的全貌。在方法上，筆者除分析當時文人對陶淵明的評論外，還選取了清初四十家身份不同的文人，比較他們詩作中運用的陶淵明典故，探討他們對「陶淵明形象」的塑造與取捨，並以歷史背景為線索，梳理陶淵明意象在清初文人心目中地位的差異與其變化。 / 基於上述的研究，筆者認為以往學術界把清初陶學只理解為「忠憤」的表現是不夠全面的，尤其是清初關於陶淵明的討論，除了遺民文人有熱烈的參與外，非遺民文人亦有相當數量的研究，而且他們之間還存在着不少的交流，互相回應。正因如此，清初和陶風氣盛極一時，並且出現了一種嶄新、「反其致」的和陶現象--〈反乞食〉詩。 / 這種借用陶淵明的意象互相交流與回應，更多反映在詩歌方面。清初文人借讀陶、評陶、和陶等方法抒發他們於易代間的鬱悶。這種詩歌世界，重現了陶淵明筆下的桃源，在這裏，他們「不知有漢，無論魏晉」，思想上可以暫時脫離現實的痛苦，悠然人間。這也使得清初《陶集》評注本的編撰，一改南宋以來十卷本的「全集」形式，而偏重於四卷本，只收錄詩作的體制。 / The author intends to discuss the reception of Tao Yuanming in the Early Qing Dynasty from the aspects such as the emotions of poets, the changes of poetics, the intentions of poetries, the poetic imageries and the differences of the editions. And, it is the first work focusing solely on the reception of Tao Yuanming in the Early Qing Dynasty. Regarding the research methods, this dissertation not only studies the critiques through the existed methods, but also analyses the existed materials in a different manner. By comparing the literary allusions of Tao Yuanming’s life of 40 scholars lived in Early Qing who had different social background, the thesis discusses how these people constructed the images of Tao Yuanming and how they selected from Tao’s qualities. The thesis also tries to sort out the different attitudes of Tao among scholars of Early Qing and its changes with regard to the historical context. / Based on the research, the author finds out that the existed understanding of the reception of Tao Yuanming in the Early Qing, which focuses on the leftover citizen’s aspect, and which portrays Tao image as a rebellion was largely incomplete. Apart from the vigorous discussions regarding the images of Tao among the leftover citizen, the non-leftover citizen also discussed Tao with great enthusiasm. Under this circumstance, a new form of He Tao Shi(和陶詩) “poems written to match Tao’s , was found in opposite mode in order to response to those leftover citizen. / By appropriation of Tao’s images in their communication and responding each other especially in poems, scholars lived in Early Qing expressed their uneasiness and pain as in the change of the regime through reading, commentary and writing of Tao’s collections. Thus, this special kind of poem allowed the Early Qing scholars to escape from the distress of the reality to an ideal world, a typical example of which was “Peach-Blossom Spring created by Tao Yuanming. This tendency reflected in the editions of Tao’s works in Early Qing Dynasty that Tao’s poems received much attention while other forms of works were not included in the collections of works. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 梁樹風. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-376) / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Liang Shufeng. / 提要 --- p.I / 目錄 --- p.III / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究範圍 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究旨趣 --- p.7 / Chapter 第三節 --- 相關文獻回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter 第四節 --- 論文架構與研究方法 --- p.17 / Chapter 第二章 --- 清初陶學背景 --- p.24 / Chapter 第一節 --- 明清易代與文人「生死」的抉擇 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二節 --- 陶淵明生存方式對清初文人的啟示 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清初文人寄情陶淵明的表現 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四節 --- 清初遺民的逃禪與蓮社之約 --- p.56 / Chapter 第三章 --- 清初詩學與陶詩評價的關係 --- p.91 / Chapter 第一節 --- 清初詩壇尋「真」對陶詩評價的影響 --- p.91 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清初「詩史」的重視與陶淵明甲子紀年之義 --- p.115 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清初田園詩的復興與陶淵明田園詩內涵的解讀 --- p.130 / Chapter 第四章 --- 清初的擬陶、集陶與和陶 --- p.151 / Chapter 第一節 --- 清初擬陶與集陶的表現與陶文詩意的賞讀 --- p.152 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清初和陶詩的表現與其意義 --- p.162 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清初擬陶、和陶的觴濫--陶淵明〈酒二十首〉 --- p.169 / Chapter 第四節 --- 清初的「反乞食詩」 --- p.184 / Chapter 第五章 --- 清初的陶淵明意象與繪事 --- p.206 / Chapter 第一節 --- 清初陶淵明與菊的意象與繪事 --- p.207 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清初桃源的意象與繪事 --- p.228 / Chapter 第六章 --- 清初《陶集》評注本 --- p.257 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《陶淵明集》版本源流與清初的《陶淵明集》 --- p.257 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清初的《陶淵明集》注釋 --- p.277 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清初《陶集》評注的特色 --- p.319 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.328 / 參考書目 --- p.331 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 清初文人詩作用陶淵明典故語句輯錄 --- p.1 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 清初文人用陶淵明典故的創作時間與數量分佈 --- p.105 / Chapter 附錄三 --- 歷代書目所錄《陶淵明集》 --- p.106 / Chapter 附錄四 --- 宋代《陶集》注本研究 --- p.119 / Chapter 附錄五 --- 清初文人和陶詩附表 --- p.147

本論文以民國初年六本通俗文學雜誌的翻譯文本為研究對象，首先根據雜誌翻譯文本及其歷史資料，勾勒雜誌翻譯活動的輪廓，繼而從雜誌翻譯追溯雜誌文人的思考與互動過程，展現當時文化場域的動態場景。論文嘗試回歸雜誌翻譯之歷史語境，從中觀察二十世紀初的中國文化圖景；研究的視野，與翻譯研究中以系統為研究對象的理論有共通之處。論文借助系統理論中「規範」、「經典」等概念來探討雜誌翻譯，同時亦注重文本與概念之歷史淵源；相關文本解讀與概念分析，皆以雜誌原始語境為背景。此外，論文以該時期新文化刊物的翻譯現象為參照，追溯通俗與精英文人通過翻譯而進行的對話與互動，藉此反思雜誌翻譯之於文化場域演變的作用。所涉之對比分析，有助把通俗文學雜誌的翻譯活動重置於民初文化版圖，既為近代翻譯史填補一點空白，亦可在目前以新文化精英為主線的現代文學史論之外，提供另一種敍述歷史的角度。 / Based on a historical study of the translation in six popular literary magazines published in early Republican Shanghai, the thesis attempts to explore dynamic cultural landscape of early modern China by reconstructing the ecology and patterns of magazine translation. In line with the perspectives of system theories in Translation Studies, translation is viewed as both functional constituent and shaping force in its cultural settings. With a keen interest in the historicity of texts and notions, the thesis examines magazine translation by analyzing key concepts in system theories such as ‘norm’ and ‘canon’ in the context of early Republican printed media. Translated texts in the magazines under study are also analyzed in comparison with those published in May-fourth journals in the same period. Magazine translation is then presented as a site of conversation, competition and mutual positioning between popular and elite intellectuals. Offering to fill a gap in Chinese translation history with its reconstructive efforts, the thesis proposes an alternative delineation of cultural history against the ‘grand narrative’ that dismisses the literary practices in Shanghai popular magazines as mere residues of the late Imperial era. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 叶嘉. / Thesis submitted: November 2012. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-214). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ye Jia. / 緒 論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 課題緣起 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 理論架構 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究範圍 --- p.8 / Chapter 第一章 --- 清末民初「通俗」的流變 --- p.13 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「通俗」的定義 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清末到民元：平民教育的初衷 --- p.16 / Chapter 第三節 --- 袁世凱復辟：以「通俗」為名的言論控制 --- p.18 / Chapter 第四節 --- 文學革命之後的「通俗」：从中性到貶義 --- p.20 / Chapter 第五節 --- 上海雜誌界的「通俗」：從啓蒙到暢銷 --- p.22 / Chapter 第六節 --- 解讀「精英」與「通俗」：從對立到互動 --- p.32 / Chapter 第二章 --- 雜誌的外在環境 --- p.37 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雜誌的出版環境 --- p.37 / Chapter 第二節 --- 雜誌的文人圈子 --- p.45 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從雜誌文本看翻譯規範：譯者形象 --- p.55 / Chapter 第一節 --- 從譯書廣告看譯者 --- p.58 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從譯作刊登格式看譯者 --- p.69 / Chapter 第三節 --- 從譯序和譯後記看譯者 --- p.75 / Chapter 第四節 --- 早期《新青年》的譯者形象及其啓示 --- p.82 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從雜誌文本看翻譯規範：從「不忠」到「忠實」 --- p.87 / Chapter 第一節 --- 1910年代：「不忠」為常 --- p.89 / Chapter 第二節 --- 1910年代：抗拒「直譯」 --- p.94 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《新青年》：「忠實」的提出 --- p.99 / Chapter 第四節 --- 1920年代：「忠實」的流行 --- p.102 / Chapter 第五章 --- 從雜誌文本看翻譯規範：「時效」與「實用」 --- p.109 / Chapter 第一節 --- 緣起晚清 --- p.109 / Chapter 第二節 --- 演入民初 --- p.112 / Chapter 第三節 --- 譯叢：獵奇的「時效」與「實用」 --- p.115 / Chapter 第四節 --- 西笑：諧趣的「時效」與「實用」 --- p.126 / Chapter 第六章 --- 「時效」的延續：視覺文本的翻譯 --- p.135 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雜誌插圖：西方世界視覺化 --- p.135 / Chapter 第二節 --- 影戲小：電影時代的先聲 --- p.142 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「雜誌翻譯」：規範與定義重構 --- p.153 / Chapter 第七章 --- 翻譯規範及經典與文化場域之互動 --- p.159 / Chapter 第一節 --- 不拒「經典」，不要「主義」 --- p.160 / Chapter 第二節 --- 重釋林紓：「新」「舊」的對立 --- p.173 / Chapter 第三節 --- 熱議《娜拉》：「新」「舊」的對話 --- p.190 / 結 語 --- p.197 / 後 記 --- p.202 / 徵引書目 --- p.208