Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are becoming increasingly important due to their inevitable link to technology and economic development. This highlighted role has resulted in the emergence and development of over-protections that are beyond the ideal scope of IPRs. As the scope of IPRs expands, competition concerns are also intensifying and, as a result, the interface between IP and competition law is expanding in new directions. To address these new developments, trans-Atlantic jurisdictions have developed new policies based on the general provisions of their competition laws. Canada’s current policy toward the IP/competition law interface is affected by the existence of a unique section in its Competition Act, section 32, which directly refers to the anti-competitive usage of IPRs. Despite section 32’s long presence in the Act and its role as a basis of the Competition Bureau’s analysis of the IP/competition law interface in Canada, this section has not been judicially considered to date. This thesis re-examines the role of section 32 and explores some of the reasons behind its current obsolescence. The main claim of this thesis is that the current interpretations of the role of section 32 are not as broad as envisaged in the statute. On the one hand, the Competition Bureau’s interpretation in the Intellectual Property Enforcement Guidelines (IPEGs) limits the scope of section 32 to the unilateral refusal to license IPRs. The approach that the Bureau has adopted toward the unilateral refusal to license is more in line with the American restrictive approach, which allows very limited scope for competition law interventions in the IP realm. From the author’s point of view, such a restrictive approach is not consistent with the underlying principles of Canadian competition policies. On the other hand, section 32 has not been amended since 1935. This has led to the generation of some procedural restrictions in the application of this section. The author claims that the procedural requirements of section 32 need to be amended in order to parallel the modernization of the Competition Act that has occurred over the last few decades. / Graduate

Les savoir-faire traditionnels ont été pendant longtemps considérés comme ayant peu d'intérêt. Leur reconnaissance internationale s'est faite à la conférence de Rio de 1992 à travers la convention sur la diversité biologique. Cette reconnaissance et la signature de l'accord sur la propriété intellectuelle de 1994 (ADPIC) ont entraîné de la part des pays du Sud (principalement) des questions auxquelles le droit et, plus particulièrement le droit de la propriété intellectuelle (DPI) ont du mal à répondre. La principale étant quel type de protection juridique apporter aux savoir-faire traditionnels et plus particulièrement à ceux liés à la biodiversité. Le DPI a non seulement du mal à cerner quels sont les droits et avantages à accorder aux détenteurs de ces savoirs, mais aussi et surtout, à cerner cette notion de savoir-faire traditionnel. Il a d'autant plus de mal à répondre aux questions soulevées par cette notion, que les débats juridiques sont le plus souvent dirigés par des intérêts économiques et politiques où s'affrontent deux conceptions très différentes de la protection juridique des savoir-faire traditionnels. Celle des Etats du Nord qui ont une conception privative du dpi, dont le but est de maîtriser ''l'utilisation scientifique et commerciale des savoirs traditionnels'' et celle des Etats du Sud qui ont une vision collective, communautaire de la protection de leurs savoirs dans le but de ''protéger l'intégrité des savoirs traditionnels''. La principale réponse apportée jusqu'à présent sur le plan international est le brevet, celui-ci semble, pourtant, peu adapté à ces savoir collectifs et ancestraux. En fait, derrière cette notion de savoir-faire traditionnel, se profile une question essentielle, celle de l'accès aux ressources génétiques et aux savoir-faire traditionnels. Ce travail a pour but d'explorer de nouvelles alternatives à la propriété intellectuelle. / The traditional know-how were considered for a long time as having not much interest. Their international recognition was made at the Rio Conference of 1992, through the Convention on Biological Diversity. This recognition and the signing of the Agreement on the Aspects of Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights of 1994 (TRIPS) have led the countries of the South mainly, to raise questions to which the law and, more particularly the law of the intellectual property (DPI) are struggling to answer. The main question is to know the nature of the legal protection given to traditional know-how and more particularly to those related to biodiversity. The DIP not only has difficulty in identifying the nature of the rights and benefits to be granted to the holders of this knowledge, but above all, in identifying this notion of traditional know-how. The DIP struggle to address the issues as legal débats are generally lead by political and economical interests where two very different conceptions of the legal protection of traditional know-how confront each other. The one of northern states that have a private and utilitarian conception. That of northern states that have a private and utilitarian conception. The aim is, with DPI, to control the scientific and commercial use of know-how. The one of southern states that have a collective or even community vision of the protection of their knowledge in order to protect the integrity - spiritual, cultural and social - of traditional knowledge. The main international answer today is the certificate. However, this one doesn’t fit well these traditional collective and ancestral know-how. In fact, behind this notion of traditional know-how, there is a key issue, that of access to genetic resources and traditional know-how. The ambition assigned to this thesis (PhD) is to explore new alternatives to intellectual property, in order to find a regime appropriate legal framework for traditional know-how.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à analyser de quelle manière l’usage du Cloud Computing (CC), présenté comme une nouvelle forme de droit de propriété intellectuelle (DPI), peut modifier l’intensité et l’usage des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) au sein des entreprises. Parmi les résultats novateurs de cette thèse sont les suivants nous en citons trois : Premièrement, dès lors que les firmes cherchent à innover, l’adoption du CC dépend de la capacité d’absorption technologique. La capacité d’absorption technologique, telle que nous l’avons redéfinie, construite par l’accumulation de connaissances et de procédés en matière de gestion des innovations et des technologies permet une intégration plus facile des nouvelles technologies dans les schémas de fonctionnement de l’entreprise. Deuxièmement, les compétences numériques sont fondamentales dans la décision d’adoption afin d’insérer le CC dans la continuité des anciennes TIC, de gérer la perception de la complexité de la technologie et des risque associés. Enfin, la diffusion du CC dépend en grande partie de la perception des consommateurs de cette nouvelle technologie. Plus les consommateurs font confiance à la sécurité du CC et plus la concurrence entre les entreprises permet de relâcher la concurrence en prix. Les perceptions des consommateurs concernant la sécurité du CC impactent la concurrence en prix et en qualité des firmes et déterminent ainsi le degré de diffusion. Ces perceptions des consommateurs à propos du CC jouent un rôle important dans la pénétration du Cloud. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze in what way the use of cloud computing (CC) presented as a new form of intellectual property right (IPR), can modify the intensity and use of information and communication technology (ICT) within companies. Among the innovative results of this thesis, three ‘aspects’ will be mentioned as follows: In the first place and since the firms are looking for innovation, the adoption of cloud computing depends on the technological absorptive capacity as we have redefined it, built on the accumulation of knowledge and processes related to the management of innovations and technologies allows an easier integration of the new technologies in the plan of the company’ functioning. Secondly, the digital skills are fundamental in the decision of adoption in order to insert the cloud computing in the continuity of former technologies, to manage the perception of the complexity of this technology and the associated risks. Finally, the distribution of the cloud computing depends largely on the consumers perception of this new technology. The more the consumers trust the security of the cloud computing, the more the competition among the companies allows to the competition in prices. The perceptions of the consumers about the security of the cloud computing have an impact on the competition for both price and quality among the firms (service providers) and determine the level of the distribution. These perceptions play an important role.

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智慧財產權為政府鼓勵知識創新者公開其研究成果所給予的獨佔權利。這些公開的資訊便稱之為「智慧財產權資訊」，內含了人類超過90%的智慧結晶。是以企業妥善運用這些資訊可以節省許多研發的時間及金錢，並加快取得智慧財產權的速度。 　　智慧財產權資訊服務的提供可視為一種加值的過程，從數量龐大的原始資料檢索、分析，甚至提供軟體工具的協助，都是內涵相當專業。本研究將其稱之「智慧財產權資訊服務業」。 　　本研究為一初探性研究，企圖藉由廣泛的文獻收集與深度訪談，勾勒本產業在台灣的發展現況、上下游價值鍊、與其他技術商品化服務業的關係、以及未來發展的策略。為有效的觀察六個訪談個案，本研究參照了相關文獻，訂定產品組合與目標市場、價值活動與核心能力、組織與人事管理、專業行銷與客戶管理、策略聯盟與併購五個項目作為觀察指標。 　　本研究之研究個案包括：亞太智慧財產權發展基金會、亞太智財科技服務股份有限公司、連穎科技股份有限公司、元勤科技股份有限公司、識權科技股份有限公司、台灣智財股份有限公司。 　　本研究發現：目前台灣本產業廠商均為近幾年成立的新創企業，屬於知識密集型產業。產業的最上游為各國智慧財產權主管機關的資料庫，本產業部分廠商將其加值提升其方便性、對於重要資料加以翻譯或分析、或是協助廠商監視新增專利。在資料庫獲得加值後，部分廠商提供檢索服務，並以此為基礎提供研究發展、侵權訴訟、技術移轉之用。 　　本研究對於本產業發展的建議為：透過顯示其專業的方式教育使用者，並與相關技術商品化服務業合作以擴大其營業規模。同時本研究也建議政府提升本國智財權資料庫的水準、並協助民間業者使用其他國家之智財權資料庫。 / Intellectual Property Right (IPR) is a monopoly right for a period of time that governments encourage innovators to disclose their innovation. The published information is called “Intellectual Property Right Information” which included over 90% humans’ intellectual innovation, and companies may use the information to save money and time in R&D. 　　The usage of IPR Information can be seen as a value-added process, and it requires professional service providers to search and analyze useful information from IPR database and to design useful tools for their clinets. 　　The aim of this exploratory research is to study the professional service sector in Taiwan by wide data-collecting and interviews. For observing the current status, the value chain, the cooperation with other service providers, and the developing strategy, this research uses product mixes and targeted markets, value-added activities and required knowledge, organization and human resource management, professional marketing, strategic alliance and merger and acquisition as five indexes. 　　The cases in this research include Asia Pacific Intellectual Property Association, Asia-Pacific Technology and Intellectual Property Services, Inc., LearningTech Inc., IP Tech Inc., Su Cheng (Knowing Power) Inc., and IP Era Inc. 　　This research finds out that all the cases are srtart-up, and knowledge-intensive. The most upstream is the databases built by governments and this sector dilutes, monitors and translates these databases, or enhances the convenience. Some companies in this sector provide IPR search and analysis services, and the results may be useful for R&D, IPR lawsuit, or technology transfer. 　　This research suggests that this sector should enlarge the market by educating their customers with professional services and cooperating with other technology commercializing service companies. In the mean time, Taiwanese government may consider to enhance its IPR database and to assist local companies to utilize other IPR databases around the world.

The government has included biological technology industries among the priorities of development program for ¡§challenge 2008--national development plan¡¨ and ¡§Two Trillions Double Stars Industries Development Plan¡¨. As the labor cost rising and many industries moving to Mainland China, several traditional industries in Taiwan have successfully transformed into biological technology industries for surviving, while some pharmaceutical industries seems not to do well as above. So the author would like to dip out intensively why non-pharmaceutical industries could convert the investment into biological technology sectors successfully than the pharmaceutical counterparts. It would collect some relevant data and get interviews from respective company and literature review, and then apply SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis to understand what kinds of impediments those companies have encountered, how they resolved the problems and what results they yielded. May this study provide feasible advises about the optimal routes and approaches for Taiwan industries to transform into biological technology sectors by analyzing and comparing different cases of converted investment. The results that have been found are as follows: the converted investments which non-pharmaceutical industries embarked upon could divided into two approaches--- one for those companies that had adequately understand their own merits and felt they should convert the investment into biological technology sectors; another one is that the transformed company only hoped to facilitate the opportunity which government prioritized to market their products well. In near future, we would see the biological technology industries come to merger, vertical integration and strategic alliance due to research & development, marketing access and acquirements of capitals. According to this survey, most pharmaceutical companies wouldn¡¦t like to transform into biological technology industries because of some state policies, such as cGMP system, health insurance bureau lowering the payment for pharmaceutical companies, domestic markets having been liberated and new labor retirement pension fund systems. Besides, the pharmaceutical industries have been stepping up the speed of merger and shakeout, certainly would they not to transform into biological technology industries. Therefore, if the domestic industries hope to convert their investments, they should layout short-term and long-term strategies, which the former ought to take priority of creating the profits so as to facilitate the development of the latter which would focus on building up marketing accesses, cultivating R&D talents and their competences, as well as expanding strategic alliance actively with international enterprises for biological technology. To conclude, this study would provide Taiwan industries who tried to transform some advises, such as to consider merger, develop healthy food, beef up the integrated supply chains, loosen the conditions of becoming a listed company or OTC(over-the-counter) company, value the intellectual property right and open overseas markets.

China¡¦s behavior towards the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime is a reflection of the tug-of-war between regime and national interest. IPR, a concept foreign to Chinese culture, began to influence China following the reforms of 1978 through both external and internal pressures. This paper attempts to show how the power of international rules and national interests impacts China¡¦s IPR behavior by analyzing its attitude towards IPR negotiations, trends related to its IPR legal framework and enforcement. This analysis can be broken down into three different periods. 1. 1979-1990: Interaction between national interest and international norm. China¡¦s action of both participating in the world IPR regime and the building of a domestic IPR system was to large extent motivated by self-interest. China needed a systematic IPR framework in place to meet its new economic conditions: attracting FDI and technology transfers while protecting indigenous infant industries. However, there is little evidence that China¡¦s actions during this period showed compliance with the global IPR regime. 2. 1990-2000: Moving towards compromise. China¡¦s negotiations with the United States dominated trends in its IPR reform and reoriented China¡¦s national interests. As China¡¦s largest trade partner and hegemon in the IPR issue area, the U.S. played a strong role in making Chinese IPR laws more transparent and aligned with the international standard. For sustaining economic development, China realized it needed to create an environment friendly to foreign investors and protect its growing export industry of patented products, and Chinese leaders therefore conceded to a large part of U.S.¡¦s demands. Nonetheless, the reform mostly focused on the legal system while enforcement was overlooked, continuing the rampant IPR infringement. 3. 21st century: Compliance under the WTO regime. Through its experience in the 1990s, and its membership in the WTO, China¡¦s IPR policies in the 21st century have become more proactive and globalized, implying that China is willing to accept higher degrees of interdependence. In this period, China has strived to conform to TRIPS (Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and has tackled its enforcement problem with a number of practical administrative and judicial policies to help reassure foreign investors and a growing amount of local IPR holders of the security of their IP. In the end however, the analysis in this paper still shows that China¡¦s current IPR protection policies still favor China¡¦s national interests over the interests of the global IPR regime. This paper finds that the global IPR regime has helped to influence a new agenda for the PRC: to pursue a knowldege-based economy as a development goal. China now intends to follow the rules of the global IPR regime. The central government's capability of enforceing IPR policy at every level of government is an important benchmark in examining China's response to the global IPR regime in the future.

Baigiamojo magistro darbo tema - „Intelektinės nuosavybės teisių muitinis užtikrinimas“. Darbe keliama problema – intelektinės nuosavybės teisės pažeidimų skaičiaus augimas. Pastebėtina, jog, esant prastai ekonominei padėčiai, intelektinės nuosavybės teisių pažeidėjai pradėjo klastoti ne tik prabangos prekes. Patekusios į rinką klastotos prekės gali pakenkti vartotojui. Tačiau esant blogai ekonominei padėčiai, valstybės institucijoms gaunant mažesnį finansavimą nei įprastai, gali iškilti šių teisių užtikrinimo problema. Darbe keliama hipotezė: Didėjant Lietuvos muitinės veiklos efektyvumui ginant intelektinės nuosavybės teises bei stiprinant kovą prieš klastojimą ir piratavimą, nėra pasiekiamas laukiamas ekonominis efektas. Darbo tikslas: atskleisti intelektinės nuosavybės teisių muitinio užtikrinimo savitumus ir pateikti pasiūlymus dėl veiklos ekonominio efektyvinimo. Darbo uždaviniai: apibūdinti intelektinės nuosavybės svarbą tarptautinėje prekyboje; Išanalizuoti intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugos teisės aktus tarptautiniu ir nacionaliniu lygmeniu bei apžvelgti institucijas, atsakingas už jos įgyvendinimą; apžvelgti muitinės priežiūros priemones, taikomas intelektinės nuosavybės teisių apsaugos srityje; atlikti intelektinės nuosavybės teisių muitinio užtikrinimo Lietuvoje analizę; atliktos analizės pagrindu suformuoti išvadas ir pasiūlymus. pateikti intelektinės nuosavybės teisių muitinio užtikrinimo perspektyvas . Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro keturios dalys:... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In order the subjects of intellectual property could participate actively in the international trade, and seeking to avoid unfair competence, their rights must be protected. To this purpose international organizations have been established and a number of international conventions have been signed. Customs plays a very important role while protecting the property that participates in the international trade. The topic of the final master’s thesis is “Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights”. The problem raised in the thesis is the increment in number of violation of intellectual property right. It should be noted that in the presence of depressed economic situation the violators of intellectual property rights started falsifying not only luxury goods. Falsified goods, which enter the market, may make harm to the consumers. However, in the presence of depressed economic situation and when national authorities receive lower financing than usually, there may arise a problem of intellectual property rights protection. The thesis has raised hypothesis: While the activity effectiveness of Lithuanian customs is increasing, having protection the rights of intellectual ownership and strengthening the high against falsification and piracy, the expected economic effect is not achieved. The aim of the thesis is to reveal how effectively and economically the Customs of the Republic of Lithuania protects intellectual property rights. The objectives of the thesis are as... [to full text]

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