This thesis called "Crime of murder under Section 140 of the Criminal Code, criminal-law and criminological aspects" focuses mainly on description of variety aspects connected with the above mentioned crime. It does not thus concentrate only on a legal standpoint. In the beginning, it contains history of legal regulation of the crime of murder, depiction of punishment for such crime in a "historical" area of the Czech Republic within past centuries, as well as development of principles governing the main criminal codes (or regulations) throughout history. Term and principle of protection of the human life is, as an integral part and key term of the thesis, mentioned therein including very precise and detailed definition of the commencement and termination of the human life such moment being very important for determination whether the murder may have been, in certain cases, committed or not. Actually, right to life is also one of essential notions used also in international-law treaties and declarations whose list is also contained in the thesis. As it follows from the title of the thesis, its core shall be (and, indeed, is) represented by the valid legal regulation of the crime of murder under Czech law. After decades of usage of socialist criminal code, Act No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code, as amended,...

The aim of this master thesis is to analyze the role of the concept of pure intentional object in aesthetics of Roman Ingarden. This analysis allows to avoid the problem of traditional aesthetical intepretations of Ingarden's maybe most important aesthetical work called The Literary Work of Art, in which this important work become a rupture in the whole of Ingarden's work.

La définition légale des violences volontaires, prévue aux articles 222-7 et suivants du code pénal, est centrée sur le résultat, conséquence objective de ces dernières. Il n’est en effet constaté aucune précision légale quant à l’élément psychologique de ces infractions, à l’exception des violences contraventionnelles et des « violences ayant entraîné la mort sans intention de la donner ». En raison d’une prépondérance accordée à la composante matérielle de ces violences, au détriment de l’élément psychologique, l’analyse critique des violences volontaires révèle ainsi une conception légale objective de ces infractions. L’étude des éléments constitutifs et du régime juridique en vigueur dévoile certaines conséquences problématiques d’une appréhension objective de ces délits. La plus significative est le constat d’une inadéquation juridique des éléments constitutifs : alors que le résultat, composante principale de l'infraction, sert à la fois à en déterminer la consommation et la qualification juridique, laquelle varie en fonction de l'étendue des conséquences des actes, l’élément psychologique porte sur les seuls actes exécutés par l’auteur des violences, qui constituent pourtant une donnée subsidiaire de la matérialité de ces infractions. Cette inadéquation juridique conduit, au delà du déséquilibre infractionnel constaté, à rendre difficile l'appréhension des contours exacts des délits analysés. Au regard de ce constat, une nouvelle approche des éléments constitutifs des violences volontaires est proposée, impliquant une réorganisation légale de ces délits. Cette appréhension renouvelée a notamment pour conséquence une répression de la tentative des violences volontaires. / The legal definition of intentional violences is centered on the result, objective consequence of the latter. It is indeed found no legal clarification as to the intentional element of the violences, with the exception of misdemeanor violence and "violence causing death without intention to kill." Because of a preponderance given to the material component of the violences at the expense of the psychological element, the critical analysis of intentional violences and reveals an objective legal concept of these offenses. The study of the components and the legal regime reveals some problematic consequences of an objective understanding of these crimes. Most significant is the finding of a legal inadequate components: while the result, the main component of the offense, is used to determine both the consumption and the legal qualification, which varies depending on the extent of consequences of the acts, the psychological element covers only acts performed by the perpetrator, which constitute an alternative given the materiality of these offenses. This legal inadequacy leads beyond the offending imbalance, making it difficult to assess the exact contours of crimes analyzed.In view of this finding, a new approach to the constituent elements of voluntary violence is proposed, involving a legal reorganization of these offenses. The repression of attempted voluntary violence is now possible.

Introdução: O aprendizado intencional/incidental pode influenciar a memória. A persistência deste efeito avaliado ao longo do tempo foi pouco estudada até o momento. Objetivos: Avaliar a persistência da memória comparando as aprendizagens intencional e incidental. Métodos: A amostra (120 sujeitos funcionalmente independentes, com idade variando de 18 a 81 anos), foi subdividida em dois grupos (experimental - condição ‘intenção de aprender’ - e controle). Uma abordagem ecológica foi utilizada para a avaliação do aprendizado incidental. As avaliações foram realizadas dois e sete dias após a codificação. Resultados: A intenção de aprender e a aquisição incidental (a partir de experiências de vida diária) melhoraram a recuperação da memória no dia dois, mas não sete dias após a codificação. Conclusão: Estes achados sugerem que o estado motivacional (espontâneo ou induzido) que modula o sistema da atenção deve ser importante para a melhora na recuperação das informações aprendidas. / Background: The intentional/incidental learning can influence memory. The persistence of this effect assessed over time has been little studied up to date. Objectives: To evaluate the persistence of memory comparing intentional and incidental learning conditions. Method: The sample (120 functionally independent subjects, age ranging from 18 to 81 years old), was subdivided into two groups (experimental - intention to learn condition - and control). An ecological approach was applied for the incidental learning condition. The assessments were performed two and seven days after the encoding. Results: The intention to learn and the incidental acquisition (from daily life experiences) improved performance two but not seven days after the encoding. Conclusions: These findings suggest that motivational state (spontaneous or induced) which module the system of attention may be important for the improvement in the retrieval of the information learned.

Many low-income, first-generation college students have no other choice but to work to help offset the costs associated with earning a college degree (Savoca, 2016). Meanwhile, colleges and universities have the opportunity to leverage on-campus employment as a high-impact practice (McClellan, Creager, & Savoca, 2018). High-impact practices (HIPs) are known to increase retention, persistence, and completion (Kuh, 2008). If structured with intentionality and purpose, on-campus jobs can offer low-income, first-generation college students the opportunity to participate in a HIP, while simultaneously earning an income (McClellan et al., 2018). The purpose of this intrinsic case study was to explore on-campus employment as a High Impact Practice (HIP) at Intentional Validation University (IVU). IVU is four-year university that serves a disproportionate number of students who are low-income and first-generation. In addition, IVU had an explicit organizational commitment to incorporating HIPs to achieve higher levels of student performance, learning, and development. Data sources included 26 in-depth semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis. In addition to cultural and structural issues related to communication, the findings revealed that there were two contrasting student employment sub-cultures. There was the validating sub-culture that serves as an example from which the larger campus can learn. The opposing sub-culture was one that was invalidating to student employees. The student employee experiences with on-campus employment varied based on their working environment, which was most often influenced by their supervisor. The intentional supervisor created a validating office-environment that elevated the student employment experience to a HIP. Additional benefits of a validating subculture included further engagement with institution and access to and activation of social capital. Based on these findings, recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are advanced.

Violence and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are two major public health concerns. This thesis is comprised of three different research topics; the epidemiology of intentional TBI in Ontario, discharge against medical advice (DAMA) as an undesirable outcome of acute stage, and functional changes after receiving rehabilitation care. To study these areas, three different datasets from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) were used. The first epidemiological study on intentional TBI identified 1,409 (8.0%) intentional TBIs and 16,211 (92.0%) unintentional TBIs. Of the intentional TBIs, 389 (27.6%) were self-inflicted TBI (Si-TBI) and 1,020 (72.4%) were other-inflicted TBI (Oi-TBI). The most common causes of Si-TBI were “jumping from high places” and “firearms”. Major causes of Oi-TBI were ‘fight and brawl” and “struck by objects”. Si-TBI was associated with younger age, female gender, and having a history of alcohol/drug abuse. Oi-TBI was also associated with younger age and having an alcohol/drug abuse history and also with male gender. The second study on discharge against medical advice found that 446 (2.84%) TBI patients left hospitals without medical advice. DAMA was significantly associated with intentional injuries in those with self-inflicted TBI and other-inflicted TBI. DAMA was also associated with younger age and a history of alcohol/drug abuse. Using univariate analyses, the third study found that people with intentional TBI had significantly lower FIM gains in the motor area and significantly lower relative function gains (as measured by Montebello Rehabilitation Factor Score) in the cognitive area. Multivariate analyses of the same data showed that intentional TBI was also associated with lower cognitive relative gains, while controlling for age, gender, alcohol/abuse history, and other demographic and clinical variables. Persons with intentional TBI were found to be less likely to be discharged home, controlling for other relevant confounders. In conclusion, a person who has been injured due to assault or suicidal attempt may need more individualized care as they may be at greater risk for adverse rehabilitation outcomes. These findings regarding people with intentional TBI provide a basis for enhancing efforts on prevention of violence-related TBI and DAMA, and also for improving rehabilitation programs and discharge plans for this vulnerable population.

Violence and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are two major public health concerns. This thesis is comprised of three different research topics; the epidemiology of intentional TBI in Ontario, discharge against medical advice (DAMA) as an undesirable outcome of acute stage, and functional changes after receiving rehabilitation care. To study these areas, three different datasets from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) were used. The first epidemiological study on intentional TBI identified 1,409 (8.0%) intentional TBIs and 16,211 (92.0%) unintentional TBIs. Of the intentional TBIs, 389 (27.6%) were self-inflicted TBI (Si-TBI) and 1,020 (72.4%) were other-inflicted TBI (Oi-TBI). The most common causes of Si-TBI were “jumping from high places” and “firearms”. Major causes of Oi-TBI were ‘fight and brawl” and “struck by objects”. Si-TBI was associated with younger age, female gender, and having a history of alcohol/drug abuse. Oi-TBI was also associated with younger age and having an alcohol/drug abuse history and also with male gender. The second study on discharge against medical advice found that 446 (2.84%) TBI patients left hospitals without medical advice. DAMA was significantly associated with intentional injuries in those with self-inflicted TBI and other-inflicted TBI. DAMA was also associated with younger age and a history of alcohol/drug abuse. Using univariate analyses, the third study found that people with intentional TBI had significantly lower FIM gains in the motor area and significantly lower relative function gains (as measured by Montebello Rehabilitation Factor Score) in the cognitive area. Multivariate analyses of the same data showed that intentional TBI was also associated with lower cognitive relative gains, while controlling for age, gender, alcohol/abuse history, and other demographic and clinical variables. Persons with intentional TBI were found to be less likely to be discharged home, controlling for other relevant confounders. In conclusion, a person who has been injured due to assault or suicidal attempt may need more individualized care as they may be at greater risk for adverse rehabilitation outcomes. These findings regarding people with intentional TBI provide a basis for enhancing efforts on prevention of violence-related TBI and DAMA, and also for improving rehabilitation programs and discharge plans for this vulnerable population.

El propósito de este estudio es analizar los antecedentes de las intenciones empresariales y los factores que influyen la transición de las intenciones al comportamiento empresarial (creación de la empresa). Son diversas las contribuciones de este estudio: (1) la evaluación de los determinantes de las intenciones implica mayor entendimiento del comportamiento lo que promueve el desarrollo de programas y políticas que impacten el comportamiento empresarial a través de las actitudes, (2) el análisis de los supuestos de de teorías de conducta planificada, específicamente los determinantes de las intenciones pondrá a prueba la validez de estas teorías en el campo empresarial, y (3) la evaluación de las transiciones durante el proceso de creación de empresas (desde la formulación de la intención hasta el comportamiento empresarial) incrementa nuestro conocimiento sobre el proceso de creación de empresas y los factores que promueven el nacimiento de la organización. Este último aspecto es de particular importancia debido a que la literatura demuestra que la relación entre intenciones y comportamiento es imperfecta (aproximadamente 30%). Dos muestras fueron utilizadas para arrojar luz sobre el proceso de creación de empresas en Puerto Rico: (1) datos del ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’ y (2) empresarios nacientes. El ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’ es un programa de investigación internacional que monitorea la actividad empresarial en las regiones y nos provee información (datos) para examinar los antecedentes a las intenciones empresariales (primera fase en el proceso de creación de empresas). A fines de evaluar los factores que impactan en la transición de intenciones empresariales y comportamiento empresarial se utilizo una muestra de individuos con intenciones empresariales (empresarios nacientes de un Centro de Desarrollo Empresarial en Puerto Rico, SBDCs por sus siglas en inglés). Se realizaron encuestas telefónicas con empresarios nacientes para evaluar los factores que impactan la transición de intenciones empresariales a comportamiento empresarial. Estadísticos descriptivos y de inferencia como el Análisis de Varianza fueron utilizados para resumir los resultados. Se utilizó análisis de regresión para corroborar las hipótesis. Finalmente, se discuten modelos de ecuaciones estructuradas en nuestro intento de desarrollar un modelo integrador de creación de empresas. En general, los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que aunque los modelos de intenciones proveen un marco de referencia para predecir comportamiento, hay mucho más envuelto en la predicción de conductas complejos como el comportamiento empresarial (creación de empresas). / The purpose of this study is to analyze the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions; and the factors that influence the transition from intentions to entrepreneurial behavior (firm birth). The contributions are numerous: (1) evaluating the key determinants of intentions implies understanding behavior, which can lead to the development of policy that influences entrepreneurial behavior through attitudes; (2) analyzing the key assumptions of theories of planned behavior, specifically determinants of intentions will put to the test the validity of this theory within the entrepreneurial field; (3) assessing the transitions during the venture process (from intentions to firm behavior) increases our understanding of the entrepreneurial process and the factors that lead to the emergence of an organization, particularly when the relationship between intentions and behavior is imperfect (30%). Two samples were used to provide insights into the venture creation process in Puerto Rico: (1) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data and (2) nascent entrepreneurs. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, international research program that monitors entrepreneurial activity of regions, provided data to test the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions, the first stage in the entrepreneurial process. To examine the factors that influence the intention-behavior relationship we used a sample of individuals who manifested entrepreneurial intentions (nascent entrepreneurs from SBDCs). Telephone interviews (survey) were conducted with reported nascent entrepreneurs to evaluate the transitions from realized intentions to behavior. Results were summarized using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. Finally, Structural Equation Models were developed in attempts to construct an overall model of venture creation. In general the findings suggest that although intentional models provide a framework to predict future behavior, there is still much more involved in the prediction of behavioral outcomes such as entrepreneurial behavior.

As provision of social services is increasingly handled by the non-profit sector, specifically through faith-based organizations (FBO's), current scholarship has suggests that FBOs have the possibility to either reinforce neoliberal ideology or progress social justice. This study provides an examination of the shift in conceptions of justice for participants in the Mission Year program, an FBO program naming justice as a goal. For the participants, this experience creates a new understanding of the causes of poverty, injustice and American culture which I name 'justice as knowing.' This understanding culminated within participants a desire to “live out justice” as ‘intentional neighbors’ by relocating to a high-poverty neighborhood, reconciling racial relations by building relationships, and contributing to a redistribution of wealth by investing resources in a high-poverty neighborhood. I call this action ‘justice as doing.’ Participants shift from liberal-based notions justice, rooted in liberalism, toward more equity-based conceptions of justice as fairness.

En ökande andel elever i den svenska skolan har inte svenska som modersmål. För att dessa elever ska klara kurserna och utveckla sitt svenska språk krävs att skolan möter de behov av språkundervisning som uppstår t.ex. genom att även ämnesundervisningen blir mer språkutvecklande och ord och begrepp explicit förklaras. Syftet med denna interventionsstudie var att testa hur gynnsamma två olika undervisningsmetoder är för undervisning av ord och begrepp inom ämnesundervisning för avancerade inlärare. De ord som användes i studien var hämtade ur en lärobok för vård- och omsorgsprogrammet, främst abstrakta begrepp men inte direkt ämnesspecifika. Två grupper bestående av komvuxelever deltog i interventionsstudien där de två grupperna undervisades på olika sätt. En grupp undervisades om orden med en deduktiv undervisningsmetod där inlärarna presenterades färdiga svar av läraren och den andra  gruppen undervisades med en induktiv undervisningsmetod där inlärarna själva, i ett socialt samspel, fick arbeta sig fram till svaren. Ett VKS-test genomfördes före undervisningen för att skapa en base line och samma test användes sedan som eftertest för att se effekten av de respektive undervisningsmetoderna. Studien visar att den deduktiva undervisningsmetoden, när eleverna fick färdiga förklaringar, gav bäst resultat i jämförelse med den induktiva undervisningen där eleverna i i små grupper förhandlade sig fram till innebörden och tränade på användningen av orden. Resultatet av studien står i stark kontrast till Skolverkets rekommendationer för undervisning i den svenska skolan. Att den deduktiva undervisningsmetoden var effektivast kan möjligtvis hänga samman med att kunskapen om orden i förtestet var ganska låg, vilket borde tyda på att kunskapsökningen mest bestod i att testpersonerna lärde sig betydelsen av ordet och att det inte i så stor utsträckning handlade om att de lärde sig att använda orden produktivt.