In the 90s of twenty century, the education innovation had come to be considered as one of the essential policies of the developed countries because it concerned the economy development and construction of a country. To cultivate talent person requires a long time and it should be started from the primary education. The elected 12th president of Republic of China on March 22nd, 2008, Ma Ying-jeou, advocates further opening policy with China and he thinks that education culture exchange will be the less sensitive and the preferential policy he will implement at the initial stage. He hopes that the secure foundation of education culture exchange would promote the direct transportation with China. My research analyzes the promotion of cross-strait primary education exchange under direct transportation with China. I use strict structure procedure interactive management (IM) as the method of operation and introduce 12 specific relevant strategies to related organizations. The 12 strategies that Kaohsiung City Government could use are as followed: 1. To establish ¡§China Affairs Bureau¡¨ to manage matters concerned about employment and education of Chinese in Taiwan. 2. To provide the conditions to attract China enterprises to establish transport business headquarters in Kaohsiung. 3. To establish China degree authentication mechanism. 4. To deregulate the law related to official business manpower and the organization. 5. To provide excellent conditions to attract China specialized and talented person and students to come to Kaohsiung. 6. To modify or adopt the related law about cross-strait exchange. 7. To expand the range of hiring foreign country specialists to contain China special technicians. 8. To establish the departments related to harbor city development and the research plans. 9. To solicit the overseas well-known scholars to come the higher educational institutions to carry on the short-term curriculum teaching. 10. To plan to establish perfect science and technology parks. 11. To integrate the investment of non-government enterprise resources and to promote the school achievements. 12. To run the related training workshops for teachers to know extremely well about the background and the policy of cross-strait cultural exchange. The continuation of social life depends on the intercommunity of social individual¡¦s aspects related to life style, value and social manners etc¡K. The specialty of intercommunity could be achieved by the same national basic education that every citizen takes. Based on this, we should promote the cross-strait exchange and cooperation of primary education as the foundation for cross-strait people to live in peace together in the future.

Kaohsiung has positioned itself vis-à-vis Mainland China which is situated in East Asia and has embraced two rapidly increasing global commercial centers: one of the massive cities group of Greater Hong Kong, including Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Macau and the other, Greater Shanghai, including Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Nanjing, and Ningbo. It is estimated that by 2020 the development of the coastal areas of Southeast Mainland China and the Yangtze River Delta will bring a second wave of rapid economic growth. Utilizing such a massive market power and regardless an economic integration via a CEPA formation, a West coastal economic area model or a shared market model across the Taiwan Strait, Kaohsiung should deem it important to seize the opportunity and function as a pioneer for direct cross-strait transportation with its advantageous position in the above-mentioned area. It should join the ensuing market and, through the massive market power of a harbor city, strengthen its advantages to attract more students from Mainland China to study in Kaohsiung. It is hoped that those who come to study in Kaohsiung will recognize Kaohsiung¡¦s advantageous position and learn democracy at campus and how to tolerate multi-culturalism. Moreover, it is hoped that through interpersonal interactions they will see Kaohsiung as their dwelling place for their work and life and subsequently utilize the city as a nexus point to reach the rest of the world. Employing the research method of Interactive Management (IM), the present study conducted two interactive symposiums on researching how to enhance the human resources in Kaohsiung in the aftermath of the direct cross-strait transportation. The participants to the interactive symposiums have come up with 12 strategies as the prerequisite preparations for the ultimate purpose of the symposiums ¡V to enhance the economic development of Kaohsiung and to attract high-quality human power to move to and dwell in Kaohsiung in order to contribute to the development of Kaohsiung. Concerning the issue of recruiting the students of Mainland China to receive the higher education in Kaohsiung, the result of the study indicates that the symposium participants demonstrate a higher degree of consensus on 1) how the universities and colleges in Kaohsiung should enhance their competitiveness and 2) a mutual recognition of the academic certificates as the most important pre-condition of the communication of the higher education across the strait. Moreover, in the second interactive symposium, in spite of the escalation of opinion diversion, it also shows that the symposium participants gradually adjusted their individual opinions to respecting and understanding others¡¦ opinions. Subsequently, a consensus was reached through brainstorming, independent thinking, rational debating and publicly opinion-expressing.

For years Penghu has been actively developing its tourism gaming (gambling) industry since its location, climate, and soil quality have hindered the development of its agriculture, fishery, and local industries and resulted in slow economy and reduced population. Its tourism industry had not developed well despite the unique natural sceneries and local history; therefore, the local government placed hope on the gambling industry in the wish of attracting foreign investors. For the past two decades, the local effort of legalizing off-shore gambling -- the only and the most important force behind this policy, has never ceased. The scenario adopted in this study is that the draft of the "Offshore Islands Development Act" that serves as the legal basis of Penghu's development of the gambling industry has been approved by the Legislative Yuan and is supported by the majority in a public vote. Being the only area where legalized gambling is allowed, the local government of Penghu and the central government immediately start to work on the applicable legal basis and regulations. Born and raised in Penghu, the researcher of this study also cares very much about this topic and thus wishes to come up with the recommendations for optimal local development. In this study the "Nominal Group Technique" (NGT) of "Interactive Management" (IM) was utilized for the purpose of getting everyone's opinions across in a democratic manner and reducing egocentric and arbitrary perspectives. Through NGT, an interactive seminar is held where "feasible and specific recommendations for the influences of Penghu's gambling industry on its economy and society" are provided. The 2-stage Seminar is held based on the unique procedures of NGT: Identify problems, clarify problems, vote and select problems, and come up with 12 specific strategies: 1. Invest a certain portion of the gambling revenue in the local environment in order to maintain the local landscapes and culture. 2. Establish a Penghu Gambling Committee or a dedicated authority that carries out its duties objectively and wins public trust and support. 3. Give a certain portion of the jobs in the gambling industry to the local residents whose households have been registered in Penghu for at least 5 years. 4. Make timely plans that are dedicated to Penghu's environment and surrounding. Gambling authorities should hold studies on the size of the gambling market. 5. Establish a security system between a service provider and a security authority and invest more in software/hardware for crime prevention. 6. Reinforce personnel training and industrial-academic collaborations in order to provide more jobs. 7. Establish a Supervisory Committee that is in charge of analyzing/evaluating relevant policies and formulating tasks. 8. Formulate strategies that protect the development of local industries and create a win-win situation for them and foreign inventors. 9. Penghu County Government should formulate a public-supervision system for the gambling industry in order to prevent corruptions and political manipulation. 10. Complete the infrastructure and public transportation as quickly as possible. 11. Actively help Penghu's traditional industries and develop tourism with the gambling industry and create a win-win situation. 12. Evaluate the influences of the population-carrying capacity on infrastructure and ecosystems and determine the responses. After comparing all the strategies, the inter-strategic relationships are reinforced using "Interpretive Structural Modeling" (ISM), and the ISM software was used to draw the diagram of the structural enhancement. After the second-stage discussions and revisions, the final, revised Diagram of Enhanced Structure was completed that clearly shows the causal relationships between each strategy and how they are ordered and ranked. The main contribution of this study is the information found provides the government with a clear, prioritized set of instructions that help the authority understand how the 12 strategies work and what they actually achieve. Through the 2-stage interactive seminar, questionnaire surveys were conducted twice on the participants in order for us to understand their expectations for the actual procedures, participation, understanding, and interactions in the seminar, and such information helps us understand how satisfied they are towards the interactive learning and whether they have actually achieved the expected results through independent thinking, diverse perspectives, debates, listening, group discussions, brain storming, and communication. In other words, we wish to find out how effective participation, problem-defining and clarifications, and consensus-reaching benefit the entire effort.

This study adopts a variety of research methods widely used in professional academic fields covering regional science, management science and policy science. The essence of each method is selected for cross-field analysis that is beyond the framework of different fields, departments and layers. Through the public affairs management (PAM) method, the reference architecture is integrated for analysis, and the output of regional analysis (including comparative analysis, economic foundation analysis, variance appropriation analysis, time series analysis and cross-sectional analysis, gravity model) is used as input data for the project analysis (the nominal group technique). The outputs of regional analysis and project analysis are used as input for the interactive management (IM) method in a policy analysis; the outputs of the first three analyses are further used as the input to the social judgments theory (SJT) of the judgment analysis. A set of proposals is then created using VCS, and the survey questionnaire is created using SJT and multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) by IM participants in generating strategies. These are sent to 53 public administrators in the Penghu County Government for them to fill out. The results are analyzed using the serial intention structure of the SJT method to identify the cooperation elements among all units. The historical data in Penghu is then further analyzed using appropriate research methods to calculate a set of objective and mutually supporting data. The participants¡¦ psychological perception are further quantified with all kinds of resource links swept across each node, enabling different types of energy to diffuse to their maximum for creation of the greatest possible public values. This study was conducted by a team of three students taking an interactive approach to exploring issues regarding the impact of strategy in cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait. The team worked together to conduct literature research, examining issues related to public living within the aspects of economy, society and government. The study uses the interactive management (IM) method widely used in policy analysis, together with process analysis methods such as the nominal group technique (NGT) method and the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method, with 26 participants from various sectors. In the NGT process, starting from idea generation, problem clarification, and voting on problems, the issues were compared pair-wise. ISM software was used for generating an enforcement structural diagram, which was reviewed by participants; over half approved on the twelve strategies in the governmental aspect of cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait study, in addition to the revised and approved enforcement structural diagram. This paper focuses on using the IM method for analysis. During the planning stage, information generated by varieties of research methods was used for deliberate review by the parties of interest. During the interactive test stage, the purpose was to make sure that the 26 participants are representative of the public. Therefore, 15-20 observers came from the same population for simultaneous voting and pair-wise comparison of rules. The results produced were almost identical, indicating that the participants invited in the IM method were representative enough. In the follow-up stage, the Penghu Cable Company was supportive to air the promotional interactive DVD, with contents connoting public welfare and social education, for free for one month from April 1, 2009 to April 30, 2009. Afterwards, the twelve major strategies as voted were sent to 10 administrative units, of which five replied and agreed to adopt; More voices of the majority of people will then be heard, effective opinions adopted and, together with cross-border governmental policies and people¡¦s needs, the public opinions will be blended into public policies. The method will serve as a bridge between the Government and the public, enabling people to do a final evaluation on the government's performance or even facilitating the Central Government to listen to people¡¦s responses when allocating subsidy funds to cities and counties. tThis study will propose a concrete strategy on ¡§competitiveness in cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨, by surveying county government public administrators with SJT and MAUT questionnaires. A total of 53 county government public administrators generally agreed that the Government should proactively expand services to improve the employment rate. In summary, if the governmental sector is able to take the public interests and county public services as the top priority issues, as well as expressing a willingness to listen to people¡¦s opinion and incorporate people¡¦s needs into the policies, a flourishing and peaceful realm of the people, by the people, for the people and based on the people is achievable in the near future.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1994. / Title from title page screen, viewed March 17, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Ming-Gon Lian, Lanny Morreau (co-chairs), John Godbold, Larry Kennedy, Keith Stearns. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-96) and abstract. Also available in print.

This study adds to the limited empirical research evidence about the use of group facilitation in organisations. It analyses data collected from managers and facilitators to identify the critical contingency factors that influence the use of group facilitation. The data was analysed using an iterative process of grounded content analysis. The findings identify four primary contingency factors that influence the use of group facilitation. Chief among these is the 'outcomes-oriented' worldview that characterises the theories-in-use of both managers and facilitators. Group facilitation is used when managers perceive that it is likely to be an appropriate intervention which will enable the achievement of certain desired organisational goals. A parallel finding is that the relationship between managers and external facilitators is frequently 'instrumental' in nature. These findings have significant implications for both the theory and practice of group facilitation, especially concerning the field's dominant view of facilitation as a 'neutral' intervention. It extends the perspective proffered by a minority of scholars and writers in this field. The other primary contingency factors identified in this study include the complexity of the group's task; the need to challenge or otherwise alter the way a group is thinking in relation to its task; and the need to have open discussions about issues pertaining to the work or life of the group when the expertise to enable such discussions is not otherwise available. In addition to the implications regarding the neutrality of facilitation, the findings of this study have implications for the management of groups within organisations. Facilitation is demonstrably a useful means of building trust and enhancing relationships in numerous situations. It is also clearly perceived to be an appropriate means of enabling groups to structure and manage complex tasks. This includes tasks that are both objectively complex in nature, and those that group members subjectively experience as complex tasks. Given the increasing complexity of business environments, the complexity of many group tasks, and the increasing propensity for organisations to utilise teams and groups to get work done, facilitation is emerging as an important means of assisting organisational effectiveness.

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This research attempts to integrate the combined perspectives of PAM (Public Affairs Management) framework and SJT (Social Judgment Theory) that entails foundational and group analysis of Penghu County, as well as personal objective judgment and value-based subjective judgment. The Township Police Station Joint Services model of civic governance is conceived through cross-disciplinary construct. Through literature review and interviews with experts, as well as analysis of background information, ¡§factual judgment¡¨ (objective) and ¡§value-based judgment¡¨ (subjective) are formulated. Next, discussions are made on the factor of ¡§relationship judgment¡¨, which is based on analysis of interactive management (IM). The resulting findings are summarized in 12 proactive strategies that encompass all stakeholders. Furthermore, interviews provide possible suggestions to decision-makers and management in an attempt to include opinions of all parties involved. The question that begs answering is: do the two sides have more in common, or more in differences; do the people concerned have more prudent ideas, or that the public management possess more experiences and are circumspect in their thinking? Through actual case study of the police department and stakeholders, the process of transforming policy into mechanism of the public sector is analyzed. Finally, key strategies serve as referential variables in SJT, which is used as acknowledgement level of group decisions from a micro-subjective psychological cognition view. Through various deliberations, 12 proactive strategies are conceived that subsequently compare strategic differences between stakeholders and policy-makers through the V-C-S model. The results suggest that cross-disciplinary studies can strengthen execution capabilities of decision-makers in the formulation and implementation of public management policies. Finally, three key strategies were concluded: 1. Determination of leader to strengthen cooperation between police and community; 2. Integration of police resources and implementation in phases; 3. Reach consensus. SJT questionnaires were used to investigate personal understanding and values of decision-makers, and the results indicate that they emphasized the first strategy ¡§Determination of leader¡¨, whereas advisors are inclined toward ¡§Reaching consensus¡¨, showing differences among them. Through cross-disciplinary analysis experimentation, we found that it helps in the definition of problem, formulation of group strategy and consolidation of possible solutions. The results of this research hence recommends interactive management (IM) in all agencies because it aids in the implementation of public policies, encompasses ideas from all angles and aid in the realization of a civil society.

This study investigates how the public forum cognition of citizen affect their intension to attend public forum given researching methods of Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework (PAM) and Social Development Matrix(SDM). Based on PAM, we analysed the meaning of citizen governance and the role of citizen through real events, and discussed the cognition and psychological weights of our citizen to participate public forums. Through the analysis methods of literatures, this study summarized three factors that proposed by Ostrom(1990) - Institution, Commitment and Supervision, and then sequentially made the standard measurement divided into two levels by fair/unfair, high/low and valid/invalid. In this study, we focused on citizens who had participated in interactive management and chose Information Integration Theory (IIT) as our research method. Our research discussed that psychological weights of Institution, Commitment and Supervision, which defined three explanatory variables to estimate the public forum consciousness of citizens. By using SPSS and AVERAGE software, we computed the psychological weights of three factors and understood the attitudes of citizens toward public forum, furthermore, we compared the differences among the weights and offered suggestion and strategies of citizen governing in the future. The results are as following: 1. Compared to participants from traditional conservative society, our participants from highly developed multi-cultural society are more willing to attend public forums. 2. Participants of different backgrounds assess sequentially the importance of three factors by Supervision, Institution and Commitment. 3. Our results showed that the integrated information patterns(model) are all unequal weighted average pattern(model). 4. All three factors of our research are significant on dependent variable in main effects, two-factor interaction and three-factor interaction.

In the study, Cross-Domain analysis is used for ¡§Factual judgement, Value judgement and Interpersonal judgement.¡¨ The result of Factual judgement is made by the interviews of seven retired officers, scholars and experts. And it proceeds as ¡§true¡¨ judgement. Value judgement is indicated by in-depth intervuews with 3 representatives to obtain the ¡§good¡¨ judgement. Interpersonal judgement is based on overall strategies of the ¡§interactive management research group¡¨ and combines it with the perpectives of all patrties, as individuals and as groups, to conclude the ¡§beautiful¡¨ judgement. All the judgements are correspomded to the analysis of the analysis of the constitution, cognitive and conditions of the research topics. In order to have effective controls of all judgement factors, the interview topics are designed from the study of Mainland China1978 reform, and the rapid economic development, the double digit military spending, and the discussion of ¡§China threat theory¡¨, and the discussion by both sides leaders, academia to establish ¡§Military Confidence Building Measures (MCBMs)¡¨ in the PAM Framemork. The 10 steps of Cross-Domain analysis are used to clarify all studied objects and factors in order to obtain the recognition of experts. The practical policy suggestions are expected. Under PAM Framework, factual judgement perspective, majority of scholars and retired officers agree the necessary to establish ¡§Military Confidence Building Measures (MCBMs)¡¨. However due to the lack of political trust, time is not yet ripe. Retired officers suggest communication through media may solve the obstacles that impacted by the political environment in southern regions. Scholars have proposed that the southern people are affected by their own political inclinaitions, as well as the idea of their supported parties. From non-government exchange to government exchange, the recognition by people can be achieved by understanding the cultural difference and proceed to political and military trust. In vaule judgement, representatives realized the topic is involved in cross-strait relationship, political and military aspect and the uncertainty of policy. Therefore, they all took a more conservative point of view. However, they all agree that MCBMs should be based on the removal of missiles, and follow by the current policy ¡§economy first, political after¡¨ to establish non-government exchange. Due to state of hostility, it is recommended to start from oversea activities such as sea rescue and anti-piracy project. Work from political trust toward military trust. In interpersonal judgemant, a NGT and ISM two stages seminar is held by the ¡§interactive management research group¡¨. The participants voted through a weighted method to conclude 12 specific strategies to establish MCBMs. The strategies are summarized as follow: 1. Removed the missile targeting Taiwan from Mainland China to show the premise of MCBMs. 2. Provide National defense information for each party, to promote cross-strait arms information transparence, and eliminate ideological confrontation. 3. The establishment of cross-strait joint rescue mechanism. 4. The establishment of hotline for leader on both side. 5. The establishment of regular exchange visits of high level military decision makers on both sides. 6. The establishment of cross-strait military information interaction and communication platform. 7. The establishment of oversight system for MCBMs, such as supervised NGO consists of globally well-known and remarkable Cninese accepted by both sides. 8. From civil to government organization to held cross-strait military academic exchange and conference. 9. Showing grace by military budget and arm reduction. 10. Clarify the content of MCBMs. Develop cross-strait affairs negotiators. 11. Signing peace treaty to end hostile confrontation. 12.A nuclear, chemical and biological regulation treaty signed by both sides. In short, use the cross-domain analysis result to study the possibilities and challenges that might happen during the establishment of MCBMs. The following 5 recommendations can be used for future policy execution reference: 1. Strengthen the policy advocacy, public forums and policy discussion to enhance citizens¡¦ identity. 2. Strengthen cross-strait economic and cultural exchanges to relieve hostile condition. 3. Use ¡§1992 Consensus¡¨ as framework to establish political mutual trust. 4. Establish communication platform to eliminate speculations on both sides. 5. Deepen collaborative platform and signed a peace treaty.