Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2007. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Laws (Law))--Rhodes University, 1999.

This dissertation consists of three stand-alone substantive chapters. It examines how various aspects of globalisation - openness to international trade, inflows of foreign direct investment and exposure to foreign demand shocks - affect economic performance through their impact on individual firms. The first substantive chapter presents a theoretical model of international trade with heterogeneous firms that differ not only by their productivity but also by the distortions they face. For a particular distribution of productivity and distortions, it shows that the distortions which affect the domestic and export sales in the same way and are correlated with productivity reduce the welfare gains from trade, while the distortions affecting only domestic sales tend to increase them. In addition, it documents that correlated distortions lead to a bias in an influential recent method for estimating the gains from trade. The following chapter empirically examines the link between the presence of multinational companies and the export sophistication of domestic firms in an emerging economy. The analysis is based on the matched firm and customs panel data from Romania covering the period 2005-11. The results show a positive relationship between the unit values of goods exported and imported by Romanian firms and the multinational companies' presence in downstream (input sourcing) industries. These results are consistent with quality upgrading being an additional channel through which local suppliers benefit from contacts with their multinational customers. The last chapter examines how Romanian manufacturing firms reacted to a dramatic drop in the export demand during the global trade collapse of 2008 and 2009. The exogenous effect of a fall in exports is identified by instrumenting exports with a firm-specific index of foreign demand. The results indicate that exporting firms were unable to redirect their sales to the domestic market and were forced to abruptly reduce their employment, material expenditure and investment, passing the shock to their suppliers. The results suggest that the export status of a firm may be a poor predictor of its vulnerability to a negative foreign demand shock.

Submitted by Simone Rui Martins da Cruz (simoneruimartins@gmail.com) on 2018-09-10T20:38:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Rui Martins da Cruz- DISSERTAÇÃO - PPGCS - 2018.pdf: 1809342 bytes, checksum: 2ffd50957aadd45a8e025c92efe6074c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-11T14:47:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_srm_me_mar.pdf: 1809342 bytes, checksum: 2ffd50957aadd45a8e025c92efe6074c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T14:47:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_srm_me_mar.pdf: 1809342 bytes, checksum: 2ffd50957aadd45a8e025c92efe6074c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O comércio internacional pode ser dividido entre as categorias de bens e serviços, sendo que a maior parte dos fluxos de comércio sempre foi basicamente movimentada pela circulação de bens materiais. O setor de serviços, em especial, possui características básicas muito diferentes das que normalmente são observadas na produção de mercadorias. Por consistirem em trabalho humano em movimento, serviços são impossíveis de serem estocados, são intangíveis, imateriais e intransportáveis, de forma que sua prestação apenas se concretiza quando há demanda, ou seja, oferta e demanda ocorrem de maneira simultânea no comércio de serviços. Além da grande importância em situar o comércio de serviços com a devida relevância para economia contemporânea mundial, esta proposta de estudo pretende também considerar a relação entre a participação do Brasil, como economia de industrialização recente, no comércio internacional de serviços e seu nível de desenvolvimento econômico. Para este fim, tomaremos os conceitos de Celso Furtado e Ha-Joon Chang sobre desenvolvimento, no intuito de compreendermos como a dependência desses países em relação aos países desenvolvidos pode se repetir com o setor de serviço e ainda se intensificar. De modo que sua participação nas CGV permaneça condicionada às determinações estabelecidas por países desenvolvidos e continue distante de um movimento autônomo que vise os interesses econômicos próprios. As hipóteses, portanto, que aqui se pretende avaliar são: a) o setor de serviços consiste em uma consequência do amadurecimento da indústria e não um setor residual das atividades desta; b) a forma de participação das economias de industrialização recente no comércio de serviços e seu processo de desenvolvimento são elementos que se relacionam diretamente; c) estas atividades, mesmo estando fortemente ligadas às necessidades do setor industrial, possuem dinâmica própria. / International trade can be divided into categories of goods and services, and most trade flows have always been basically driven by the circulation of material goods. The service sector, in particular, has very different basic characteristics from those normally observed in the production of goods. Because they consist of human labor in movement, services are impossible to store, they are intangible, immaterial and untransferable, so that their delivery only materializes when there is demand, that is, supply and demand occur simultaneously in the service trade. In addition to the great importance of placing trade in services with relevance for the contemporary world economy, this study proposal also intends to consider the relationship between the participation of newly industrialized economies in international trade in services and their level of economic development. To this end, we will take the concepts of Celso Furtado and Ha-Joon Chang on development, in order to understand how their dependence on developed countries can be repeated with the service sector and even intensified. So that their participation in the Global Value Chains remains conditional on the determinations established by developed countries and remains distant from an autonomous movement that targets their own economic interests. The hypotheses, therefore, that we want to evaluate here are: a) the services sector is a consequence of the maturation of the industry and not a residual sector of the activities of this industry; b) the form of participation of the economies of recent industrialization in the commerce of services and its process of development are elements directly related; c) these activities, even being strongly linked to the needs of the industrial sector, have their own dynamics. / CAPES: 130313/2017-3

International trade in tobacco products, and tobacco is one of the largest markets employing countless people around the world. Beginning tobacco trade kolumbovské date back to the time in which it was in Europe excluding potatoes and tomatoes and imported tobacco, which began to be used as a panacea. Extension of tobacco around the world helped not only the nicotine addiction that has become a hallmark of social status, but especially its medicinal properties. Since tobacco consumption grew rapidly, people began to suffer from illnesses caused by his smoking. For this reason the tobacco classified as harmful to health and began to develop the first restriction and regulation. An example might be restrictions on tobacco promotion, or their total ban. Regarding the appearance of tobacco products, subject to certain rules that determine what can and can not appear on the packaging. Among the mandatory items include the composition of a tobacco product and text or picture health warnings. Tobacco products have a significant impact on the fiscal policy of the state, which indirectly affects their final price. Tobacco products is imposed many taxes and customs duties. The biggest influence on the retail price of tobacco products has a special consumption tax, the consequences of which are given in the literature search. The last chapter of the literary work is concerned with the volume of export and import of tobacco products to / from the EU and the countries with the highest consumption of cigarettes.

O presente estudo realiza uma análise multidisciplinar da arbitragem como sistema de solução de controvérsias comerciais de natureza privada, envolvendo propriedade intelectual entre empresas no plano internacional. A análise em questão apresenta-se mediante um esboço preliminar dos fundamentos dos direitos sobre a propriedade imaterial fruto da produção intelectual e, em seguida, do sistema de utilização da arbitragem comercial internacional, para, estabelecidas bases teóricas sobre os temas, possibilitar a compreensão dos principais aspectos levantados quanto ao uso do procedimento arbitral na resolução de conflitos sobre esse tema. Discorridos os tópicos, a análise dos argumentos contra e favor do uso do sistema alternativo à jurisdição estatal em disputas que tenham por objeto direitos de propriedade intelectual em conjunto com o estudo da teoria econômica em relação aos aspectos de comércio. A abordagem feita de forma interdisciplinar, utilizando-se, inclusive, de bases da chamada escola da law and economics, pretende oferecer uma forma de perceber vantagens ou desvantagens no recurso à arbitragem mediante instrumentos comuns à ciência econômica de escolha sob incerteza, como ferramenta auxiliar do Direito. / This work is the result of the proposal of an analysis about the use of international commercial arbitration in disputes among private enterprises envolving intellectual property as subject. The essay shows, first, the foundations of the intellectual property law and its value, followed by the presentation of the origins of the international arbitration system in global trade and in intellectual property cases. After settle this common basis, the paper establishes a comparission between the arguments pro and against the use of arbitration in these cases, facing those who only consider the usual justice of the courts. By using a combination of economic theory of international trade and elements from the school knowed as the modern law and economics theory, its the author intention to propose an instrumental for a rational choice of the use of arbitration in intellectual property, avoiding the simple rejection of the alternative dispute system, offering conditions to choose according to the situation.

A participação do Brasil no mercado externo sofreu nas últimas décadas uma influência muito grande do Agronegócio, impulsionada principalmente pelo aumento da exportação de commodities agrícolas. O presente estudo se propôs a entender como esse processo impactou o desenvolvimento econômico nacional. Para isto, considerou-se a totalidade das exportações em volume e valor das diferentes categorias de produtos comercializados no Agronegócio no período de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2016. Analisou-se uma base com mais de 8 milhões de registros e 1.314 categorias. Utilizou-se a ótica da classificação setorial por intensidade tecnológica de Keith Pavitt (1984) e Laplane (2001) para identificar os diversos setores. Esta dissertação é composta por dois artigos científicos. No primeiro deles, mensurou-se o grau de correlação entre o dólar e as exportações brasileiras de maneira a verificar se a hipótese inicial de que um aumento da taxa de cambio promove um aumento proporcional do total faturado nas exportações. Conclui-se que, ao contrário do esperado, os resultados sugerem que o grau de correlação de Pearson entre o valor exportado e a taxa de câmbio possuem resultados de intensidade média e fraca segundo a escala de Cohen (1988). Além disso, identifica-se que produtos classificados como “Intensivos em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento” e “Intensivos em Economias de Escala” possuem forças de correlação mais fortes com a taxa de cambio que “Produtos Primários”, “Intensivos em Trabalho” e “Intensivos em Recursos Naturais”. No segundo artigo é apresentado o grau de concentração dos destinos de exportação do agronegócio no período de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2016.Para analisar os dados utilizou-se o método do Market-Share e o índice de Herfindahl- Hirschman. Os resultados sugerem que existe um elevado índice de concentração por destino de exportação. Os “Produtos Intensivos em P&D” registram os mais altos índices de concentração de mercado nos 5 maiores importadores do Brasil (Estados Unidos, Índia, Holanda, China e Alemanha). Os “Produtos de Economia de Escala”, tiveram um aumento no faturamento das exportações provocadas por uma maior concentração dos dois maiores importadores (Estados Unidos e China). Os resultados da “Indústria Intensiva em Trabalho” e “ Intensiva em Recursos Naturais” foram muito similares ao analisar o nível de concentração destes mercados e não tiveram variações ao longo do tempo analisado. Os resultados dos “Produtos Primários” são fortemente impactados pelo poder do mercado Chinês. A perspectiva apontada na literatura sobre a característica dos itens de maior intensidade tecnológica está diretamente relacionada com a possibilidade de comercializar produtos mais sofisticados e, consequentemente, menos dependentes de aspectos relativos ao preço. Os resultados da correlação de Pearson obtidos neste estudo sugerem que a diferenciação proposta na categoria de alta intensidade não está sendo efetiva. Além disso, ocorreu uma maior concentração dos destinos de exportação no período analisado. / In recent decades, Brazilian participation in the foreign market has been largely influenced by agribusiness, mainly driven by the increase of agricultural commodity exports. This study aimed to understand how this process affected national economic development. For this, we considered the total export volume and the value of different product categories in agribusiness trade, from January 2008 to July 2016. We analyzed a database of over 8 million records and 1,314 categories. We used the sector classification outlook according to technological intensity, by Keith Pavitt (1984) and Laplane (2001), to identify the various sectors. This study consists of two scientific articles. In the first, we measured the degree of correlation between the dollar and Brazilian exports in order to verify if the initial hypothesis that an increase in the exchange rate promotes a proportional increase of total export revenue. We concluded that, contrary to expectations, the results suggest that the degree of Pearson correlation between the value of exports and the exchange rate have medium and low intensity results, according to the Cohen scale (1988). We also identified that products classified as "Research and Development Intensive" and "Economies of Scale Intensive" are more strongly correlated with the exchange rate than "Primary Products", "Labor Intensive," and "Natural Resources Intensive" products. The second article shows the degree of agribusiness export destination concentration from January 2008 to July 2016. To analyze the data, we used the Market Share method and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. The results suggest that there is a high level of export destination concentration. The "R & D Intensive Products" recorded the highest market concentration rates among the 5 largest importers of Brazilian products (United States, India, the Netherlands, China, and Germany). The "Economy of Scale Products", had an increase in export revenues, caused by increased concentration of the two largest importers (United States and China). The results of the "Labor Intensive Industry" and "Natural Resource Intensive" were very similar when analyzing the level of concentration for these markets, and showed no changes over the analyzed time period. The results of the "Primary Products" are strongly impacted by the power of the Chinese market. The outlook about the characteristics of the more technology-intensive items is reported in the literature, and is directly related to the possibility of selling products that are more sophisticated, and thus less dependent of price related aspects. The Pearson correlation results from this study suggest that the proposed differentiation in the high-intensity category is not being effective. Also, there was a greater concentration of export destinations during the analyzed period.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to handle the recommendation, which would serve as a useful tool for businesses with the commercial intent on importing goods from China. It was necessary to recognize secondary data and gain primary data in order to comply it. The methodology of the thesis was divided in three parts. In the analytic part, the collecting of secondary information was carried out through the study of literature. The books and the Internet sources of Czech and foreign origin were used. On the basis of this information the literary recherché was written and then the analysis of the foreign trade of the Czech Republic and China was carried out. The synthetic part dealt with the preparation and the realization of the field investigation and its processing. To obtain the primary information the method of controlled conversation was used. The realization of field investigations was carried out in the company of ETA a.s. in Hlinsko. The subsequent evaluation of the field investigation was carried out through the drafting of a practical example, where the company's business cooperation with the Chinese enterprises to the ETA was pointed out. The last part of the application was devoted to the processing of recommendations of good practice when dealing with China, which presented a firm from the Czech Republic as the importer, and China's venture as the exporter, according to the example of the ETA company. The aim of the recommendation, which was established in the framework of this thesis, is to become a useful tool for businesses that have minimal experience with foreign trade and at the same time they would like to establish business cooperation with Chinese companies.

In the early 2000’s Canada and France were at the forefront of what appeared to be a counter-hegemonic movement in the rapid creation of the Convention for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions at UNESCO to perceived US cultural hegemony at the World Trade Organization. However, the final Convention lacks the fundamental protections it set out to create and reinforces the commodification of culture and the promotion of cultural industries, rather than challenging commodification or supporting arts and culture. This thesis uses Marxian critical theories to interrogate the nature and form of the Canadian government’s involvement in the creation of the Convention and posits Gramscian evidence of the presence of behaviours of hegemony and resistance to hegemony, the formation of a Weltanschauung (common sense world view) led by organic intellectuals in civil society and demonstrates important instances of trasformismo (absorption of counter-hegemonic ideas) at work. / Graduate