This thesis aims to analyze the evolution of the investments of Mexico in foreign countries, its beginnings, the economic policy behind the boost on investments, the main Mexican industries evolution of investments in the globe and the specific food industry development through the years. To reach the final analysis of the specific opportunities of three of the biggest companies in the Mexican food sector, Grupo BIMBO, Grupo MASECA and Conservas La Costena, which will have conclusions on the Czech conditions for businesses, competition in the food industry by domestic companies and the description of the capacities of each Mexican enterprise that may or may not enable them to invest in the Czech Republic. The first chapter analyzes a theoretical approach to the global context dynamics and the theories that we believe are proper for the investment flows analysis along with the performance of Mexico in this dynamics. The second chapter covers the development of the outward Mexican FDI linked to some historical facts, policies and reaching an analysis on the evolution of Mexican FDI presence in Europe. The Chapter three deepens the study in the food sector, with a global contextualization of the dynamics in and out of Mexico, and then analyzes our three specific cases, BIMBO, GRUMA and LA COSTENA. Finally, the fourth chapter will end with the analysis of the Czech Republic as a potential investment receiver, barriers, legal framework, and competition in the food sector, to reach the final description and conclusions about the opportunities of Mexican investments in the food sector on the Czech Republic.

Over the years, the electronic letters of credit evolved as one of the developments to meet the international trade demands coupled with the exponential technology advancements of the current times which whetted an appetite for superfluous trade and competitiveness in the trade industry. Just like legal discrepancies pursuant to the use of the letter of credit in international trade, this too demanded some legal architecture to govern its utilization. However, unlike the traditional letters of credit, there are more legal stumbling blocks concerning this form of letters of credit. The primary legal constraints being, lack of legal recognition by the courts because of their nature (being data messages); lack of recognition in the laws of contracts (digital signatures, digital contracts), public perception more especially most of the developing countries, who because of lack of technology, resources and skilled man power, lacked knowledge on the advantages of technology advancement. So, the study interrogates the legal implications of an electronic letter of credit in the international trade transactions using Botswana as a case study. Importantly, it investigates the completeness and sufficiency of the legal regimes in Botswana to enable operation of the electronic letter of credit. The conclusions are that the Botswana e-legislation drafts so far are complete as regard to the legal principles enabling electronic transactions. It also argues that the laws are comprehensive enough, receptive to the electronic documents including the upcoming developments in technology and more importantly, the fact that it provides a level playing field for all the players by protecting the rights of the users of electronic transactions in general. / tm2017 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

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This diploma thesis focuses on the czech manufacturer Lucis, s.r.o. in the field of innovative activities. The company manufactures luminaires which combine technical and design aspects using current modern technologies and, at the same time places great emphasis on high-quality hand-made custom production. The aim of this diploma thesis is to present proposals for innovative activities that will increase the productivity of the company Lucis and its economic results. Proposals for innovation activities are built on the basis of an analysis of the current state of the company and on the basis of a research that was executed on a topic of customer service satisfaction. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Inovace, mezinárodní obchod, svítidla, design KEYWORDS Innovation, international

This diploma thesis focuses on the study of innovation in a selected company and its impact on foreign trade. The company is analyzed from an internal and external point of view, identified factors are summarized in a SWOT analysis. Furthermore, the financial and ecological starting points are monitored. In the selected branch of the company, market development is monitored by economic indicators. Finally, the effects of innovation on the company's domestic and foreign trade are evaluated.

La presente investigación busca conocer los efectos de las políticas de comercio justo en los productores que exportan quinua perlada hacia Francia, dentro del marco del Acuerdo Comercial entre Perú y la Unión Europea. Es importante resaltar que, desde su creación en 1959 en Holanda, las políticas de comercio justo han traído a los productores beneficios tales como un precio justo por sus productos, inclusive por encima del mercado, el desarrollo en conjunto de la población, un trato equitativo entre hombres y mujeres, el respecto a la niñez, entre otros. En ese sentido, se considera necesario analizar los efectos directos en cuanto a calidad de vida se refiere, tomando en cuenta variables como acceso a la salud y educación, además de la inversión en infraestructura de la vivienda, lo que permitirá validar dichas mejoras. Otro aspecto importante para comprobar y que tiene injerencia directa con la variable anterior es el nivel de ingresos de los productores y su evolución en la línea de tiempo tomada como muestra, ya que un aumento en las ganancias obtenidas conlleva a una relación directa en el aumento de la capacidad de gasto. Asimismo, como última variable, es pertinente analizar el fenómeno del comercio justo y su efecto en las empresas productoras, conociendo el por qué muchas de ellas desean participar en comercio justo y cuáles no, de manera de conocer las implicancias que tiene el acceso a la certificación en comparación con los beneficios que trae el acceso a la misma. / This research seeks to know the impacts and effects of fair trade policies on producers that export pearl quinoa to France, within the framework of the Trade Agreement between Peru and the European Union. It is important to highlight that, since its creation in the Netherlands in 1959, fair trade policies have brought benefits to the producers such as a fair price for their products, including above the market, the overall development of the population, an equitable treatment between men and women, respect for children, among others. In that sense, it is considered necessary to analyze the direct problems in terms of quality of life, take into account the variables such as access to health and education, in addition to investment in housing infrastructure, which require validating various improvements. Another important aspect to evaluate and that has direct injection with the previous variable is the level of income of the producers and their evolution in the timeline taken as a sample, since an increase in the profits obtained entails a direct relationship in the increase of the spending capacity. In the same way, as a last variable, it is relevant to analyze the phenomenon of fair trade and its impact on producing companies, knowing why many of them want to participate in fair trade and without problems, in order to know the implications that it has Access to certification compared to the benefits of access to it. / Tesis

El presente documento analiza los efectos que tuvo el tratado de libre comercio suscrito entre Perú y China en el año 2009 sobre las exportaciones no tradicionales, enfocándose principalmente en las exportaciones de uvas frescas para determinar posibles implicancias. El documento inicia explicando la evolución del mercado peruano y sus exportaciones no tradicionales, así como las exportaciones de uvas antes y después de la implementación del tratado de libre comercio. Luego, se explican algunas de las principales teorías de comercio internacional con las cuales se construyo el modelo de estimación que se encuentra en el documento. Posteriormente, se muestran las variables que son incluidas en el modelo de estimación y su comportamiento a través de los años en los que se realiza el estudio. Finalmente, se muestra el modelo utilizado y los resultados obtenidos del efecto que tuvo directamente la implementación del tratado sobre las exportaciones, aislando los factores sobre los cuales no se tuvo control, donde se encuentra un efecto positivo de la implementación del tratado de libre comercio con china sobre las exportaciones de uvas aumentando las exportaciones en aproximadamente 1.1917% por año. / This document analyzes the effects of the free trade agreement signed between Peru and China in 2009 on non-traditional exports, focusing mainly on fresh grapes exports to determine possible implications. The document begins by explaining the evolution of the Peruvian market and its non-traditional exports, as well as the exports of grapes before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Then, some of the main international trade theories with which the estimation model found in the document was constructed are explained. Subsequently, the variables that are included in the estimation model and their behavior are shown throughout the years in which the study is carried out. Finally, it shows the model used and the results obtained from the effect that the implementation of the treaty on exports had directly, isolating the factors over which there was no control, where there is a positive effect of the implementation of the free trade agreement with China on grape exports increasing exports by approximately 1.1917% per year. / Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación pretende identificar los principales “Factores que impulsaron el movimiento de carga contenerizada en el puerto de Paita según la percepción de los usuarios desde el inicio de la concesión al 2018.” En el primer capítulo titulado marco teórico, inicia con una información general que describe la importancia de los puertos en el comercio internacional. Luego se habla brevemente de los puertos peruanos para después pasar a aquellos que se encuentran bajo la figura de concesión. Continuamos con las bases teóricas para luego continuar con la información de nuestro tema de estudio “El puerto de Paita”. Para cerrar el primer capítulo se cita como antecedentes, tesis de universidades nacionales como de universidades internacionales. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta la metodología utilizada en la investigación, donde se muestra el proceso y se define las categorías y segmentos que permitirá recabar información por medio de entrevistas a especialistas de cada sector para el desarrollo de la investigación. El tercer capítulo contiene el análisis de los datos obtenidos en el punto anterior donde se detalla cada información obtenida de las entrevistas por segmentos. Los datos obtenidos permitirán una visión más clara desde el punto de vista de los entrevistados. El cuarto capítulo contiene la discusión de los resultados así como los hallazgos, limitaciones y brechas. Finalmente, se elaboran las conclusiones con el fin de determinar si se alcanzaron los objetivos planteados, para luego culminar con las recomendaciones. / This research aims to identify the main “Factors that boosted the movement of containerized cargo in the port of Paita according to the perception of users since the beginning of the concession to 2018.” In the first chapter entitled Theoretical Framework, it starts with general information that describes the importance of ports in international trade. Then we talk briefly about the Peruvian ports pass to those that are under the concession figure. We continue with the theoretical bases and then continue with the information of our study topic “El puerto de Paita”. To close the first chapter is cited as background, thesis of national and international universities. In the second chapter, the methodology used in the research is presented, which shows the process and defines the categories and segments that will allow information to be collected through interviews with specialists from each sector for the development of the research. The third chapter contains the analysis of the data obtained in the previous point where each information obtained from the interviews by segments is detailed. The data obtained will allow a clearer vision from the point of view of the interviewees. The fourth chapter contains the discussion of the results as well as the findings, limitations and gaps. Finally, the conclusions are drawn up in order to determine if the objectives set were reached, and then culminate with the recommendations. / Tesis

This dissertation presents three essays in financial economics. The essays study the impact of trade globalization through the lens of the financial market. The first chapter investigates the effect of trade liberalization policy on firm value. I identify this effect by exploiting cross-sectional differences in firms' exposure to potential tariff hikes imposed on U.S. imports from China. I find that the Chinese equity market responded negatively to a major U.S.-China trade liberalization event in 2000, and the responses were driven by inefficient state-owned institutions. The analysis also implies that policy uncertainty elimination may generate distributional gains from market share reallocation. The second chapter focuses on the role of implicit protection from trade globalization and its impact on the U.S. equity market. The third chapter explores the consequences of the U.S.-China trade war.

En los últimos años, el comercio internacional ha tomado el protagonismo debido a que ha mostrado tener gran potencial de expansión hacia los años siguientes, este fenómeno no ha sido ajeno en Latinoamérica y el Perú en general. En los años 2011 – 2018 la exportación de servicios mostró un crecimiento promedio anual de 7% en la región y en el Perú ha sido de 9%, en comparación del 4% de las exportaciones de bienes. Entre los servicios exportados por el Perú, se encuentran las franquicias como un servicio que ha tenido gran acogida a nivel Latinoamérica. Para ello, para la presente investigación se propuso descubrir ¿Cuáles fueron los factores críticos que permitieron a las franquicias peruanas ingresar a mercados latinoamericanos durante el periodo 2013-2018?, en la cual, por medio de una investigación de tipo cualitativo y exploratorio, se desarrollaron los factores push y pull para conocer los factores críticos que se llevaron a cabo por los actores del mercado. Por medio de entrevistas estructuradas a expertos, se encontró en cuanto a factores push, una escasa participación e impulso por parte de entidades gubernamentales para la exportación de franquicias; sin embargo, por su parte los factores pull como la “proximidad geográfica” y la “similitud cultural y de idioma”, son factores que han facilitado el ingreso de las franquicias peruanas al exterior. / For the last several years, international trade has been taking a lead role because it has shown a great potential for expansion for the future. This phenomenon has not been different in Latin America and Peru in particular. In 2011 - 2018, the export of services showed an average annual growth of 7% in the region and in Peru it was 9%, in contrast to 4% of the exports of assets. Among the services exported by Peru, franchises as a service that actually are highly valued in Latin America. For the present research it was proposed to discover about which were the critical factors that allowed Peruvian franchises to enter Latin American markets during the 2013-2018?, through qualitative and exploratory research, they were developed the push and pull factors to know the critical factors that were carried out by the market participants. By structured interviews with experts, it was found about the push factors, a low participation and impulse implemented by the government entities for export franchises; however, for the other hand, pull factors such as “geographic proximity” and “cultural and language similarity” are factors that have facilitated the entry of Peruvian franchises abroad. / Tesis