China is the largest import partner of the United States. At the same time, China is the majority holder of U.S. Treasury securities. Moreover, both of these characteristics of the U.S.-China economic relations have become deeper over the last decade. The Chinese government gives its exporters a competitive advantage over American goods by undervaluing the exchange rate. This requires holding of foreign currency in reserve assets, or investing of foreign currency by buying dollar assets -- especially U.S. Treasury securities. One is supported by another and between both countries there is an increase of interdependence which is not based solely on the market principles. As the international trade and financial flows are affected by government's behavior -- both Chinese and American -- the economic interdependence creates certain risks. These risks can be reduced by fiscal discipline of the U.S. government together with the liberalization of the U.S.-China international trade.

This diploma thesis deals with the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this work is to describe and evaluate the importance and impact of developing country and two developed economies of Canada and the United States on the Mexican economy. I deal with trade relations within NAFTA (Mexico - U.S. and Mexico - Canada). I analyze international trade of Mexico. The result of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of NAFTA to the Mexican economy with an emphasis on economic relations with other member states.

International cooperation plays a great role not onlyin the global economy, but in life of every person. Without internationaltrade, we should not even have a half of those products and services that wehave now and human development could be stopped in the Stone Age. Integrationof international management should be seen as an opportunity, from which ispossible to extract knowledge and financial benefits. This final thesis is focused on one aspect ofinternational trade, the integration of the company to EU. In the first part ofthis work there is an examination of business conditions in EU, entry barriersand new strategies for the enterprises in the international market. In thesecond part there is an analysis of Ukrainian company EkoThermoGroup, whichwould like to enter into the market of Czech Republic. This work should be guidance for young companies thatwant to start international business in the EU market.

This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes mainstream international trade theories and their implementation by means of trade policies of individual economies, while taking into account the involvement of such economies in regional and multilateral relations. The second part illustrates global trends of international trade with four selected areas: agriculture, clothing and automobile industries and financial services. In the last part, the thesis deals with the current territorial structure of international trade.

This thesis is about economic growth of China and India, their present situation and their socio economical problems. Then it describes their position in the international trade, their impact on the changes in the international trade and it concerns itself with the question, if their activity will benefit or harm the world economy. It also describes the impact of China and India on the changes in strategies of multinational corporations.

Na África Ocidental iniciou-se desde a década de 1940, com a criação da União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) em 1945, uma transformação socioeconômica centrada na redefinição das relações entre os países da região. Antes restritas à laços coloniais, com a criação da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) em 1975 as mudanças transcenderam aspectos coloniais. Nesses esforços, o setor agrícola mereceu destaque, que resultou em compilação e harmonização das políticas agrícolas dos países da região para formar políticas regionais do setor - políticas agrícolas da UEMOA e da CEDEAO -. A produção agrícola é a base do desenvolvimento dos países da África Ocidental, constitui importante determinante das dinâmicas socioeconômicas desses países. Assim, o objetivo neste trabalho é investigar a estrutura de produção, desempenho e comércio internacional do setor agrícola da África Ocidental. Utilizou-se a fronteira estocástica na forma funcional transcendental para estimação dos parâmetros estruturais da produção agrícola. Buscou-se detectar o esforço pró-desenvolvimento agrícola por meio de adaptação do modelo de Lei Dinâmica de Verdoorn, com inclusão de fontes locais disponíveis para o financiamento da melhoria de produtividade agrícola. Por meio de teste de raiz unitária aplicado aos dados em painel, foi analisada a convergência da produtividade agrícola entre os países da África Ocidental. E, foi utilizado o modelo gravitacional estrutural expandido para investigar comércio internacional agrícola da região. Os resultados mostraram que, as transformações da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) constituem principais causas da quebra estrutural no setor agrícola regional. As participações relativas dos fatores na produção agrícola entre os subperíodos antes e depois das mudanças políticas da CEDEAO são diferentes, a área é o mais importante determinante da evolução desta produção. Quanto a produtividade, embora convergentes, os países da região não alocaram prioritariamente os recursos disponíveis para o desenvolvimento agrícola, em particular no setor privado. E, o padrão global das transações agrícolas internacionais desta região é dominantemente definido pelas transações extra-regionais e existem diferenças entre os determinantes intra e extra-regionais. Nas transações globais, os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) não afeta significativamente esses fluxos. Ao passo que, no comércio agrícola intra-regional a CEDEAO não impacta significativamente e os fluxos são maiores entre os países membros da UEMOA. A distância geográfica não exerce efeitos significativos no comércio internacional agrícola extra-regional da África Ocidental. / In West Africa, it began since 1940s with fundation of West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) in 1945, a socioeconomic transformation centered on the redefinition of relations between the countries of the region. Previously restricted to colonial ties, with the creation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975 the changes transcended colonial aspects. In these efforts, the agricultural sector was highlighted, which resulted in the compilation and harmonization of the agricultural policies of the countries of the region to form regional policies of the sector - agricultural policies of UEMOA and ECOWAS -. Agricultural production is the basis of development of West African countries, an important determinant of the socioeconomic dynamics of these countries. Thus, the objective in this work is to investigate production structure, performance and international trade of West African agricultural sector. The stochastic frontier was used in the transcendental functional form to estimate the structural parameters of agricultural production. It was sought to detect the pro-agricultural development effort by adapting the Verdoorn Dynamic Law model, with the inclusion of local sources available to finance the improvement of agricultural productivity. Using a unit root test applied to the panel data, the convergence of agricultural productivity among West African countries was analyzed. And, the expanded Structural Gravity Model was used to investigate the region\'s international agricultural trade. The results showed that the transformations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are the main causes of the structural break in the regional agricultural sector. The relative participation of factors in agricultural production between the subperiods before and after the ECOWAS political changes are different, the area is the most important determinant of the evolution of this production. In terms of productivity, although convergent, the countries of the region did not allocate the resources available to agricultural development as priority, particularly in the private sector. And, the overall pattern of international agricultural transactions in this region is dominantly defined by extra-regional transactions and there are differences between intra- and extra-regional determinants. In global transactions, flows are higher among member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) does not significantly affect these flows. Whereas, in intra-regional agricultural trade, ECOWAS does not have a significant impact and flows are greater among WAEMU member countries. Geographical distance has no significant effect on West African extra-regional agricultural international trade.

A presente tese analisará a interação entre as regras de tributação da renda e os acordos de comércio internacional no âmbito da OMC especificamente o GATT, o Acordo TRIMS, o ASMC e o GATS. A análise demonstrará que estes acordos, em sua conformação atual, vedam as subvenções tributárias veiculadas por meio de normas de tributação da renda capazes de concretizar determinadas políticas protecionistas. Ademais, arguirá que a identificação destas normas pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC segue os ditames da teoria tributária aplicável à identificação das subvenções tributárias e padece dos mesmos problemas desta teoria. / This thesis will analyze the interaction between income tax measures and the WTO agreements particularly the GATT, TRIMS, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and GATS agreements. The analysis will show that these agreements prohibit income tax measures that can be viewed as tax expenditures aimed at implementing certain protectionist policies. We will argue that the Dispute Settlement Bodys approach to such measures follows the traditional tax expenditures theory and is subject to its shortcomings.

A dissertação \"Glossário Terminológico de Comércio Exterior\" Chinês/ Português/Chinês tem por objetivo elaborar uma pesquisa terminográfica bilíngüe das unidades de conhecimento especializado relacionadas à área de comércio exterior relevantes para a relação Brasil-China, por meio da organização dessas unidades em um glossário terminológico. Inicialmente faz-se uma revisão da história cultural e comercial entre o mundo lusófono e o chinês com o objetivo de justificar a demanda de um trabalho terminológico de comércio exterior entre o Brasil e a China. A seguir, apresenta-se uma introdução à história e à teoria fundamental da Terminologia. Aplicando-se os métodos da terminologia descritiva, coletaram-se e registraram-se as unidades especializadas constantes de documentos comumente empregados no comércio exterior. A parte final deste trabalho compreende um glossário organizado consoante os dados constantes das fichas terminológicas, com cerca de 120 termos entre chinês-português e português-chinês / The thesis \"Terminological Glossary of International Trade (Chinese/ Portuguese/Chinese)\" purports to conduct a bilingual terminological survey of international trade terms relevant to Chinese-Brazilian relations, and to organize them into a terminological glossary. The first part of thesis proposes a review of the 500 years of history of cultural and commercial interchanges between speakers of Portuguese and of Chinese, so as to justify the need for a bilingual terminological glossary in support of the Brazil-China international trade. There follows a brief introduction about the history and the fundamental theory of Terminology. With the assistance of the methods proposed for descriptive terminology, the special purpose terms found in documents commonly employed in international trade were collected and recorded. The final part of this thesis is the glossary itself, derived from the data recorded in the terminological file cards, containing approx. 120 terms

This bachelor thesis examines the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Mexico and the countries that resembles the European Union(EU) prior to the expansion in 2004, hereafter(EU15). The purpose is to analyze the effects of the FTA between the trading parties and investigate whether the FTA has resulted in positive effects on export volumes. The model includes 16 countries and is estimated with panel data between the years 1997-2016. We apply a gravity model as econometric framework and perform two regressions, one with fixed effects and one with random effects. Our results suggest that export volumes from Mexico to the EU on an aggregated level have increased for Mexico and the EU has increased. However, in contrast to previous estimates, our results show that the FTA have generated negative effects on trade creation between the trading parties.

A presente tese analisará a interação entre as regras de tributação da renda e os acordos de comércio internacional no âmbito da OMC especificamente o GATT, o Acordo TRIMS, o ASMC e o GATS. A análise demonstrará que estes acordos, em sua conformação atual, vedam as subvenções tributárias veiculadas por meio de normas de tributação da renda capazes de concretizar determinadas políticas protecionistas. Ademais, arguirá que a identificação destas normas pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC segue os ditames da teoria tributária aplicável à identificação das subvenções tributárias e padece dos mesmos problemas desta teoria. / This thesis will analyze the interaction between income tax measures and the WTO agreements particularly the GATT, TRIMS, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and GATS agreements. The analysis will show that these agreements prohibit income tax measures that can be viewed as tax expenditures aimed at implementing certain protectionist policies. We will argue that the Dispute Settlement Bodys approach to such measures follows the traditional tax expenditures theory and is subject to its shortcomings.