The current study examined healthcare provider-patient interpersonal impacts and health related control appraisals to patients' satisfaction and compliance with treatment recommendations. Secondary outcomes such as patient satisfaction are becoming increasingly important, and compliance with treatment can have direct effects on primary outcomes. Eighty-one patients at a large, urban university student health center participated in the current study. Participants completed participatory style and interpersonal impact measures both before and after the visit with their provider, and completed satisfaction questionnaires immediately following the visit, and at the two-week follow-up along with a measure assessing compliance with treatment recommendations. Providers also completed interpersonal impact measures on each patient. Results showed that meeting patient expectations for levels of participation in the medical process are important for patient satisfaction. In addition, patients were more satisfied with providers who were friendly and submissive in their interpersonal styles. The current study also proposes a model that accounts for more than 55% of the variance in patient satisfaction.

The thesis aim was to increase understanding of interpersonal antecedents and consequences of rumination, defined as ‘repetitive and passive thinking about one’s symptoms of depression and the possible causes and consequences of those symptoms’ (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004, p.107). As a proof-of-principle study, rumination predicted diminished relationship satisfaction, three months later, in a sample of remitted depressed adults (N = 57). In the next study, rumination was associated with a maladaptive submissive interpersonal style and rejection sensitivity, controlling for depressive symptoms, other interpersonal styles and gender, in a different sample (N = 103 currently depressed, previously depressed and never depressed adults). Subsequent chapters incorporated a second assessment point of data from this same sample. Longitudinal analyses were undertaken to investigate; a) do rumination and depressogenic interpersonal factors predict future depression?; b) does rumination prospectively predict increased rejection sensitivity and submissive interpersonal behaviours, and, vice-versa, do these interpersonal factors predict increased rumination?; c) does rumination prospectively predict poor social adjustment and interpersonal stress? Consistent with previous findings, Time 1 rumination predicted increased depression six months later. Unexpectedly, the effect of rumination on future depression was mediated by its relationship with the submissive interpersonal style. Partially consistent with the stated predictions, Time 1 rejection sensitivity (but not the submissive interpersonal style) prospectively predicted increased rumination, but rumination did not predict rejection sensitivity or the submissive interpersonal style. As predicted, rumination prospectively predicted increased chronic interpersonal stress and poor social adjustment (but not acute interpersonal stress). In a final study, rumination was manipulated via an applied intervention (concreteness training, CT), within the context of a randomized controlled trial (N = 79 clinically depressed adults). Analyses compared the change in social adjustment and submissive interpersonal behaviour reported in the CT condition compared to a treatment as usual (TAU) condition. There was a significantly greater reduction in rumination in the CT compared to TAU condition, p < .05. Moreover, the reduction in submissive interpersonal behaviours was significantly greater in the CT compared to TAU condition, p < .05. The change in social adjustment was not greater in the CT compared to TAU condition. Thus, a psychological intervention which reduces rumination decreased maladaptive submissive interpersonal behaviour. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to theory of rumination and interpersonal theories of depression.

<p>When athletes and coaches discuss reasons for success or failure the word concentration has an important role. Likewise, in sport research, the term attention tends to have the same central position. This notion gives the impression that everyone seems to know what concentration is and how it affects sport performances. However, the many theories in cognitive psychology are not primarily designed to be applied in the setting of sport and exercise, and thus have little or no validity in that field. Instead of applying scientific knowledge, the field of sport enhancement often utilizes myths and folklore as bases for practice and exercise.</p><p>This thesis started as a quest for this well-known concentration and often required state of mind. The overarching purpose of this hunt was to discover aspects that influence the ability of concentration in sport and exercise settings. The aim was to examine the usefulness of cognitive psychology and scientific methods in the field of sports. The search for concentration has follows three tracks. The first line of investigation was to study variations in concentration. The second path was to validate the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), (Nideffer, 1976). The third trail was to review the theory of ironic processing in mental control (Wegner, 1992) and try out its applications on sport performances movements.</p><p>The search of variations in concentration was carried out through interviewing and measuring heart rate of athletes from golf, pistol shooting, basketball, tennis, and handball. The results showed that the concentration vary within and between sports and athletes. The validation of TAIS was performed on a sample of 1230 athletes from different sports. The result confirms that the basic theory of TAIS not was adequate to explain the functions of attention on the basis of modern theories of cognition. TAIS did not manage to differentiate between different level of skills and between different sports. The original subscales of TAIS were not validated by a factor analysis. The application of ironic processing in sport settings was examined in a series of six studies. The result of these studies showed no support of any impact of ironic processing.</p><p>The overall conclusions of the quest for the covet concentration in sport settings can be summarized in one word, variation. It is difficult to consider the notion of general concentration in sports settings because of great differences within and between sports and individuals. These results cast doubt on the efficiency of universal concentration improving techniques. The review of theories of cognitive psychology showed that many modern theories are conspicuous by one's absence in the field of sport psychology. Perhaps the improvements in the sport arenas could be faster if the knowledge of cognitive psychology was better.</p>

When athletes and coaches discuss reasons for success or failure the word concentration has an important role. Likewise, in sport research, the term attention tends to have the same central position. This notion gives the impression that everyone seems to know what concentration is and how it affects sport performances. However, the many theories in cognitive psychology are not primarily designed to be applied in the setting of sport and exercise, and thus have little or no validity in that field. Instead of applying scientific knowledge, the field of sport enhancement often utilizes myths and folklore as bases for practice and exercise. This thesis started as a quest for this well-known concentration and often required state of mind. The overarching purpose of this hunt was to discover aspects that influence the ability of concentration in sport and exercise settings. The aim was to examine the usefulness of cognitive psychology and scientific methods in the field of sports. The search for concentration has follows three tracks. The first line of investigation was to study variations in concentration. The second path was to validate the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), (Nideffer, 1976). The third trail was to review the theory of ironic processing in mental control (Wegner, 1992) and try out its applications on sport performances movements. The search of variations in concentration was carried out through interviewing and measuring heart rate of athletes from golf, pistol shooting, basketball, tennis, and handball. The results showed that the concentration vary within and between sports and athletes. The validation of TAIS was performed on a sample of 1230 athletes from different sports. The result confirms that the basic theory of TAIS not was adequate to explain the functions of attention on the basis of modern theories of cognition. TAIS did not manage to differentiate between different level of skills and between different sports. The original subscales of TAIS were not validated by a factor analysis. The application of ironic processing in sport settings was examined in a series of six studies. The result of these studies showed no support of any impact of ironic processing. The overall conclusions of the quest for the covet concentration in sport settings can be summarized in one word, variation. It is difficult to consider the notion of general concentration in sports settings because of great differences within and between sports and individuals. These results cast doubt on the efficiency of universal concentration improving techniques. The review of theories of cognitive psychology showed that many modern theories are conspicuous by one's absence in the field of sport psychology. Perhaps the improvements in the sport arenas could be faster if the knowledge of cognitive psychology was better.

Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) has been developed to treat individuals suffering from chronic depression. There is a growing evidence base to suggest that CBASP is effective for these individuals. Given these findings, it is important to understand the process of change during CBASP and how it is affected by the components of the therapy. Purpose: A systematic review and meta analysis aimed to establish whether there is evidence for one of the theoretical foundations of CBASP; that a hostile-submissive interpersonal style is associated with major depressive disorder, and in particular with chronic forms of depression, as suggested by McCullough (2000). An empirical study then aimed to investigate whether the components of CBASP are associated with symptom change for chronically depressed individuals during therapy. It also sought to examine whether individuals experienced change differently in CBASP if it was delivered without using Disciplined Personal Involvement (DPI) by the therapist. The aim of this research was to investigate the process of change within the context of CBASP for individuals receiving the therapy, and to evaluate the usefulness of a multilevel modelling approach to analysing singe-case data. Methods: The literature was systematically searched for research reporting a relationship between depression and interpersonal hostility and/or submissiveness and a meta-analysis conducted to test the strength of this relationship. An empirical study presents analyses of two datasets. The first is a multilevel modelling analysis of data from a CBASP case series, seeking to determine what role the components of CBASP have in symptom change during therapy. A single-case, multiple baseline study then examined the process of symptom change during CBASP. This study included individuals experiencing chronic depression, who completed a series of baseline observations followed by up to 20 sessions of CBASP over a six-month period. Participants were assigned to either receive manualised CBASP, or a form of CBASP without the interpersonal focus. The latter study employed mixed models to evaluate change in individuals in CBASP, and sought to evaluate this novel approach to single-case analysis. Results. The meta analytic review provided preliminary support for McCullough’s (2000) hypothesis that chronically depressed individuals tend to present as more hostile and submissive than individuals with first-episode MDD. Findings from the empirical study suggest that acquisition learning in relation to the situational analysis exercise in CBASP is associated with symptom change but not learning in relation to the interpersonal discrimination exercise. Findings from the single-case analysis, however, provided limited evidence that CBASP without the interpersonal focus is associated with less change over the first few sessions of therapy than CBASP. Multilevel modeling analysis of single cases appeared to provide a useful approach to evaluating within-individual change in therapy, compared with traditional methods such as clinically significant change indices. Discussion: The findings of this thesis provide preliminary evidence for components of McCullough’s (2000) CBASP model. The review’s results pointed to a need for more methodologically sound studies to further investigate the role of interpersonal style in the aetiology and maintenance of chronic depression. Analyses in the empirical study appeared to support the use of Situational Analysis in bringing about symptom change in therapy, but findings were mixed in relation to the interpersonal components of CBASP. The use of a small-N design with multiple baselines allowed for a preliminary analysis of the role of DPI, but incomplete data limited this analysis to the first half of therapy.

Ce travail doctoral a pour but d'étudier la motivation autodéterminée (Deci & Ryan, 1985b, Deci & Ryan, 2000 ; Ryan & Deci, 2002) à travers la notion de « Contrôle ». Dans la Partie I, en parallèle à la revue de littérature qui présente la Théorie de l'Autodétermination (TAD), les différents sens que la notion de « Contrôle » prend en son sein sont explicités. Ce travail de définition montre que, bien que n'appartenant pas aux théories du contrôle, la TAD y est néanmoins ancrée. Dans la Partie II, les effets que le contrôle issu de l'environnement produit sur la motivation et la performance académique sont étudiés aux niveaux contextuel (Manuscrit 1) et situationnel (Manuscrit 2). Ensuite, les effets que le contrôle que les individus désirent (Manuscrit 3) et pensent avoir sur l'environnement (Manuscrit 4) produit sur la motivation et l'ajustement psychologique sont étudiés aux niveaux global et contextuel. Le Manuscrit 1 (au niveau contextuel) montre que le soutien à l'autonomie et le contrôle des enseignants ne sont pas deux styles opposés mais indépendants ; que le premier prédit positivement la motivation et la performance à travers la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux, tandis que le second prédit négativement ces variables à travers la frustration des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux. Le Manuscrit 2 (au niveau situationnel) confirme l'indépendance des styles relationnels et les résultats expérimentaux montrent que dans le cadre d'une procédure d'engagement, un style interpersonnel combinant un faible soutien à l'autonomie et un fort contrôle peut mener à de la motivation autodéterminée. Le Manuscrit 3 (au niveau global) montre que le Désir de Contrôle (DC; Burger & Cooper, 1979; Burger, 1992) prédit la motivation autodéterminée dans les études à travers la satisfaction du besoin de compétence. Enfin, le Manuscrit 4 (au niveau contextuel) montre que la configuration des niveaux de DC et de Perception de Contrôle (Paulhus & Christie, 1981; Paulhus, 1983; Paulhus & Van Selst, 1990) chez les participants prédit leur motivation académique et leurs niveaux de dépression. Enfin, une transposition de nos résultats est proposée dans le cadre de la prévention des risques psychosociaux (prévention du suicide chez les producteurs de lait). / The aim of this doctoral work is to study autonomous motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985b, Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2002) through the concept of “Control”. In Part I, in parallel with the review of the literature that introduces Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the different meanings that the concept of “Control” have within it are explained ; it shows that, although not belonging to the theories of control, the SDT is embedded in them. In Part II, the effects of the control coming from the environment on autonomous motivation and academic performance are studied at the contextual (Manuscript 1) and situational (Manuscript 2) levels. Then, the effects of the desired (Manuscript 3) and perceived control over the environment (Manuscript 4) on autonomous motivation and psychological adjustment are studied at the global and contextual levels. Manuscript 1, at the contextual level, shows that autonomy-supportive and controlling styles are not two ends of one continuum but distinct styles. Autonomy-support predicts positively autonomous motivation and performance through the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, while control predicts negatively autonomous motivation and performance through the thwarting of basic psychological needs. Manuscript 2 ( the situational level ) confirms the independence of the two interpersonal styles and experimental results show that in the context of a commitment procedure, an interpersonal style combining low autonomy-support and high control can lead to autonomous motivation. Manuscript 3 (at the global level) shows that the Desire for Control (DC; Burger & Cooper, 1979; Burger, 1992) predicts autonomous motivation through the satisfaction of the need for competence. Finally, Manuscript 4 (at the contextual level) shows that participants levels of DC and Perceived Control (Paulhus & Christie, 1981; Paulhus, 1983; Paulhus & Van Selst 1990) predicts students' autonomous motivation and depression. Finally, an implementation of our results is provided in the context of the prevention of psychosocial risks (suicide prevention among milk producers).

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This study aimed at investigating the relationship between Salutogenic constructs (Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy) and Interpersonal Styles. In addition it sets out to examine whether there are any differences between both aforementioned variables and selected individual and organisational variables, specifically, gender, race, age and tenure. A significant positive relationship was found to exist between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Friendly, while significant negative relationships were found between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Hostile and Hostile-Submissive. Salutogenic constructs were found to have no significant relationships with the remaining five Interpersonal Styles namely Dominant, Dominant-Friendly, FriendlySubmissive, Submissive and Hostile-Dominant. Salutogenic constructs showed no significant differences with regards gender and race, but significant differences with regards age and tenure. Interpersonal Style showed significant differences with regard to race, age and tenure, but not with gender with the exception of the Hostile-Submissive, Hostile and Friendly styles / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between Salutogenic constructs (Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy) and Interpersonal Styles. In addition it sets out to examine whether there are any differences between both aforementioned variables and selected individual and organisational variables, specifically, gender, race, age and tenure. A significant positive relationship was found to exist between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Friendly, while significant negative relationships were found between Salutogenic constructs and Interpersonal Styles classified as Hostile and Hostile-Submissive. Salutogenic constructs were found to have no significant relationships with the remaining five Interpersonal Styles namely Dominant, Dominant-Friendly, FriendlySubmissive, Submissive and Hostile-Dominant. Salutogenic constructs showed no significant differences with regards gender and race, but significant differences with regards age and tenure. Interpersonal Style showed significant differences with regard to race, age and tenure, but not with gender with the exception of the Hostile-Submissive, Hostile and Friendly styles / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

No description available.