Tanto no campo da Saúde Pública, como no da Demografia, não tem sido dada a devida ênfase ao estudo da mortalidade intra-uterina. Vários são os fatores que têm contribuído para essa aparente falta de interesse por este aspecto da reprodução humana, relacionados com as próprias características do fenômeno, com as disposições legais em matéria de registro e com o alto custo das investigações apropriadas para sua mensuração. Entretanto, minuciosos estudos médicos têm estimado que a mortalidade intra-uterina total - todas as perdas, reconhecidas ou não - pode alcançar o nível biológico de 630 mortes fetais por mil gestações. Estudos populacionais de tipo prospectivo - acompanhamento de gestações - têm conseguido estimar o nível de mortalidade intra-uterina reconhecível - perdas reconhecidas após a primeira amenorréia - em 260 mortes fetais por mil gestações e, os de tipo retrospectivo - história de gestações - indicam que o nível de mortalidade intra-uterina aparente - perdas reconhecidas após a segunda amenorréia - é da ordem de 160 mortes fetais por mil gestações. O objetivo geral deste trabalho consistiu em caracterizar a mortalidade intra-uterina experimentada por um grupo de mulheres grávidas residentes no Município de São Paulo, compreendendo os objetivos específicos de estimar o seu nível e estabelecer as suas relações com alguns fatores biológicos e sócio-demográficos. Mediante a análise das informaç5es derivadas de uma pesquisa de acompanhamento de uma amostra de gestantes residentes em oito sub-distritos e dois distritos periféricos - Brasilândia, Santo Amaro, Jabaquara, Nossa Senhora do Ó, Tucuruvi, Butantã, Santa Cecília, Sé, Itaquera e Jaraguá - do Município de São Paulo, realizada no período compreendido entre novembro de 1987 e fevereiro de 1989, importantes conclusões puderam ser extraídas. No que diz respeito à estimação do nível de mortalidade intra-uterina, com as informac6es da história retrospectiva das gestações, o valor encontrado da taxa de 164 mortes fetais por mil gestações é perfeitamente condizente com a magnitude da taxa de mortalidade fetal aparente, que a literatura destaca ser possível estimar em estudos desse tipo. As informações prospectivas, computadas de forma direta, revelam um nível de mortalidade fetal de 58 mortes fetais por mil gestações, cujo baixo valor pode ser atribuído à natureza direta da medida - que não corrige o viés de seleção - devendo-se levar também em consideração a captação domiciliar das gestantes, sem qualquer limitação da duração da gravidez. Não obstante, quando as informações prospectivas são computadas em forma de Tábuas de mortalidade intra-uterina, consegue-se corrigir o viés de seleção, obtendo-se uma taxa de mortalidade fetal reconhecível de 236 por mil gestações, cifra absolutamente compatível com as estimativas efetuadas pelos estudos mais precisos de mortalidade fetal. Quanto ao estabelecimento de relações da mortalidade intrauterina com os fatores sócio-demográficos: cor, nível de instrução e estado conjugal, as informações analisadas parecem revelar indícios da existência de: - Um diferencial de mortalidade intra-uterina por cor; o maior nível corresponde às mulheres pretas, o intermediário às pardas e o menor às brancas. - Uma correlação negativa entre a mortalidade fetal e o nível de instrução; à medida que este aumenta, diminui o risco de experimentar perdas fetais. - Um diferencial de, mortalidade fetal por estado conjugal; as solteiras têm maior risco que as casadas e as unidas consensualmente, mais que as casadas com vínculo institucional. No que diz respeito ao estabelecimento de relações da mortalidade intra-uterina com os fatores biológicos: idade da mãe, ordem da gestação e história genética anterior, a análise permitiu constatar que: - Existe uma correlação positiva entre a mortalidade fetal e a idade da mãe, à medida que esta avança, aquela se eleva. - Existe também uma correlação positiva entre a mortalidade fetal e a ordem da gestação, quanto maior a ordem, maior o número de perdas. O fator que maior peso tem na determinação do risco de mortalidade fetal, é a história genésica anterior. / Both in the field of Public Health and in the Demography one, the proper emphasis has not been given to the study of intrauterine mortality. Many are the factors that have contributed to this apparent lack of interest to this aspect of human reproduction, they are related to the phenomenon own characteristics, to the legal dispositions in terms of register and to the high costs of appropriate investigations for its measurement. Nevertheless, precise medical studies have estimated that total intrauterine mortality - all the losses, recognized or not - may reach the biological level of 630 fetal deaths per thousand pregnancies. Populational studies of prospective type - follow up pregnancies - have been able to estimate the recognizable intrauterine mortality level recognized lesses after the first amenorrhea - in 260 fetal deaths per thousand pregnancies and of retrospective type - pregnancies history - indicated that the apparent intrauterine mortality level - recognized lesses after the second amenorrhea - is about 160 fetal deaths per thousand pregnancies. The main objective of this work consisted in characterize the intrauterine mortality experimented by a group of pregnant women resident in the Municipality of São Paulo, comprising the specific objectives of to estimate its level and stablish its relations with some biological and social demographic factors. It was possible to make important conclusions through the analysis of the informations derived from a follow up survey of a sample of pregnant women, living in eight subdistricts and two peripheric districts - Brasilândia, Santo Amaro, Jabaquara, Nossa Senhora do Ó, Tucuruvi, Butantã, Santa Cecília, Sé, Itaquera e Jaraguá from São Paulo Municipality, held in the period between November 1987 and February 1989. Concerning the estimation of intrauterine mortality level with the informations from the pregnancies retrospective history, the value found is about 164 fetal deaths per thousand pregnancies, that it\'s perfectly suitable with the magnitude of the apparent fetal mortality rate, which a literature emphasizes to be possible to estimate in this kind of studies. The prospective informations, computed in a direct way, reveal a level of intrauterine mortality of 58 fetal deaths per thousand pregnancies, which low value can be attributed to its direct nature that doesn\'t correct the bias of selection -, being also important to consider the pregnants domiciliary captation, without any kind of restriction in relation to the duration of the pregnancy. However, when the prospective informations are computed in the form of intrauterine mortality life tables, it\'s possible to correct the bias of selecting, achieving a rate of fetal mortality of 236 per thousand pregnancies, a result totally compatible to the estimations made by the most precise studies of fetal mortality. Regarding the stablishment of relationships of intrauterine mortality with the sociodemographic factor: race, instruction level and conjugal situation, the analised informations scem to reveal indications of the existence of: - A differential of intrauterine mortality by race, being the level represented by non white women higher than the represented by white ones. - A negative correlation between fetal mortality and instruction level, when this improves the risk of fetal losses decreases. - A differential of intrauterine mortality by conjugal situation, single women and those consesually joined more than women married with institutional links. In relation to the establishment of relationships of the intrauterine mortality with the biological factors: mother\'s age, pregnancy order and previous reproductive history, the analysis allowed to comprove that: - There is a positive correlation between fetal mortality and mother\'s age, in proportion that this increases, that improves. - There is also a positive correlation between intrauterine mortality and the pregnancy order, highest the order highest the number of lesses. - The most important factor in the determination of the risk of intrauterine mortality is the previous reproductive history.

Hur företag hanterar och överför kunskap inom organisationer hävdar flertalet forskare är en av de mest vitala aspekterna för företags konkurrenskraft. Något forskningen kring kunskapsöverföring i en stor utsträckning förbiser är hur denna överföring påverkas av organisationsstrukturen. I den här uppsatsen granskas, genom en fallstudie, hur kunskapsöverföring inom organisationer påverkas av en decentraliserad organisationsstruktur. I följande studie har det genomförts intervjuer med ansvariga för kunskapsöverföring på fallföretaget och ur dessa har det framkommit att överföringen upplevs som bristfällig. Det framkommer av studien en situation där decentralisering fungerar som en barriär för kunskapsöverföring genom ett ökat resultatansvar och autonomi för lägre enheter. Resultatansvaret leder till att överföring av kunskap mellan enheter reduceras då chefer prioriterar kortsiktiga resultat för sin enhet framför långsiktig vinning för företaget.

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In this thesis, we introduce the fundamental operation of intra-body communications. The efficiency of the intra-body communications and the disturbance of intra-body communication are also studied. Intra-body communications propagate the signal by using the surface of human skin. Our study is mainly based on simulation. The accuracy of the simulation is verified by comparing with results in two papers. Then, five tissues are used to represent in the simulation. Firstly, we find design rules of transmitter and receiver for improving efficiency. The larger size of the circuit board is, the stronger signal receives. Length is more sensitivity than width but electrodes cannot be close. The signal does not vary widely with the location of the receiver. By setting proper parameters of skin, we can differentiate between wet skin and dry skin. Because the conductivity of wet skin is higher than dry one, the wet skin will give a stronger received signal. In the latter part of the thesis, we study the parameters cause the disturbance of intra-body communications. First, we study the effects of the person is close to the system. Second, we discuss the changes of the impedance of the system when another person touches the user. In the last, we discuss the variety of the receiving signal due to the bending of the arm, furthermore, we can distinguish the angles of the arm¡¦s bend from the coupling of electric field.

Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Médecine générale : Nantes : 2007. / Bibliogr.

The aim of this study is to conduct a theoretical study on the foundations of trust on an intra–organisational level, while assessing the level of trust and relationships present within the organisation. Foundations of trust with respect to i) intra–organisational management and ii) peer–to– peer relations are discussed in the literature study with specific relation to sustainable competitiveness. The literature study highlights several factors that either promote or hinder intra–organisational trust. Values can create a sustainable competitive advantage for any business, if the values are supported by the employees of the organisation on every level. Trust is one of the foundations of values – without trust there is not much on which to build an organisation that will thrive in today‘s competitive market place. A survey consisting of two established questionnaires was distributed to determine the trust levels, as well as the attributes that are present with respect to values on an intra–organisational level. The significant differences on trust levels were identified by the empirical research and it was concluded that not all employees experience trust levels equally in the organisation. A significant effort needs to be made by management on all levels and the complete population; age, race and job category in order to foster a trusting environment. This intra–organisational study will focus on the basic principles of trust in order to improve the trust relationships in the organisation. This effort will lift the trust relationship to extra–ordinary levels by identifying the significant problem areas and then focussing the trust–building activities on those areas. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The aim of this study is to conduct a theoretical study on the foundations of trust on an intra–organisational level, while assessing the level of trust and relationships present within the organisation. Foundations of trust with respect to i) intra–organisational management and ii) peer–to– peer relations are discussed in the literature study with specific relation to sustainable competitiveness. The literature study highlights several factors that either promote or hinder intra–organisational trust. Values can create a sustainable competitive advantage for any business, if the values are supported by the employees of the organisation on every level. Trust is one of the foundations of values – without trust there is not much on which to build an organisation that will thrive in today‘s competitive market place. A survey consisting of two established questionnaires was distributed to determine the trust levels, as well as the attributes that are present with respect to values on an intra–organisational level. The significant differences on trust levels were identified by the empirical research and it was concluded that not all employees experience trust levels equally in the organisation. A significant effort needs to be made by management on all levels and the complete population; age, race and job category in order to foster a trusting environment. This intra–organisational study will focus on the basic principles of trust in order to improve the trust relationships in the organisation. This effort will lift the trust relationship to extra–ordinary levels by identifying the significant problem areas and then focussing the trust–building activities on those areas. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Thesis (B.Sc. (Honours) in Economics)--Singapore Management University, 2006. / Senior thesis in part fulfillment for the BSc (Honours) in Economics degree presented to the School of Economics and Social Sciences, Singapore Management University 2005-2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-33).

Thesis (MEconSt.) - University of Queensland, 2002.

Tese (doutorado)-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Medicina, 2006. / Submitted by samara castro (sammy_roberta7@hotmail.com) on 2010-10-27T18:18:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Hilton Arcoverde Gonçalves de Medeiros.pdf: 715691 bytes, checksum: 6f4a068da4007978fdb6d8f06bf6d3cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2010-10-28T00:13:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Hilton Arcoverde Gonçalves de Medeiros.pdf: 715691 bytes, checksum: 6f4a068da4007978fdb6d8f06bf6d3cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-10-28T00:13:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Hilton Arcoverde Gonçalves de Medeiros.pdf: 715691 bytes, checksum: 6f4a068da4007978fdb6d8f06bf6d3cc (MD5) / Objetivo: Comparar o comportamento das lentes intra-oculares (LIO) acrílicas hidrofílicas expansíveis com o das LIO acrílicas hidrofóbicas. Metodologia: Sessenta e seis pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia da catarata. Para um olho foi randomizado o implante de LIO acrílica hidrofílica expansível, enquanto o olho contra-lateral recebeu a LIO acrílica hidrofóbica. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses, registrando-se informações sobre a incidência de opacificação de cápsula posterior, de descentralização da zona óptica da LIO, grau esférico (equivalência esférica) residual de cada olho, perda de células endoteliais e a melhor acuidade visual corrigida. Resultados: Quatro olhos (6,1%) com LIO hidrofílicas e dois olhos (3,0%) com LIO hidrofóbicas apresentaram opacificação de cápsula posterior (diferença não significativa, onde p>0,05). Cinco olhos (7,6%) com LIO hidrofílica expansível e três olhos (4,5%) com LIO hidrofóbica apresentaram descentralizações inferiores a 1 mm (diferença não significativa). Registraram-se 12,06% de perda de células endoteliais nos olhos com LIO hidrofílica e 12,43% nos olhos com LIO hidrofóbica (diferença não significante). Não se observou diferença significativa quanto à melhor acuidade visual corrigida entre os dois tipos de lentes. Conclusões: Os achados sugerem que a LIO acrílica hidrofílica expansível apresenta segurança e eficácia semelhantes em relação à LIO acrílica hidrofóbica. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Object: To evaluate the efficacy of the use of hydrophilic acrylic expandable intra ocular lenses (IOL) compared with the hydrophobic acrylic IOL. Methodology: Sixty-six patients with cataract were submitted to cataract surgery. For one eye there was randomized the implant of the acrylic hydrophilic expandable IOL, while the other eye received the hydrophobic acrylic IOL. The follow-up was 12 months and was observed the incidence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO), decentralization of the optic zone of the IOL, the espheric diopter (espheric equivalence) after the surgery, lost of endothelial cells, and the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Results: From the total of 66 eyes with each IOL, 4 eyes (6,1) with hydrophilic IOL and 2 eyes (3,0%) with hydrophobic IOL showed PCO, but it was not statistically significant (p>0,05). 5 eyes (7,6%) with hydrophilic IOL and 3 eyes (4,5%) with hydrophobic IOL showed decentralization inferior to 1 mm, but that value also was not statistically significant (p>0,05). It was observed an endothelial cell lost of 12,06% in eyes with hydrophilic IOL while in eyes with hydrophobic IOL the mean lost was 12,43%, also not statistically significant. In relation to espheric equivalence after surgery, we observed a slight tendency to more homogeneous optical results in eyes with hydrophobic IOL, and very close BCVA. No statistically significant difference has been shown. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the hydrophilic acrylic expandable IOL has a similar efficacy and safety. Key-words: Cataract, phacoemulsification, intraocular lens, posterior capsule opacification, decentralization, spherical equivalence, endothelial cell loss.