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<p>The purpose of the thesis is to determine whether Russia has changed its intra-industry trade pattern with Sweden between the years of 1997 and 2003. To be able to see any changes five products, vehicles, grain, forest, optical instruments and jewellery has been chosen. With the Grubel-Lloyd index the products will be analysed and the index will also measure the extent of the intra-industry trade between Sweden and Russia</p><p>Theories predict that countries with similar factor endowments and income tend to have a two-way trade which would indicate that Russia is starting to catch up to the industrialised countries, in this thesis that would be Sweden. The theory of income effects predicts that when consumers are getting a larger budget they will start to move away from the most necessary goods and towards more luxury good consumption.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the pattern of intra-industry trade (IIT) between Sweden and EU 15 during the time period 1980-2002. Focus is put on the Swedish manu-facturing industry, which has been divided into the forest, metal and machinery industries. With help of the Grubel-Lloyd index, values have been calculated in order to measure the size of IIT with the other Member States and in product groups.</p><p>Theories about two-way trade argue that countries with similar characteristics have more IIT. The results from the empirical findings show that the Swedish IIT is higher with nearby countries such as Denmark, Finland and Germany. Similar for these countries are the factor endowments, GDP per capita, culture, language, and the closeness to Sweden. The forest industry has more net trade than IIT. In the metal and machinery industries, the IIT is as large as the net trade. Regarding two-way trade within product groups, the analysis proved that products which can be differentiated into more sub-groups have more IIT. A large part of the products have higher net trade than IIT.</p>

Thesis (Honors)--College of William and Mary, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf xxxi). Also available via the World Wide Web.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the pattern of intra-industry trade (IIT) between Sweden and EU 15 during the time period 1980-2002. Focus is put on the Swedish manu-facturing industry, which has been divided into the forest, metal and machinery industries. With help of the Grubel-Lloyd index, values have been calculated in order to measure the size of IIT with the other Member States and in product groups. Theories about two-way trade argue that countries with similar characteristics have more IIT. The results from the empirical findings show that the Swedish IIT is higher with nearby countries such as Denmark, Finland and Germany. Similar for these countries are the factor endowments, GDP per capita, culture, language, and the closeness to Sweden. The forest industry has more net trade than IIT. In the metal and machinery industries, the IIT is as large as the net trade. Regarding two-way trade within product groups, the analysis proved that products which can be differentiated into more sub-groups have more IIT. A large part of the products have higher net trade than IIT.

The purpose of the thesis is to determine whether Russia has changed its intra-industry trade pattern with Sweden between the years of 1997 and 2003. To be able to see any changes five products, vehicles, grain, forest, optical instruments and jewellery has been chosen. With the Grubel-Lloyd index the products will be analysed and the index will also measure the extent of the intra-industry trade between Sweden and Russia Theories predict that countries with similar factor endowments and income tend to have a two-way trade which would indicate that Russia is starting to catch up to the industrialised countries, in this thesis that would be Sweden. The theory of income effects predicts that when consumers are getting a larger budget they will start to move away from the most necessary goods and towards more luxury good consumption.

The thesis investigates three selected issues pertaining to the Malaysian Manufacturing sector namely industries growth channels, imported inputs and intra-industry trade determinants. For each of this issue we have adopted a static and a dynamic estimation approach. In the static estimation the result presented are based on Ordinary Least Square, Fixed and Random Effect besides Generalized Least Square estimations. Meanwhile in the dynamic estimation, we focused on result of the difference and system GMM estimations. For industries growth channels, the findings suggest that at aggregate industry level, fixed capital formation and human capital channels are always statistically significant regardless of the test applied either in static or dynamic models estimation. The significance of fixed capital formation is consistent with the strong and cumulative saving and investment condition in Malaysia which has had a significant effect on the capital formation of the country. Our findings for foreign direct investment channel might suggest that Malaysian manufacturing industries has had problem to absorb the transfer of technology that had impede the growth of the sector. Meanwhile, a negative association between government consumption and economic growth might indicate that the government expenditures pattern might have distort the allocation of resources in the economy especially the manufacturing sector. Our findings suggest that the nature of the relationship between manufactured exports and economic growth is negative which might indicate that Malaysian manufactured exports were actually driven by the economy growth. Further analysis at individual export-oriented industry level shows that manufactured exports and government consumption channels have influence growth in both resource-based and non-resource based industries. Our analysis also include trade liberalization estimation which suggest that trade liberalization has a positive causality relationship with the growth of industries through all selected channels. Regarding the imported inputs analysis, the dynamic estimation results show that imported inputs have a positive relationship with industries owned by the non-Malaysian, but not for industries owned by the Malaysian. Our finding for industries owned by the Malaysian is consistent with the government actions that have strongly encouraged them to use domestic inputs through implementation of various incentives. This is because the implementation of the first round of the Import Substitution phase (1957-1967), had created an industrialization era which relied heavily on imported inputs and machines which resulted in distortions in domestic product prices, low value added, poor domestic economy linkages and inequalities in income and employment. On the contrary, our findings for all static and dynamic models suggest that imported input have a positive relationship with the growth of industries owned by non-Malaysian. This result might indicate that industries whose import their intermediate inputs have increased their growth performance and productivity. Meanwhile, at firms’ level, imported inputs suggest a positive relationship with firms owned by both Malaysian and non-Malaysian. Our analysis again include trade liberalization estimation which show that trade liberalization have a positive relationship with the imported inputs content in industries owned by Malaysia while at firms level, only non-tariff index shows a positive relationship. Last issue relates to the intra industry trade in Malaysian manufacturing sector. Our findings suggest that the gross domestic products variables which proxies the market size of a country, the similarity in income and the relative size effects between Malaysia and its trading partners has had influence the share of intra industry trade of the manufactured goods. As for the other country-characteristic determinants, we found a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and the share of intra-industry trade which support the theoretical framework proposed by Grubel and Lloyd (1975) and Greenaway and Milner (1986). Similarly, distance and trade imbalance also indicates a significant negative relationship with the trade share. Meanwhile at individual industry level, our findings suggest that a majority of the gross domestic product variables indicate a statistically significant relationship with the trade share in the dynamic estimation models for the wood, textiles and electrical and electronic industries. Contradictory, the maximum value of gross domestic products has a statistically significant relationship in the static estimation models for the rubber, textiles and electrical and electronic industries, respectively. Meanwhile, the other country-characteristic determinants such as foreign direct investment, trade imbalance and trade orientation have a statistically significant relationship in both static and dynamic estimations models in a majority of the Malaysian export-oriented industries. On the other hand distance, border and asean have a statistically significant relationship in only the static estimation models for the industries.

本文主要是在探討台灣與中國大陸間紡織業之垂直及水平產業內貿易之情況。本文使用The World Trade Atlas國際貿易統計數據資料庫之貿易資料，首先觀察1995-2004年兩岸紡織業之貿易現況。 本文採用國際商品統一分類制度(The Harmonized Commodity Description Coding System, HS)做為商品分類的基礎，以HS Code兩位碼及六位碼之貿易資料，根據 Grubel and Lloyd (1975)產業內貿易指數，計算各年產業內貿易程度，觀察其變動，並探討兩岸紡織業之各項產業之垂直與水平產業內貿易歷年的變化趨勢。以HS Code六位碼為分類基礎之分析中，我們可將觀察期間中，產業內貿易、垂直及水平產業內貿易歷年變動趨勢大致相同之產業分為四組，並深入探討其經濟涵義：(1) VIIT上升；HIIT維持平穩；IIT下降的產業。(2) VIIT上升；HIIT下降；IIT上升的產業。(3) VIIT上升；HIIT下降；IIT下降的產業。(4) VIIT下降；HIIT上升；IIT上升的產業。 接著，以HS Code六位碼為商品分類基礎，建立實證模型並利用一般最小平方法(OLS)，探討兩岸紡織業之產業內貿易、垂直及水平產業內貿易的決定因素。而由實證結果顯示，兩岸經濟發展差異程度、兩岸貿易開放程度、關稅及重疊性需求是影響兩岸紡織業產業內貿易重要之因素。而兩岸經濟發展差異程度、關稅及重疊性需求則為兩岸紡織業垂直及水平產業內貿易之重要影響因素。

In what ways do companies within an industry converge? We address this by combining theory on competitive strategy and supply chain strategy to understand how companies can be differentiated in these dimensions. As competitive strategies are affected by internal and external factors, these affect strategy design and resource management of a company in order to remain competitive. Convergence occurs when an industry matures, and several regulatory or non-regulatory norms arise that firms move toward and, in the process, become more similar. Through developing a framework that addresses intra-industry convergence and taking the case of the European airline industry, we aim to demonstrate the application of using competitive strategy and supply chain strategy analyses to analyze and evaluate intra-industry convergence through a standardized model.

The principal purpose of this study is to provide a refined empirical investigation concerning country-specific determinants of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade (IIT,) in relation to South Africa using the gravity model of trade in a panel data setting. Prior to investigating the case of South Africa's intra-industry trade a critical review of the relevant theoretical, methodologcal, and empirical literature is provided. The study operationalises the theoretical dstinction between horizontal and vertical IIT using the latest methodology of decomposing total IIT into horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIq and vertical intra-industry trade (WIT,). Thts study makes several advances on earlier empirical studies of intra-industry trade determinants. These include the introduction of new countq-specific determinants of intraindustry trade that previous studies have not examined. Furthermore, it is the first empirical study that traces the relationshp between intra-industry trade flows and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Moreover, to ensure the sensitivity and robustness of the results, several econometric approaches have been used in estimating the gravity model of South Africa's intra-industry trade: the consistent coefficient approach, the fixed effects approach, the random effects approach, and the between effects approach. The econometric results are generally satisfactory in terms of economic interpretation and statistical significance and thus offer new empirical validation to the theoretical explanatory variables. The key findngs suggest the following: the volume of South Africa's IIT has increased during the study period and its WIT exceeds its HIIT. The latter result reflects the nature of South Africa's trade as it imports high valued added products and exports primary and mineral products. South Africa's intra-industry trade and its two components are positively related to market size and standard of living, and negatively related to geographcal distance. Furthermore, separately, the IPRs and the imitation ability of South Africa's tradmg partners are not important factors in determining IIT flows; however, the interaction between them is an important factor. Thts study also reveals South Africa should pursue its intra-industry trade with rest of world concentrating on local industries that produce most competitive varieties, absorbing labor and other resources from the production of other varieties.