Trade structure changes over time as a result of fundamental changes within the country or the world around it. This thesis will investigate the case of Czech Republic in the period from the transition period till today with the foundation in classical and neoclassical trade theory. The trade structure will be analyzed in regard to trade partners, commodity structure, relative comparative advantages and degree of intra-industry trade within an industry or sector. It will provide basis for assessing the effects of increased European integration which the Czech Republic increasingly engaged itself in with the accession to the EU in 2004.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-12-15T13:02:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaime Ivan Lang_.pdf: 1041459 bytes, checksum: d4f6acdd0fa136b94ec32ef2a93eea86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-15T13:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaime Ivan Lang_.pdf: 1041459 bytes, checksum: d4f6acdd0fa136b94ec32ef2a93eea86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / Nenhuma / A importância dos pescados no mundo justifica-se pela importância estratégica cada vez maior que os alimentos terão no estabelecimento de vantagens comparativas entre os países, a partir da projeção de que, em 2050, a população do planeta deverá alcançar 9,6 bilhões de pessoas. O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo, analisar dois segmentos do setor de pescado brasileiro e mundial - lagosta e camarão -, a partir da vantagem comparativa revelada entre os anos de 2000 e 2011. Qualquer setor produtivo de um país pode tornar-se competitivo quando comparado ao resto do mundo, a partir da abundância de um fator de produção ou de diferenças de produtividade. Embora, em tese, essa vantagem seja possível, para se chegar a ela tem-se que cotizar o setor produtivo em questão com outros países que, porventura, busquem as mesmas vantagens, o que foi feito nesta dissertação, através de certos índices do comércio internacional. Segundo o índice de vantagem comparada revelada (VCR), a lagosta brasileira tem pouca penetração no mercado externo. Pelo índice de intensidade de comércio, a França e os Estados Unidos aparecem como mercados ainda a serem explorados pela lagosta e pelo camarão brasileiro, respectivamente. Pelo índice intraindustrial, o camarão mostra intenso comércio com alguns mercados, conquista a ser mantida diante de novos players no segmento. / The significance of seafood in the world is justified by the increasing strategic importance in which food will play in the foundation of competitive advantages between countries, based on the projection that by 2050 the global population will reach 9.6 billion people. The present study sought to analyze two segments of the Brazilian and global seafood industry, both lobster and shrimp, considering the comparative advantage revealed between the years 2003 and 2013. Each and every productive sector of a country may become more competitive when compared to the rest of the world, basing on the abundance of certain factors of production or productivity differences. Although this advantage may be possible in theory, in order to achieve it, one must quote the productive sector in question with the other countries that perhaps pursue the same advantages, what has been done on this dissertation. According to the index of revealed comparative advantages, the Brazilian lobster has small penetration in the external market. Through the trade intensity index, France and the United States appear as markets yet to be explored by the commerce of Brazilian lobster and shrimp. Through the Intra-industry index, the shrimp shows intense commercial trade with some markets, an achievement to be sustained against the new players in the segment.

La production locale des huiles alimentaires ne constitue plus une ligne de défense crédible face aux importations dans les pays de l’UEMOA. Cette réalité contraste avec les objectifs de la politique agricole et du tarif extérieur commun (TEC) de l’UEMOA censés protéger la production communautaire. Ainsi, sous l’éclairage de la littérature économique et en se basant sur des données empiriques, nous avons utilisé les équations simultanées par pays de l’UEMOA, les équations des données de panel et les équations gravitationnelles en données de panel pour déterminer l’impact de la libéralisation commerciale sur l’offre des huiles alimentaires dans les pays de l’UEMOA.Les résultats obtenus convergent vers une même conclusion : la confrontation des objectifs de protection de la production communautaire et d’ouverture commerciale aux tests de cohérence révèle des incohérences et des contradictions. Les politiques de libéralisation commerciale ont plutôt favorisé une déstructuration du tissu productif et une désorganisation de l’architecture commerciale. De facto, l’offre des huiles alimentaires affiche deux réactions contradictoires au regard de la libéralisation commerciale au sein des pays de l’UEMOA : une réaction dépressive affichée par la production qui plombe et une réaction explosive affichée par les importations qui flambent et qui sont attirées par des rentes de réexportation. Cependant, ces rentes constituent des mirages qui réservent des implications économiques aux conséquences destructrices avec l’adoption du TEC-CEDEAO. / Local production of edible oils in the WAEMU’s countries is no longer a credible defense line against imports. This reality contrasts with the objectives of agriculture policy and WAEMU’s Common External Tariff (CET) which are supposed to protect Community production. Thus, under the light of the economic literature and based on empirical data, we used simultaneous equations for each country of WAEMU, panel data and gravity equations with panel data to determine the impact of trade liberalization on supply of edible oils in WAEMU’s countries.The results obtained converge towards the same conclusion: the confrontation of objectives of protecting local production and trade openness policy with the coherence’s tests reveals some inconsistencies and contradictions. Thus, WAEMU fails to reconcile the Union's trade openness objectives with the protection objectives of edible oils producers. Trade liberalization policies have tended to favor a disintegration of the productive structure and disruption of trade architecture. Thus, the supply of edible oils shows two contradictory reactions with regard to the trade liberalization within the WAEMU’s countries: a depressive reaction displayed by the production and an explosive reaction displayed by the imports which are attracted by re-export rents. However, these rents are mirages that reserve destructive economic implications with the adoption of ECOWAS’CET.

本文研究目的，在於探討台灣資訊科技（information technology）產業廠商的研發資本存量及產業內（intra-industry）研發資本存量的外溢效果（spillover effect）對於生產技術效率的影響。文中所採用的資料，主要來自於台灣經濟新報資料庫及廠商的財務報表，利用1997-2003年402家於台灣證券交易所上市及上櫃廠商的財務資料，並對Battese and Coelli（1995）所提出隨機邊界生產函數（stochastic frontier production function）與技術無效率效果（technical inefficiency effect）模型，同時進行實證估計。本文主要研究發現為，不論是以整體IT產業的廠商來看，或是分別就電腦硬體產業、半導體產業、通訊產業及光電產業的廠商來看，產業內R&D資本的外溢對於廠商的生產技術效率有正向的影響。但廠商自身的R&D資本存量對於其生產技術效率卻無顯著的影響，而軟體產業的廠商，卻現負面影響。另外，台灣IT產業廠商亦存在著技術進步的情形，但其技術效率則隨著時間而遞減。再則，本文研究也發現，台灣的IT產業中，半導體產業的廠商在生產技術效率方面表現最好，光電產業的廠商則最差。此外，上市廠商的技術效率較上櫃廠商佳。而有在科學園區設立工廠的廠商，除了半導體產業的廠商之外，其他四個產業的在科學工業園區設立工廠的廠商生產技術效率與未於科學園區設立工廠的廠商並無顯著差異。 / This paper aims to investigate the influence of and intra-industry spillovers of R&D spending on firm’s technical efficiency of production in Taiwan’s information technology (IT) industry. Firm-level panel data of 402 firms in IT industry from 1997~2003 provided by Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) data bank and the stochastic frontier production function and technical inefficiency function proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) are adopted in this study. The primary finding of this study is that the intra-industry spillovers of R&D spending on firm’s technical efficiency exist in Taiwan’s IT industry. This finding also exists in sub-industries of IT industry: computer hardware industry, semi-conductor industry, software industry, telecom industry, and photoelectric industry. However, influence of R&D capital on firm’s technical efficiency is insignificant in whole IT industry in Taiwan. Besides, in the period, there are technical advancements in firms of whole IT industry. Finally, the performance of the IT firms inside the Science Park is insignificant better than the firms outside in terms of technical efficiency, but excluding semi-conductor firms.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished