M.Tech. / Iridology is defined as a science that identifies pathological and functional changes within organs via assessing the iris for aberrant lines, spots, and discolourations (Medow, 2000). According to iridology, the iris does not reflect changes during anaesthesia, due to its inhibitory effect on nerves impulses, and in cases of organ removal, it reflects the pre-surgical condition (Jensen, 1986). The Homoeopathic profession is frequently associated with iridology and in a recent survey by Rostovsky et al. (2009) investigating the perceptions of Masters of Technology graduates in Homoeopathy on the existing programme offered by the University of Johannesburg, iridology was highly regarded as a potential additional skill requirement for assessing the health status of the patient. This was a randomized and controlled quantitative study. The study aimed to assess the reliability of iridology in the diagnosis of previous acute appendicitis, as evidenced by appendectomy. A total of 60 participants took part in the study. Of the 60 participants, 30 had had an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis, and 30 with their appendix intact with no prior history of appendicitis. All participants were recruited on the premises of Rita Frank Optometrists. Each participant signed a Participant Information and Consent Form (Appendix E) and a Consent Form to Photograph the iris (Appendix F). Thereafter the researcher obtained the information required in a private setting (Appendix G). Afterwards each participant’s right iris was documented by photograph with the use of a specialist non-mydriatic retinal camera (Canon EOS-20D), reset for the iris, by the researcher. The photographs were then randomized by an external person and no identifying data made available to the three raters. The raters included the researcher and two practising iridologists. Data was obtained from the analyses of the photographs wherein the presence or absence of lesions (implying acute appendicitis) was indicated by the raters. All the data was captured into an Excel spreadsheet (Appendix H) and sent for statistical analysis. vi None of the three raters showed a significant success rate in determining correctly who had had acute appendicitis and resultant appendectomies and who had not. The outcome of this study indicated an outcome that was subject to chance. The null hypothesis that states that appendectomy due to acute appendicitis does not manifest in a corresponding lesion in the typical organ area of the eye, is supported. It is in the opinion of the researcher that the association of iridology with homoeopathic practice may harm the credibility of the profession and that further research on iridology is needed to disprove this conviction.

Por meio da avaliação da íris de um indivíduo é possível determinar a presença de órgãos mais debilitados e intervir precocemente para evitar o adoecimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a prevalência de sinais iridológicos, como o sinal do pâncreas e Cruz de Andréas em indivíduos com Diabetes mellitus, bem como, a associação destes sinais com os três fatores de riscos para a doença reconhecidos mundialmente: obesidade, sedentarismo e hereditarie-dade. No período de 05 de abril a 03 de Junho 2006, participaram da pesquisa 97 indivíduos com idade superior a 30 anos e portadores de Diabetes mellitus, atendidos no Centro de Saúde-Escola “Geraldo de Paula Souza", na cidade de São Paulo. Após análise de suas íris, verificou-se que a prevalência ajustada do sinal do pâncreas e da Cruz de Andréas, foram respectivamente, 98% e 89%. Houve associações significativas (p<0,001) entre obesidade, sedentarismo e antecedente familiar para Diabetes com ambos os sinais estudados / By assessing an individual’s iris, it is possible to determine if more debilitated organs are present and to early intervene in order to avoid illnesses. The objective of this paper was to check for the prevalence of iridologic signs, such as the pancreas sign and Andreas’ crux in individuals with Diabetes mellitus as well as the correlation of those signs with the three globally recognized risk factors to the disease: obesity, sedentarism, and heredity. From April 5th to June 3rd, 2006, 97 individuals above the age of 30 and with Diabetes mellitus receiving care at the Health Center- School “Geraldo de Paula Souza", in São Paulo were enrolled in a research. After iris assessment, it was observed that the adjusted prevalence of pancreas sign and Andréas’ crux was 98% and 89%, respectively. Significant correlations (p<0.001) were seen between obesity, sedentarism and family history of diabetes with both signs studied

Por meio da avaliação da íris de um indivíduo é possível determinar a presença de órgãos mais debilitados e intervir precocemente para evitar o adoecimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a prevalência de sinais iridológicos, como o sinal do pâncreas e Cruz de Andréas em indivíduos com Diabetes mellitus, bem como, a associação destes sinais com os três fatores de riscos para a doença reconhecidos mundialmente: obesidade, sedentarismo e hereditarie-dade. No período de 05 de abril a 03 de Junho 2006, participaram da pesquisa 97 indivíduos com idade superior a 30 anos e portadores de Diabetes mellitus, atendidos no Centro de Saúde-Escola “Geraldo de Paula Souza”, na cidade de São Paulo. Após análise de suas íris, verificou-se que a prevalência ajustada do sinal do pâncreas e da Cruz de Andréas, foram respectivamente, 98% e 89%. Houve associações significativas (p<0,001) entre obesidade, sedentarismo e antecedente familiar para Diabetes com ambos os sinais estudados / By assessing an individual’s iris, it is possible to determine if more debilitated organs are present and to early intervene in order to avoid illnesses. The objective of this paper was to check for the prevalence of iridologic signs, such as the pancreas sign and Andreas’ crux in individuals with Diabetes mellitus as well as the correlation of those signs with the three globally recognized risk factors to the disease: obesity, sedentarism, and heredity. From April 5th to June 3rd, 2006, 97 individuals above the age of 30 and with Diabetes mellitus receiving care at the Health Center- School “Geraldo de Paula Souza”, in São Paulo were enrolled in a research. After iris assessment, it was observed that the adjusted prevalence of pancreas sign and Andréas’ crux was 98% and 89%, respectively. Significant correlations (p<0.001) were seen between obesity, sedentarism and family history of diabetes with both signs studied

A esquizofrenia causa severos prejuízos à pessoa, principalmente na esfera social, e nem sempre o aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas leva a um diagnóstico imediato. Diante deste contexto, a iridologia, ciência que estuda a íris com base na densidade e na configuração do seu tecido, também denominado estroma iridal, permite conhecer a constituição do organismo, bem como suas debilidades inatas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar sinais iridológicos presentes na representação das áreas cerebrais de pessoas com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Para tanto, as íris de 56 participantes com este diagnóstico, usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial III, foram fotografadas com o Iridophoto (conjunto óptico para iridologia) e analisadas com base nos fundamentos da iridologia. Os dados iridológicos foram registrados em um formulário construído para este fim e analisados descritivamente. Os resultados mostraram que as regiões com maior presença de sinais foram a área dos cinco sentidos, com prevalência de 82,1% nas íris esquerdas e 73,2% nas direitas, e da mente inata - prevalência de 89,3% e 87,5% nas íris direitas e esquerdas, respectivamente. No que se refere aos sinais de fundo genético e fenotípico, foram encontrados radii solares, aberturas/lacunas e hiperpigmentações. Na mente inata, os sinais genotípicos apareceram em 51,8% das íris direitas e em 62,5% das esquerdas. Por sua vez, os sinais fenotípicos estiveram presentes em 51,8% das íris direitas e em 46,4% das esquerdas. Na área dos cinco sentidos, os achados genotípicos foram encontrados em 48,2% das íris direitas e em 58,9% das esquerdas, e os sinais fenotípicos em 42,9% e 42,1% das íris direitas e esquerdas, respectivamente. Os anéis estruturais mais frequentes nas íris dos participantes foram o arco senil (91,07%) e os anéis de tensão (89,3%). Por meio do cálculo tStudent bicaudal para uma média, os dados referentes à presença do arco senil foram analisados estatisticamente com auxílio do Programa R versão 3.5.1 e mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a média de idade dos participantes que apresentavam o arco senil em relação à idade de 60 anos citada na literatura (p= 0,005473). Em conclusão, percebese correlação significativa entre os sinais e anéis estruturais citados, com destaque para a área da mente inata e à dos cinco sentidos, e ao arco senil e anéis de tensão. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível afirmar que alguns sinais se replicam nas íris das pessoas com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia participantes do estudo. No entanto, outras pesquisas são necessárias para verificar esta relação / Schizophrenia provokes important damages to a person, mainly in the social realm, however not always the first symptoms lead to an immediate diagnostic. In this context, the iridology, science responsible to study the iris based in the density and the settings of their tissue, also known as iris stroma, enable to verify the organism constitution, such as their innate debilities. The main objective of this research was to study the presence of iridologic signs that indicate schizophrenia in representations of brainy areas of the iris of people with diagnostic of schizophrenia. In order to do this, the iris of 56 participants with schizophrenia diagnostic, users of a Psychosocial Attention Center III, were photographed with the Iridophoto (optic set for iridology) and were analyzed based the principles of iridology. The iridologic data were registered in a form elaborated for this purpose and descriptively analyzed. The results demonstrate that the regions with more presence of signs are the area of the five senses, with prevalence of 82,1% in the left iris and 73,2% right ones, and of the innate mind - prevalence of 89,3% and 87,5% in the right and in the left iris, respectively. With respect to the signs of genetic and phenotypic background, were found sunny radii, openings/gaps and hyperpigmentation. In the innate mind, the genotypic signs have appeared in 51,8% of the right iris and in 62,5% of the left ones. On the other hand, the phenotypic signs were present in 51,8% of the right iris and in 46,4% of the left ones. In the area of the five senses, the genotypic findings were noticed in 48,2% of the right iris and in 58,9% of the left ones, and the phenotypic signs in 42,9% and 42,1% of the right and left iris, respectively. The more frequent structural rings in the participants iris were the senile arc (91,07%) and the tension rings (89,3%). By the t-Student two-sided calculus for an average for the data related to the presence of the senile arc, were statistically analyzed with the R Program version 3.5.1, demonstrating significant statistic differences among the age average of the participants that had the senile arc compared to the 60 years old age found in the specialized literature (p= 0,005473). In conclusion, it is noticed a significant correlation between the signs and the structural rings mentioned, emphasizing the innate mind area and the five senses area, the senile arc and the tension rings area. Based in these results, it is possible to affirm that some signs replicate in the iris of person with diagnostic of schizophrenia that participated in this study. However, other researches are necessary to verify this relation

Diabetes é um problema de saúde pública. Métodos que identifiquem precocemente a predisposição para a doença devem ser investigados. Iridologistas afirmam que o Sinal do Pâncreas e a Cruz de Andréas sugerem predisposição para diabetes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a prevalência destes sinais em indivíduos com e sem a doença bem como sua herdabilidade. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre fevereiro de 2010 e junho de 2011. Participaram 356 indivíduos com idade superior a 30 anos. Indivíduos com diabetes apresentaram maior prevalência dos sinais iridológicos estudados. Os testes t de Student apontam diferença estatisticamente significativa na prevalência desses sinais entre pacientes com e sem diabetes e entre indivíduos com e sem antecedentes familiares para a doença. O Chi Quadrado demonstra que ter ambos os sinais aumenta a chance de desenvolvê-la. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson aponta que os sinais estudados têm correlação com antecedência familiar para diabetes e com a taxa de glicemia alterada. Concluímos que estes sinais sugerem predisposição para Diabetes e que novos estudos são necessários para avaliar a herdabilidade. / The method to identify early the predisposition for Diabetes mellitus should be investigated, since the disease is a public health problem. Scholars of iridology claim that the Sign of Pancreas and the Cross of Andreas suggest predisposition to diabetes. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of these signals in subjects with and without the disease and its heritability. Data collection occurred between February 2010 and June 2011. Participants 356 individuals older than 30 years treated at the Health Center School. Individuals with diabetes had a higher prevalence of signs studied iridology. The Student t test showed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of these signs between patients with and without diabetes and among individuals with and without family history of the disease. The Chi Square demonstrates that having both signals increase the chance of developing diabetes. The Pearson correlation coefficient shows a correlation between the signals studied with a family history of diabetes and the blood glucose alteration. We conclude that these signs suggest a predisposition to diabetes and that further studies are needed to assess the heritability.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-14T14:49:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kath Freire de Vasconcelos.pdf: 4349613 bytes, checksum: bc483327dfe70d238ea0a29b6b376704 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T14:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kath Freire de Vasconcelos.pdf: 4349613 bytes, checksum: bc483327dfe70d238ea0a29b6b376704 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / Mastitis is one of the major infection diseases in dairy herds, especially in its subclinical form, because it leads to great economic losses and public health. Your early and accurate diagnosis is essential to reduce damage and prevent clinical manifestation of disease. The objective of this research was then seeking a new assistive technology for the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in goats. With this purpose were collected milk samples from 38 goats, of herds of the city of Venturosa–PE, to realization of Somatic Cell Count and lactic culture plus photographs taken of the iris of the animals. The analysis was conducted in two regions of the iris: at the right iris in the level of 8:15 pm and in the left iris of 3:45 pm correspond to “Region A”; the right iris at 6:15 pm and 5:45 pm in the left iris correspond to “Region B”. The region A corresponds to the iridologic location of human mammary gland (chest) and the region B to the inguinal region. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the iridologic location of goat mammary gland does not correspond to the same iridologic location of human mammary gland. In animals with clinical and histopathologic confirmation, corresponding iridologic signs were observed, suggesting that goat mammary gland is located in the region corresponding to groin. This study affirms the potencial of iridology, but noting the need for more detailed scientific studies on the subject. / A mastite é uma das principais doenças infecto-contagiosas dos rebanhos leiteiros, especialmente na sua forma subclínica, pois leva a grandes prejuízos econômicos e à saúde pública. O seu diagnóstico preciso e precoce é fundamental para diminuir os prejuízos e evitar a manifestação clínica da doença. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi então buscar uma nova tecnologia auxiliar para o diagnóstico precoce da mastite subclínica em caprinos. Com este intuito foram colhidas amostras de leite de 38 cabras, de rebanhos do município de Venturosa–PE, para a realização da Contagem de Células Somáticas e da Lactocultura além de realizadas fotografias das íris dos animais. A análise foi realizada em duas regiões das íris: na íris direita ao nível de 8,15h e na íris esquerda 3,45 correspondem à Região A; na íris direita ao nível de 6,15h e na íris esquerda a 5,45 correspondem à Região B. A região A corresponde à localização iridológica da glândula mamária humana (tórax) e a região B à região inguinal. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem concluir que a localização iridológica da glândula mamária caprina não corresponde à mesma localização iridológica da glândula mamária humana. Nos animais dignosticados clinicamente e confirmados através dos exames histopatológicos, foram observados sinais iridológicos correspondentes, sugerindo que a glândula mamária caprina localiza-se na região iridológica correspondente a região inguinal. O presente estudo assevera o potencial da iridologia, embora observe-se a necessidade de estudos científicos mais detalhados sobre o tema.

Diabetes é um problema de saúde pública. Métodos que identifiquem precocemente a predisposição para a doença devem ser investigados. Iridologistas afirmam que o Sinal do Pâncreas e a Cruz de Andréas sugerem predisposição para diabetes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a prevalência destes sinais em indivíduos com e sem a doença bem como sua herdabilidade. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre fevereiro de 2010 e junho de 2011. Participaram 356 indivíduos com idade superior a 30 anos. Indivíduos com diabetes apresentaram maior prevalência dos sinais iridológicos estudados. Os testes t de Student apontam diferença estatisticamente significativa na prevalência desses sinais entre pacientes com e sem diabetes e entre indivíduos com e sem antecedentes familiares para a doença. O Chi Quadrado demonstra que ter ambos os sinais aumenta a chance de desenvolvê-la. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson aponta que os sinais estudados têm correlação com antecedência familiar para diabetes e com a taxa de glicemia alterada. Concluímos que estes sinais sugerem predisposição para Diabetes e que novos estudos são necessários para avaliar a herdabilidade. / The method to identify early the predisposition for Diabetes mellitus should be investigated, since the disease is a public health problem. Scholars of iridology claim that the Sign of Pancreas and the Cross of Andreas suggest predisposition to diabetes. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of these signals in subjects with and without the disease and its heritability. Data collection occurred between February 2010 and June 2011. Participants 356 individuals older than 30 years treated at the Health Center School. Individuals with diabetes had a higher prevalence of signs studied iridology. The Student t test showed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of these signs between patients with and without diabetes and among individuals with and without family history of the disease. The Chi Square demonstrates that having both signals increase the chance of developing diabetes. The Pearson correlation coefficient shows a correlation between the signals studied with a family history of diabetes and the blood glucose alteration. We conclude that these signs suggest a predisposition to diabetes and that further studies are needed to assess the heritability.