Thesis (M. Tech. (Biomedical Technology)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, [2013] / Introduction: Geophagia, a subcategory of pica, is the practice of persistently and deliberately eating earthy or soil like substances. A definite cause for the practice of geophagia is yet to be established, but some theories claim that the soil holds nutritional value to the geophagist. Method: Geophagic woman in the QwaQwa area between the ages of 18 and 45 years were identified by means of a questionnaire. A test group, consisting of 48 women in the habit of consuming soil, and a control group, consisting of 35 non geophagous women, were identified. Subjects in the control group were chosen from the same household or in the same area as the test subjects. On each subject, of both the test group and the control group, the following tests were done: total serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and albumin. The results obtained were statistically analysed and compared. Biochemical results were compared with haematology results obtained by another researcher, using the same test group and control group subjects. Results: In the test group, 75% of the individuals had results indicative of iron deficiency, compared to only 26% in the control group. The haematology results also indicate anaemia in the test group, most probably brought on by iron deficiency. There was no significant difference in mineral results between the test- and control group. Thus no association could be established between soil consumption and mineral status. Conclusion: In relation to non-geophagous women, people who consume soil have a tendency toward iron deficiency. It is impossible to ascertain whether the iron deficiency caused the craving for soil, or whether the consumption of soil caused the iron deficiency. No definite association could be made between soil consumption and mineral status.

Objetivo: Investigar o estado nutricional, consumo alimentar e práticas de alimentação complementar em crianças de 6 a 24 meses residentes em Acrelândia, Estado do Acre, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado na área urbana do município de Acrelândia. Informações sobre condições sociodemográficas, morbidades e aleitamento materno foram obtidas por questionário estruturado. A partir de dados de histórico alimentar, consumo e práticas alimentares foram analisados. Peso e comprimento foram medidos para avaliação antropométrica segundo distribuição da curva padrão da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) 2007. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas para exame parasitológico. Avaliação das concentrações de hemoglobina, ferritina, receptor solúvel de transferrina, vitamina B12, retinol e ácido fólico séricos foi realizada em amostras de sangue venoso coletadas em jejum. Resultados: Do total de 166 crianças estudadas, as prevalências de déficit de estatura/idade e de anemia foram de 12% e 40%, respectivamente. Dentre as crianças anêmicas, 95% apresentaram anemia ferropriva. A prevalência geral de deficiência de ferro isolada foi 44%. A presença de parasitas intestinais foi identificada em 26% das amostras de fezes, sendo que 80% das infecções foram causadas por Giardia lamblia. Os níveis séricos das vitaminas A e B12 estavam abaixo da faixa de normalidade em 15% e 12% das crianças, respectivamente. O aleitamento materno foi iniciado por quase a totalidade das mães (99%); no entanto, a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês foi referida por 10% dos participantes. A oferta de leite de vaca foi alta desde os primeiros meses de vida, sendo que dos 6 aos 8 meses de idade 70% das crianças estudadas já ingeriam este alimento. A frequência de consumo de mingau aumentou com a idade: 37% das crianças entre 6 e 8 meses, 48% entre 9 e 11 meses e 64% entre 12 e 24 meses referiram seu consumo habitual. Consumo alimentar abaixo das recomendações da OMS (2004) foi observado para os seguintes nutrientes (% de crianças): ácido fólico (33%), vitamina C (40%), vitamina A (42%), zinco (46%) e ferro (71%). A biodisponibilidade de ferro da dieta ficou em torno de 8%, classificando 78% das crianças com dietas entre \"muito baixa\" e \"baixa\" biodisponibilidade. Os alimentos que mais contribuíram com a energia total ingerida foram os leites de vaca e leite materno, e com o aporte de ferro foram os espessantes utilizados para fazer mingau. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem intervenções para a promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês, com introdução de alimentos e práticas de alimentação complementar adequadas. É essencial melhorar a biodisponibilidade do ferro da dieta através do maior consumo de ferro total (carnes, feijão e caldos de carnes/feijão) e de vitamina C (incentivo ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças) desde o início da alimentação complementar, evitando-se consumo de alimentos ricos em compostos inibidores da absorção do ferro, tais como café, chá, espessantes e leite de vaca. Com o aumento da idade da criança, o consumo de mingau deve ser gradualmente substituído, incentivando-se consumo de alimentos disponíveis para a família. / Objective: To investigate the nutritional status, food consumption and complementary feeding practices in children aged between 6 and 24 months living in Acrelândia, Acre State, Westhern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted within an urban area of Acrelândia. Information on sociodemographic conditions, morbidity and breast feeding were collected using structured questionnaires. Food consumption and practices were analyzed based on food history data. Anthropometric assessment entailed weight and height measurements according to the 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) standard distribution curve. Stool samples were obtained and subjected to parasitological examination. Assessment of hemoglobin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, Vitamin B12 and retinol serum levels was performed on fasting venous blood samples. Results: Of the total 166 children studied, the prevalence of stunted height/age and anemia was 12% and 40%, respectively. Out of the anemic children, 95% presented with iron-deficient anemia. The overall prevalence of iron deficiency was 44%. Intestinal parasites were detected in 26% of the stool samples, where 80% of these infections were caused by Giardia lamblia. Vitamin A and B12 serum levels were below normal thresh holds in 15% and 12% of children, respectively. Breast feeding was started by the vast majority of mothers (99%) although exclusive breast feeding up to the sixth month was reported by only 10% of participants. The intake of cows milk was high from the first months of life, where 70% of the children studied were consuming cows milk at 8 months of age. The frequency of porridge (cows milk and maize flour) consumption increased with age: 37% of the children aged between 6 and 8 months, 48% between 9 and 11 months and 64% between 12 and 24 months, reported regular porridge consumption. Food consumption at levels below WHO recommendations (2004) were observed for the following nutrients (% of children): folic acid (33%), Vitamin C (40%), Vitamin A (42%), zinc (46%) and iron (71%). The bioavailability of iron in the diet was approximately 8%, with 78% of the childrens diets being classified as having low or very low bioavailability. The foods which contributed most to total energy ingested were cow\'s milk and mother\'s breast milk, and in terms of iron, were the thickening agents used in porridge making. Conclusion: These results suggest that interventions should be introduced to promote exclusive breast feeding up to the sixth month, along with the introduction of healthy complementary foods and feeding practices. Improvements in bioavailability of iron in the diet are essential, through higher total iron consumption (meat, beans and meat/bean stock) and Vitamin C (encouragement to consume more fruit and vegetables) from the outset of introducing complementary food, while consumption of foods rich in iron inhibitors such as coffee, tea, thickeners and cows milk should be avoided. As child age increases, porridge consumption should be gradually substituted by encouraging the consumption of alternative foods available to the family.

O governo brasileiro adotou a fortificação de farinhas de trigo com ferro para auxiliar na redução da anemia no país. Esta intervenção não está administrada como um programa sanitário coordenado, com monitoramento de atividades e avaliação de impacto. Essas ações têm ocorrido na forma de pesquisa acadêmica dispersa no país, e têm focado na compreensão da estratégia pelos moinhos de trigo, no monitoramento da concentração de ferro nas farinhas do mercado, e na avaliação do impacto sobre a saúde de grupos vulneráveis à anemia. Os resultados dessas pesquisas levam a pensar num trabalho coordenado, com avaliações padronizadas sobre alvos adequados, e na necessidade de instrumentos específicos de monitoramento da fortificação para a indústria e para a fiscalização sanitária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um roteiro de verificação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação de farinhas enriquecidas com ferro em moinhos de trigo, que incluísse diretrizes para procedimentos operacionais padronizados de fortificação, nas hipóteses da existência de grande diversidade tecnológica de fortificação nos moinhos, e na necessidade deste checklist pela fiscalização para auditar esse processo. A padronização desses procedimentos é imprescindível para a efetividade do combate a anemia, porque normaliza a qualidade dos produtos fortificados, tornando-os mais homogêneos. Para elaborar o roteiro de verificação foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica científica e de regulação, sobre Boas Práticas de Fabricação. Um roteiro inicial, para uma pesquisa de observação da indústria do trigo, foi extraído das legislações da vigilância sanitária, inclusive do programa nacional de fortificação do sal com iodo. A partir desse roteiro, entre 2007 e 2008, o pesquisador realizou uma pesquisa etnográfica em 11 moinhos de trigo no estado de São Paulo e elaborou uma lista de verificação de procedimentos operacionais de fortificação, contando com a colaboração de 20 profissionais de vigilância sanitária, convidados para aplicar o roteiro de BPF e apresentar parecer sobre o instrumento elaborado. Eles receberam do pesquisador uma capacitação em tecnologia de produção de farinhas em moinhos de trigo e posteriormente, colaboraram na elaboração e avaliação da efetividade do instrumento, acompanhando o pesquisador nas observações dos moinhos. O resultado é uma extensa lista de verificação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação em moinhos de trigo, com atenção às operações de fortificação das farinhas, que incluem procedimentos de dosagem e homogeneização de micronutrientes altamente diluídos na farinha, e de controles de qualidade de formulações de fortificantes e produtos finais, inclusive o registro de todas as informações. No checklist são indicados procedimentos operacionais padronizados de fortificação de farinhas e também, a amostragem para análise laboratorial da concentração de ferro e ácido fólico baseado no volume de moagem de trigo diário do moinho. A lista de verificação incluiu observações de moinhos de grande porte, que utilizavam diferentes sistemas de dosagem (volumétricos e gravimétricos) dos compostos de micronutrientes, controlados por procedimentos desde mecânicos até eletrônicos. Observações de laudos analíticos de farinhas levaram a concluir que existe ampla faixa de variação na concentração de micronutrientes entre as amostras analisadas. A qualidade dos resultados pode ser atribuída à baixa freqüência de controle dos sistemas de dosagem de menor automação, ao ponto de dosagem dos fortificantes que provoca pouca homogeneização da farinha fortificada, e à qualidade do composto de micronutrientes. Para melhorar a confiabilidade dos resultados de análise de ferro e ácido fólico são indicados procedimentos padronizados para análises laboratoriais com métodos analíticos validados. Concluiu-se que o método de observação participativa dos moinhos catalisou o conhecimento do pesquisador sobre a cultura do setor moageiro do trigo, fornecendo uma coleção significativa de itens de observação, que influenciam a qualidade dos procedimentos de fortificação. O checklist resultante de Boas Práticas de Fabricação enfocado na fortificação de farinhas contempla a variedade de situações tecnológicas observadas no mercado do estado de São Paulo e sugere-se sua utilização pelos moinhos de trigo para monitorar a produção de farinhas fortificadas e pela vigilância sanitária para auditorias e inspeções dos procedimentos industriais de fortificação. / The Brazilian government adopted the compulsory fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid to help reduce the iron deficiency anemia in the country. This intervention is not managed as a centralized sanitary program, with specific activities to monitor and to evaluate the impact on the health of a target population. These actions are being performed as a country spread academic research, on: the understanding of the intervention by wheat mills managers; the monitoring of the iron and folic acid concentration on samples of wheat flour for bakery and domestic use; and the evaluation of the intervention impact on the health of anemia vulnerable groups. The results of these researches make us think about a coordinated work, with standardized evaluations on adjusted targets, and specific instruments for monitoring the fortification process in the mills, and to be adopted by the sanitary inspection. The objective of this dissertation is to draw up a checklist for the inspection of the Good Manufacturing Practices of wheat mills focused in the production of iron fortified flour, including directions for the standardization of the fortification processes, in case there is great technological diversity in the mills in the country. In addition, it is useful to provide public health agents with a checklist for sanitary inspection. The standardization of the fortification processes is essential for the effectiveness of the fight against anemia, because it brings the quality of the fortified products into line, thus making them more homogeneous. To draw up the checklist, a scientific and regulatory bibliographical research was conducted on Good Manufacturing Practices. An initial checklist to make the first observation of the wheat mills was obtained from the Sanitary Surveillance Agency legislation, including the national program for fortifying salt with iodine. Between 2007 and 2008, the researcher conducted an ethnographic research in 11 wheat mills in the state of São Paulo, using the initial guideline, and elaborated the checklist for the inspection of the flour fortification operational procedures, counting on the contribution of 20 professionals of the Sanitary Surveillance system, who were invited both to use the checklist and to give their expert remarks. The researcher shared his knowledge and trained these professionals on wheat flour technology, and after that they could better collaborate to test the effectiveness of the checklist, accompanying the researcher during the wheat mills observation trip. The result is a comprehensive checklist for Good Manufacturing Practices in wheat mills, with special focus on the operations to fortify flour, including dosage and dilution of micronutrients, and quality control of micronutrients and fortified flours, including the registration of all information. The checklist highlights the standardized operational procedures for flour fortification and the sampling for laboratory analysis of iron and folic acid contents, based on the daily grinding volume of wheat in the mill. The checklist includes observation of big mills that used different systems for dosaging micronutrients (volumetric and gravimetrical), controlled by mechanic and electronic procedures. The analysis of some analytical reports on flours showed a considerable variation in the concentration of micronutrients of the samples. These results can be attributed to the infrequent control of the dosage systems of micronutrients; the point of dosage of fortifiers in the production line, thus impairing homogenization of the flour; and to the quality of the micronutrient compounds. To improve the reliability of lab results for iron and folic acid, some standardized procedures with validated analytical methods are recommended. As a conclusion, the ethnographic research method of participant observation of wheat mills has accelerated the researcher´s knowledge of the culture of the wheat milling sector. This approach brought significant information on items to be observed that influence the quality of the fortification process. The Good Manufacturing Practices checklist focused on the fortification of flour included a variety of technological situations observed in the state of São Paulo. We suggest its use for monitoring the production of fortified flours by the mills, and for inspections of the fortification procedures by the Sanitary Surveillance system.

A zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) eritrocitária é um metabólito formado pela adição do zinco no sítio do ferro durante a formação da molécula de hemoglobina, quando este último está total ou parcialmente indisponível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a padronização dos valores da ZPP eritrocitária em bezerros sadios com até um mês de vida, assim como a validade da ZPP como previsora da ocorrência de anemia ferropriva em bezerros neonatos, em comparação com outros métodos. Para tanto foram utilizados 134 bezerros da raça Holandesa, com idades variando do nascimento até 30 dias de vida, provenientes de fazendas produtoras de leite localizadas no Estado de São Paulo, classificados como sadios (67 animais) e anêmicos (67 animais). Os animais foram monitorados por meio de exames físico e complementares (hemograma e reticulocitometria, teores de ferro sérico (FT) e capacidade total de ligação do ferro (CTLF), teores de bilirrubinas e de uréia séricas, e concentrações da ZPP). Durante a padronização do exame, os valores médios encontrados foram: concentração de ZPP eritrocitária das amostras de hemácias não lavadas em até 3 horas após a colheita de sangue de 30 animais sadios - 80,90 &#181;mol ZPP/mol heme; concentração de ZPP eritrocitária, após a lavagem de hemácias, determinadas até 3 horas e 12 horas após colheita de sangue do mesmo grupo - 61,40 &#181;mol ZPP/mol heme e 61,03 &#181;mol ZPP/mol heme, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que as amostras de sangue colhidas para a mensuração da ZPP podem ser armazenadas, sob refrigeração a 4°C, por até 12 horas após a colheita, sem alterações significativas dos seus valores, sendo recomendável a lavagem das hemácias antes da mensuração dos valores da ZPP eritrocitária devido à presença de substâncias interferentes no plasma do animal. Foi encontrada diferença significativa nas concentrações da ZPP e de todos os componentes do eritrograma, assim como nos teores do metabolismo de ferro entre os animais anêmicos e sadios. As concentrações de bilirrubinas e ureia séricas apresentaram-se no intervalo fisiológico de variação, não interferindo na mensuração da ZPP nos eritrócitos dos bezerros com ou sem anemia. A correlação entre os valores encontrados dos teores de ferro sérico e da capacidade total de ligação do ferro com as concentrações de ZPP foram: rs = - 0,45, p < 0,001 (ZPP x FT) e rs = 0,51, p < 0,001 (ZPP x CTLF), respectivamente, demonstrando que quanto menores os teores de ferro, maiores serão as concentrações de ZPP. Portanto, a utilização da ZPP como previsora dos quadros de anemia ferropriva em bezerros neonatos com até um mês de vida se mostrou válida e, considerando que a hematofluorometria é um método rápido e não oneroso, pode ser recomendado como exame complementar de rotina. / The zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is a metabolic originated by zinc addition in the iron site during the synthesis of hemoglobin molecule, when iron is total or partially unavailable. The aim of this study was to standardize the values of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in erythrocyte of healthy calves until one month of life, and to evaluate this determination as a predictor of the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia in newborn calves, compared with other methods. Therefore, 134 Holstein calves were used, aged from birth to 30 days of life, from dairy farms located in the São Paulo State, splitted into two groups, classified as healthies (67 animals), and anemics (67 animals). The animals were monitored by physical examination and laboratory assessments (complete blood cell count and reticulocytes, serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC), levels of serum bilirubin and urea, and ZPP levels). During the exam standardization, the mean values found were: erythrocyte ZPP of unwashed erythrocytes within 3 hours after blood sampling of 30 healthy animals - 80.9 &#181;mol ZPP/mol heme; erythrocyte ZPP after washing of red blood cells, determined by 3 hours and 12 hours after blood collection, from the same group were 61.40 &#181;mol ZPP/mol heme and 61.03 &#181;mol ZPP/mol heme, respectively. Based on these results, it was concluded that blood samples taken for measurement of ZPP may be stored under refrigeration at 4 °C for up to 12 hours, without significant changes of the values of erythrocyte ZPP, and it is also advisable to wash the red cells before erythrocyte ZPP values measuring, due to the presence of interfering substances in the animal plasma. A significant difference was found in the ZPP levels and in all erythrogram components, as well as on the levels of iron metabolism between anemic and healthy animals. The bilirubin and serum urea levels remained within physiological variation, does not interfering with the measurement of erythrocyte ZPP of calves with or without anemia. The correlation values between SI and TIBC with ZPP levels were: rs = - 0.45, p < 0.001 (ZPP x SI) and rs = 0.51, p < 0.001 (ZPP x TIBC), respectively, i.e. decreasing biochemical levels of iron metabolism will increase levels of ZPP. Therefore, the use of ZPP as an iron deficiency anemia predictor in newborn calves up to one month of life has proven its validity, and considering hematofluorometry as a quick and inexpensive method, it might be recommended as a routine exam.

Objetivo: Investigar o estado nutricional, consumo alimentar e práticas de alimentação complementar em crianças de 6 a 24 meses residentes em Acrelândia, Estado do Acre, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado na área urbana do município de Acrelândia. Informações sobre condições sociodemográficas, morbidades e aleitamento materno foram obtidas por questionário estruturado. A partir de dados de histórico alimentar, consumo e práticas alimentares foram analisados. Peso e comprimento foram medidos para avaliação antropométrica segundo distribuição da curva padrão da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) 2007. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas para exame parasitológico. Avaliação das concentrações de hemoglobina, ferritina, receptor solúvel de transferrina, vitamina B12, retinol e ácido fólico séricos foi realizada em amostras de sangue venoso coletadas em jejum. Resultados: Do total de 166 crianças estudadas, as prevalências de déficit de estatura/idade e de anemia foram de 12% e 40%, respectivamente. Dentre as crianças anêmicas, 95% apresentaram anemia ferropriva. A prevalência geral de deficiência de ferro isolada foi 44%. A presença de parasitas intestinais foi identificada em 26% das amostras de fezes, sendo que 80% das infecções foram causadas por Giardia lamblia. Os níveis séricos das vitaminas A e B12 estavam abaixo da faixa de normalidade em 15% e 12% das crianças, respectivamente. O aleitamento materno foi iniciado por quase a totalidade das mães (99%); no entanto, a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês foi referida por 10% dos participantes. A oferta de leite de vaca foi alta desde os primeiros meses de vida, sendo que dos 6 aos 8 meses de idade 70% das crianças estudadas já ingeriam este alimento. A frequência de consumo de mingau aumentou com a idade: 37% das crianças entre 6 e 8 meses, 48% entre 9 e 11 meses e 64% entre 12 e 24 meses referiram seu consumo habitual. Consumo alimentar abaixo das recomendações da OMS (2004) foi observado para os seguintes nutrientes (% de crianças): ácido fólico (33%), vitamina C (40%), vitamina A (42%), zinco (46%) e ferro (71%). A biodisponibilidade de ferro da dieta ficou em torno de 8%, classificando 78% das crianças com dietas entre \"muito baixa\" e \"baixa\" biodisponibilidade. Os alimentos que mais contribuíram com a energia total ingerida foram os leites de vaca e leite materno, e com o aporte de ferro foram os espessantes utilizados para fazer mingau. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem intervenções para a promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês, com introdução de alimentos e práticas de alimentação complementar adequadas. É essencial melhorar a biodisponibilidade do ferro da dieta através do maior consumo de ferro total (carnes, feijão e caldos de carnes/feijão) e de vitamina C (incentivo ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças) desde o início da alimentação complementar, evitando-se consumo de alimentos ricos em compostos inibidores da absorção do ferro, tais como café, chá, espessantes e leite de vaca. Com o aumento da idade da criança, o consumo de mingau deve ser gradualmente substituído, incentivando-se consumo de alimentos disponíveis para a família. / Objective: To investigate the nutritional status, food consumption and complementary feeding practices in children aged between 6 and 24 months living in Acrelândia, Acre State, Westhern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted within an urban area of Acrelândia. Information on sociodemographic conditions, morbidity and breast feeding were collected using structured questionnaires. Food consumption and practices were analyzed based on food history data. Anthropometric assessment entailed weight and height measurements according to the 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) standard distribution curve. Stool samples were obtained and subjected to parasitological examination. Assessment of hemoglobin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, Vitamin B12 and retinol serum levels was performed on fasting venous blood samples. Results: Of the total 166 children studied, the prevalence of stunted height/age and anemia was 12% and 40%, respectively. Out of the anemic children, 95% presented with iron-deficient anemia. The overall prevalence of iron deficiency was 44%. Intestinal parasites were detected in 26% of the stool samples, where 80% of these infections were caused by Giardia lamblia. Vitamin A and B12 serum levels were below normal thresh holds in 15% and 12% of children, respectively. Breast feeding was started by the vast majority of mothers (99%) although exclusive breast feeding up to the sixth month was reported by only 10% of participants. The intake of cows milk was high from the first months of life, where 70% of the children studied were consuming cows milk at 8 months of age. The frequency of porridge (cows milk and maize flour) consumption increased with age: 37% of the children aged between 6 and 8 months, 48% between 9 and 11 months and 64% between 12 and 24 months, reported regular porridge consumption. Food consumption at levels below WHO recommendations (2004) were observed for the following nutrients (% of children): folic acid (33%), Vitamin C (40%), Vitamin A (42%), zinc (46%) and iron (71%). The bioavailability of iron in the diet was approximately 8%, with 78% of the childrens diets being classified as having low or very low bioavailability. The foods which contributed most to total energy ingested were cow\'s milk and mother\'s breast milk, and in terms of iron, were the thickening agents used in porridge making. Conclusion: These results suggest that interventions should be introduced to promote exclusive breast feeding up to the sixth month, along with the introduction of healthy complementary foods and feeding practices. Improvements in bioavailability of iron in the diet are essential, through higher total iron consumption (meat, beans and meat/bean stock) and Vitamin C (encouragement to consume more fruit and vegetables) from the outset of introducing complementary food, while consumption of foods rich in iron inhibitors such as coffee, tea, thickeners and cows milk should be avoided. As child age increases, porridge consumption should be gradually substituted by encouraging the consumption of alternative foods available to the family.

O governo brasileiro adotou a fortificação de farinhas de trigo com ferro para auxiliar na redução da anemia no país. Esta intervenção não está administrada como um programa sanitário coordenado, com monitoramento de atividades e avaliação de impacto. Essas ações têm ocorrido na forma de pesquisa acadêmica dispersa no país, e têm focado na compreensão da estratégia pelos moinhos de trigo, no monitoramento da concentração de ferro nas farinhas do mercado, e na avaliação do impacto sobre a saúde de grupos vulneráveis à anemia. Os resultados dessas pesquisas levam a pensar num trabalho coordenado, com avaliações padronizadas sobre alvos adequados, e na necessidade de instrumentos específicos de monitoramento da fortificação para a indústria e para a fiscalização sanitária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um roteiro de verificação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação de farinhas enriquecidas com ferro em moinhos de trigo, que incluísse diretrizes para procedimentos operacionais padronizados de fortificação, nas hipóteses da existência de grande diversidade tecnológica de fortificação nos moinhos, e na necessidade deste checklist pela fiscalização para auditar esse processo. A padronização desses procedimentos é imprescindível para a efetividade do combate a anemia, porque normaliza a qualidade dos produtos fortificados, tornando-os mais homogêneos. Para elaborar o roteiro de verificação foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica científica e de regulação, sobre Boas Práticas de Fabricação. Um roteiro inicial, para uma pesquisa de observação da indústria do trigo, foi extraído das legislações da vigilância sanitária, inclusive do programa nacional de fortificação do sal com iodo. A partir desse roteiro, entre 2007 e 2008, o pesquisador realizou uma pesquisa etnográfica em 11 moinhos de trigo no estado de São Paulo e elaborou uma lista de verificação de procedimentos operacionais de fortificação, contando com a colaboração de 20 profissionais de vigilância sanitária, convidados para aplicar o roteiro de BPF e apresentar parecer sobre o instrumento elaborado. Eles receberam do pesquisador uma capacitação em tecnologia de produção de farinhas em moinhos de trigo e posteriormente, colaboraram na elaboração e avaliação da efetividade do instrumento, acompanhando o pesquisador nas observações dos moinhos. O resultado é uma extensa lista de verificação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação em moinhos de trigo, com atenção às operações de fortificação das farinhas, que incluem procedimentos de dosagem e homogeneização de micronutrientes altamente diluídos na farinha, e de controles de qualidade de formulações de fortificantes e produtos finais, inclusive o registro de todas as informações. No checklist são indicados procedimentos operacionais padronizados de fortificação de farinhas e também, a amostragem para análise laboratorial da concentração de ferro e ácido fólico baseado no volume de moagem de trigo diário do moinho. A lista de verificação incluiu observações de moinhos de grande porte, que utilizavam diferentes sistemas de dosagem (volumétricos e gravimétricos) dos compostos de micronutrientes, controlados por procedimentos desde mecânicos até eletrônicos. Observações de laudos analíticos de farinhas levaram a concluir que existe ampla faixa de variação na concentração de micronutrientes entre as amostras analisadas. A qualidade dos resultados pode ser atribuída à baixa freqüência de controle dos sistemas de dosagem de menor automação, ao ponto de dosagem dos fortificantes que provoca pouca homogeneização da farinha fortificada, e à qualidade do composto de micronutrientes. Para melhorar a confiabilidade dos resultados de análise de ferro e ácido fólico são indicados procedimentos padronizados para análises laboratoriais com métodos analíticos validados. Concluiu-se que o método de observação participativa dos moinhos catalisou o conhecimento do pesquisador sobre a cultura do setor moageiro do trigo, fornecendo uma coleção significativa de itens de observação, que influenciam a qualidade dos procedimentos de fortificação. O checklist resultante de Boas Práticas de Fabricação enfocado na fortificação de farinhas contempla a variedade de situações tecnológicas observadas no mercado do estado de São Paulo e sugere-se sua utilização pelos moinhos de trigo para monitorar a produção de farinhas fortificadas e pela vigilância sanitária para auditorias e inspeções dos procedimentos industriais de fortificação. / The Brazilian government adopted the compulsory fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid to help reduce the iron deficiency anemia in the country. This intervention is not managed as a centralized sanitary program, with specific activities to monitor and to evaluate the impact on the health of a target population. These actions are being performed as a country spread academic research, on: the understanding of the intervention by wheat mills managers; the monitoring of the iron and folic acid concentration on samples of wheat flour for bakery and domestic use; and the evaluation of the intervention impact on the health of anemia vulnerable groups. The results of these researches make us think about a coordinated work, with standardized evaluations on adjusted targets, and specific instruments for monitoring the fortification process in the mills, and to be adopted by the sanitary inspection. The objective of this dissertation is to draw up a checklist for the inspection of the Good Manufacturing Practices of wheat mills focused in the production of iron fortified flour, including directions for the standardization of the fortification processes, in case there is great technological diversity in the mills in the country. In addition, it is useful to provide public health agents with a checklist for sanitary inspection. The standardization of the fortification processes is essential for the effectiveness of the fight against anemia, because it brings the quality of the fortified products into line, thus making them more homogeneous. To draw up the checklist, a scientific and regulatory bibliographical research was conducted on Good Manufacturing Practices. An initial checklist to make the first observation of the wheat mills was obtained from the Sanitary Surveillance Agency legislation, including the national program for fortifying salt with iodine. Between 2007 and 2008, the researcher conducted an ethnographic research in 11 wheat mills in the state of São Paulo, using the initial guideline, and elaborated the checklist for the inspection of the flour fortification operational procedures, counting on the contribution of 20 professionals of the Sanitary Surveillance system, who were invited both to use the checklist and to give their expert remarks. The researcher shared his knowledge and trained these professionals on wheat flour technology, and after that they could better collaborate to test the effectiveness of the checklist, accompanying the researcher during the wheat mills observation trip. The result is a comprehensive checklist for Good Manufacturing Practices in wheat mills, with special focus on the operations to fortify flour, including dosage and dilution of micronutrients, and quality control of micronutrients and fortified flours, including the registration of all information. The checklist highlights the standardized operational procedures for flour fortification and the sampling for laboratory analysis of iron and folic acid contents, based on the daily grinding volume of wheat in the mill. The checklist includes observation of big mills that used different systems for dosaging micronutrients (volumetric and gravimetrical), controlled by mechanic and electronic procedures. The analysis of some analytical reports on flours showed a considerable variation in the concentration of micronutrients of the samples. These results can be attributed to the infrequent control of the dosage systems of micronutrients; the point of dosage of fortifiers in the production line, thus impairing homogenization of the flour; and to the quality of the micronutrient compounds. To improve the reliability of lab results for iron and folic acid, some standardized procedures with validated analytical methods are recommended. As a conclusion, the ethnographic research method of participant observation of wheat mills has accelerated the researcher´s knowledge of the culture of the wheat milling sector. This approach brought significant information on items to be observed that influence the quality of the fortification process. The Good Manufacturing Practices checklist focused on the fortification of flour included a variety of technological situations observed in the state of São Paulo. We suggest its use for monitoring the production of fortified flours by the mills, and for inspections of the fortification procedures by the Sanitary Surveillance system.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-02-15T12:32:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA VICINANSA MONACO FERREIRA.pdf: 2575283 bytes, checksum: e154c9b7ae508a96205c1d597a55aee6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T12:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA VICINANSA MONACO FERREIRA.pdf: 2575283 bytes, checksum: e154c9b7ae508a96205c1d597a55aee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Morbid obesity, a chronic and multifactorial disease, causes metabolic disorders and increases the risk of morbidity. Its prevalence has been increasing, with alarming data in Brazil and elsewhere. Globally, Brazil ranks second in number of bariatric surgeries, but surgical treatment is a challenge for the patients and the teams that provide care for these patients. Given the above, the present study aimed to assess changes in nutritional status and identify nutritional deficiencies before and 10 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. This retrospective study lasted two years and included 166 patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at a private clinic. The statistical analyses included the chi-square, Fisher?s, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and generalized estimating equations. The significance level was set at 5%. At the ten-year follow-up, the percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), body mass index (BMI), and weight regain were 51.64?18.03 (p<0.0001), 32.53?4.83 kg/m2 (p<0.0001), and 41% (p<0.0001), respectively, and the lipid and blood glucose profiles had improved (p<0.0001). Iron-deficiency anemia was found in 37.5% and 45.0% of the patients who attended the 10-year follow-up based on ferritin levels <15 ug/L and <30 ug/L, respectively. The effect of time was significant for hemoglobin, ferritin, iron overload (p<0.0001), and hematocrit (p=0.0007). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 29 patients (82.86%), and high parathormone (PTH), in 13 (41.94%). The effect of time was significant for PTH (p=0.0059). In conclusion, gastric bypass was a surgical success and improved the metabolic profile. Weight regain increased over time. The nutritional outcomes were iron-deficiency anemia and vitamin D deficiency associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. These findings reaffirm the importance of multidisciplinary care and monitoring of nutritional deficiencies for the treatment of morbid obesity. / A obesidade m?rbida considerada uma doen?a cr?nica e multifatorial, que ocasiona desordens metab?licas e aumenta o risco de morbidade, vem crescendo, com dados alarmantes no Brasil e no Mundo. O Brasil ? o segundo Pa?s que mais realiza cirurgia bari?trica, sendo o tratamento cir?rgico, um desafio para os pacientes e para as equipes envolvidas no cuidado destes pacientes. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a evolu??o do estado nutricional e identificar as defici?ncias nutricionais no pr? e no p?s-operat?rio de pacientes submetidos ao bypass g?strico em Y-de-Roux, com 10 anos de seguimento. O estudo realizado em dois anos, com delineamento retrospectivo longitudinal, envolveu 166 pacientes submetidos ao bypass g?strico em Y-de-Roux, em uma cl?nica privada. Na an?lise estat?stica, utilizou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, Anova, Wilcoxon e Equa??es de Estimativas Generalizadas. O n?vel de signific?ncia adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados deste estudo, ap?s 10 anos de seguimento, demostraram percentual de perda do excesso de peso (%PEP) de 51,64?18,03 (p<0,0001); Indice de Massa Corporal (IMC) de 32,53?4,83 kg/m2 (p<0,0001); reganho de peso de 41% (p<0,0001). O perfil lip?dico e glic?mico diminuiu ao longo de 10 anos de seguimento (p<0,0001). Dos pacientes que permaneceram no estudo at? o final de 120 meses, 37,5% e 45,0%, apresentaram diagn?stico de anemia ferropriva, considerando-se os crit?rios utilizados de ferritina <15 ug/L e ferritina <30 ug/L, respectivamente. O efeito do tempo foi significativo para a hemoglobina, ferritina e sobrecarga de ferro, (p<0,0001) e hemat?crito (p=0,0007). Em rela??o ao metabolismo do c?lcio, 82,86% (29), apresentaram n?veis de defici?ncia de vitamina D e 41,94% (13) apresentaram PTH elevado. O efeito do tempo foi significativo para o PTH (p=0,0059). Em conclus?o, pacientes submetidos ao bypass g?strico, apresentaram sucesso cir?rgico e melhora do perfil metab?lico. O reganho de peso aumentou com o tempo de seguimento. A anemia ferropriva e a defici?ncia de vitamina D, associada ao hiperparatireoidismo secund?rio, foram desfechos nutricionais encontrados Tais achados reafirmam a import?ncia do cuidado multidisciplinar e ? aten??o ?s defici?ncias nutricionais para o tratamento da obesidade m?rbida.

The aim of this thesis was to study maternal and infant effects of delayed cord clamping (≥180 seconds, DCC) compared to early (≤10 seconds, ECC) in a randomised controlled trial. Practice and guidelines regarding when to clamp the cord vary globally, and different meta-analyses have shown contradictory conclusions on benefits and disadvantages of DCC and ECC. The study population consisted of 382 term infants born after normal pregnancies and randomised to DCC or ECC after birth. The primary objective was iron stores and iron deficiency at 4 months of age, but the thesis was designed to investigate a wide range of suggested effects associated with cord clamping. Paper I showed that DCC was associated with improved iron stores at 4 months (45% higher ferritin) and that the incidence of iron deficiency was reduced from 5.7% to 0.6%. Neonatal anaemia at 2-3 days was less frequent in the DCC group, 1.2% vs. 6.3%. There were no differences between the groups in respiratory symptoms, polycythaemia, or hyperbilirubinaemia. In paper II we demonstrated that DCC versus ECC was not associated with higher risk for maternal post partum haemorrhage and rendered a comparable ratio of valid umbilical artery blood gas samples. In paper III, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire was used to assess neurodevelopment at 4 months. The total scores did not differ, but the DCC group had a higher score in the problem-solving domain and a lower score in the personal-social domain. Immunoglobulin G level was 0.7 g/L higher in the DCC group at 2–3 days, but did not differ at 4 months. Symptoms of infection up to 4 months were comparable between groups. Finally, in paper IV, iron stores and neurodevelopment were similar between groups at 12 months. Gender specific outcome on neurodevelopment at 12 months was discovered, implying positive effects from DCC on boys and negative on girls. We conclude that delaying umbilical cord clamping for 180 seconds is safe and associated with a significantly reduced risk for iron deficiency at 4 months, which may have neurodevelopmental effects at a later age.

A sustainable primary prevention strategy for infant iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was implemented and evaluated in a community with at-risk infants in northern Quebec, Canada. Communication strategies were used to promote iron-rich complementary food rather than iron-fortified formula, which can interfere with breastfeeding practice. This food-based approach has been successfully implemented in developing countries, but has not been applied in an industrialized country setting. / Mass media (i.e., radio dialogues, key messages, print material, point-of-purchase grocery store display) and interpersonal (i.e., homemade baby food cooking activity) communication strategies were developed in collaboration with community members and implemented in partnership with an existing community program. Reach and exposure of the strategies were measured using a questionnaire administered to a post-intervention sample (n = 45). Sales of promoted iron-rich infant food were examined pre- and post-intervention period. A repeat cross-sectional design was used for the impact evaluation. Two groups of mothers with infants, aged 7-10 months at Time 1 (n = 32) and Time 2 (n = 22) were interviewed. Outcome variables were infants' total iron and complementary food iron intakes measured by two 24-hour recalls. Secular trends in infants' hemoglobin values and milk type consumption were examined in the study community and two comparison communities. / Multiple communication channels increased awareness of IDA and influenced self-reported use of iron-rich infant food. Iron-rich infant food sales increased from pre- to post-intervention (p < 0.05). Complementary food intake iron increased between Time 1 (3.2 +/- 0.8 mg) and Time 2 (4.4 +/- 1.1 mg) (p < 0.05). The proportion of infants with anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L) significantly decreased from the period before (37.2%) to during (14.3%) the intervention (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found for this variable within the comparison communities. The proportion of infants receiving iron-fortified formula in the study community did not differ between Time 1 and Time 2, but increased from Time 1 (55%) to Time 2 (73%) (p < 0.05) in the comparison communities, indicating an erosion of breastfeeding practice. / These results suggest the effectiveness of communication strategies to improve infant iron nutrition in a community with good access to iron-rich infant food. The potential for this strategy in other communities warrants further investigation.

The objectives of this research were to determine the prevalence of anemia, and identify risk factors for anemia, in 9-month-old Cree infants living in northern Quebec. The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <110 g/L) was 25--32%, depending on the study sample. Iron deficiency was present in 28.2% of infants who could be classified and 14.4% had iron deficiency anemia. Fewer than 2% of infants had low birth weight (<2500 g) so most infants should have been born with adequate iron stores. One cause of anemia that was identified was a diet that was low in iron. Only 15.1% of infants were reported by guardians to eat meat daily and 28.5% were reported to never eat meat. Infants who were breastfed or cow's milk fed did not obtain sufficient iron for effective erythropoiesis. Compared with formula that was predominantly iron fortified, the odds ratio (OR) for anemia was 7.9 (95% CI 3.4--18.2) for breast milk and 5.0 (95% CI 2.0--12.7) for cow's milk. When milk type was controlled for, weight gain since birth was significantly associated with microcytic erythrocytes (OR comparing the highest tertile of weight gain to the lowest tertile 2.9, 95% CI 1.2--6.6). This indicates that fast-growing infants were not meeting their iron needs for growth. Another risk factor for anemia that was identified was common childhood infections. The prevalence of anemia among infants reported as recently unwell with an infection was higher than among infants reported as recently well (31.1% vs. 19.0%, chi2 = 4.27, p = 0.039). The prevalence of elevated blood lead was 2.7% and is not a major public health problem. No evidence for vitamin A deficiency was found. Serum retinol was positively associated with all iron status indicators. Cree infants who were given supplements containing vitamin A had a lower prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <105 g/L) (10.8% vs 23.2%, chi2 = 5.97, p = 0.015). These results suggest a role for vitamin A in iron metabolism. To prevent anemia in aboriginal i