The purpose of this research study is to examine the habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon. Data was collected from 123 male and female triathletes who participated in the 2001 Muncie Endurathon held in Muncie, Indiana. Habitual and competitive dietary patterns and eating habits were assessed via a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Competitive dietary practices were evaluated using a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The results of this study indicated that both energy and carbohydrate intakes of male and female triathletes were well below recommended levels. The male triathletes energy intake was on average 2,165 ± 919 kcal/d and females consuming significantly lower with 1,743 ± 1002 kcal/d. Carbohydrate intakes were similar between the male and female triathletes in both grams per kg (4.5 ± 144 g/kg/d vs. 5.2 ± 188 g/kg/d, respectively) grams per day (352 ± 144 vs. 306 ± 188 g/d, respectively), and percentage of energy (65% vs 70%, respectively). The triathletes were only slightly better in following carbohydrate recommendations before, during, and after exercise. The results also indicated that over half (66%) of the triathletes reported obtaining their nutrition information from magazines, while only (9%) of the participants used a registered dietitian for nutritional advice or consultation. This study has shown that triathletes in general do not meet all the recommendations set for endurance athletes. Triathletes can improve their overall performance by educating themselves on the importance of nutrition and by following the recommended guidelines set for endurance athletes. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Title: An observation of varying performances of triathletes based upon gender and age in the sport of Iron Distance Triathlons. Objectives: The goal of the thesis is to compare the results of the swim leg in the Ironman World Championship. We will be working with thirteen age groups compiling of 18 - 80 plus year old participants as well as both genders, male and female to gather our results. Our plan is to process results from the years 2005-2014, which is exactly 10 years or one decade. Method: Our method for gathering the results was a multiple analysis that complied a breakdown of the swim portion of an Iron Distance Triathlon for all Age Groups during those specific years. Results: After extensive research analyzing data, comparing data and studying past performances, we found that the participants times in the swim portion of Ironman Triathlon World Championships showed small significant differences over the past ten years. With minor deteriorations or improvements, swimming performances were seen at a consistent level for male and female age group 25-40. Men in the age group 18-54 showed improved outcomes over the women's same age group by 6-15%. In age groups ranging from 55- 80+, swim times increased by 15%. Overall the age groups with the most significant fluctuations in swim times was...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PRJETO ROB_DISSERTACAO_versao_definitiva.pdf: 171058 bytes, checksum: 016c30d994966fb12e01486270d50373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Ironman Triathlon consists in 3,8km of swimming, 180 km of cycling followed by 42,2 km of running, lasting an average of 12 hours. The extended exposition to the environmental factors, which the heat and humidity add more difficulty to the maintenance of the thermal equilibrium, brings a considerable dehydration by sweating. These values vary from 1 to 2 L/h. Therefore, it is important to estimate these losses in order to provide proper strategies to the races organizers and athletes themselves, as for the consumption of liquids and electrolytes during the race. The weighting before and after the race has been the method more useful to evaluate these hydric losses. However, it is important to note that not all the weight loss during an ultradistance triathlon reflects a truth fluid deficit. Some authors have suggested that absolute weight loss during an endurance race overestimates the actual fluid deficit. Indeed, 1 to 2 kg is likely to be lost from sources other than fluid, including the fat metabolism and carbohydrate reserves and intracellular water release associated with stored glycogen. The aim of this study is to describe the eletrolitic and hydric alteration found in athletes competing in the Ironman Brasil, held in Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, in the year of 2006 and the potential correction at these values. Data were collected with 26 athletes, which were weighted 15 days, 7 days and 2 days before the race, immediately before and after the race. It was also evaluated the body composition using skinfold technique 7 and 2 days before the race. The serum electrolytes analyses (Na and K) was done before and after the event. The positive weight variation at the days before the race was statistically significant at the 48 hours before the race start (t = -8,00) with an average of weight increase of 1,180 kg. The average weight loss by the sample group was of 3,023 kg, which represents an average of 4,23%. The Na concentration increased an average of 2,416 mEq (1,73%). The average values of K of 4,7 mEq/l before the race, and 4,49 mEq/l after the race, were not statistically significant. The results show that when the correction factor was applied, the percentage of subjects that were dehydrated, dropped considerable from 88,4 % to 46,15%. But none of these with a serious dehydration. This, against 7 or 26,26 % qualified as that, without the correction factor. There was a weak correlation between the final Na concentration and the weight loss (r = 0,263) and p= 0,195. It is concluded that there was a positive variation at the weight before the race. This evidence the glycogen and water stored at the muscle. Therefore, this extra weight does not contribute to the dehydration during the race. / O triathlon Ironman consiste em percorrer 3,8 km de natação, 180 km de ciclismo, seguidos de 42,2 km de corrida, com duração média de doze horas. A exposição prolongada aos fatores ambientais, dos quais o calor e a umidade trazem mais dificuldade para a manutenção do equilíbrio térmico, leva a uma substancial perda hídrica pelo suor, com taxas variando de 1 a 2 L/h. Portanto, é importante estimar estas perdas para prover estratégias corretas para organizadores e atletas quanto ao consumo de líquidos e eletrólitos durante a prova. A pesagem antes e após a prova tem sido o método mais aplicável para avaliar estas perdas hídricas. É importante observar, porém, que nem toda perda de peso no triathlon de longa duração reflete a verdade sobre e perda de líquidos. Alguns autores sugerem que a perda de peso absoluta durante uma prova de endurance superestima a perda líquida. De fato, 1 a 2 kg parecem ser perdidos de outras fontes que não fluidos, incluindo metabolismo da gordura e reservas de carboidrato e liberação de água intracelular associada ao glicogênio armazenado. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as alterações hídricas e eletrolíticas encontradas em atletas no Ironman Brasil em Florianópolis no ano de 2006 e a possível correção destes valores. Com este intuito 26 atletas foram pesados 15,7 e 2 dias antes da prova, imediatamente antes e após a realização da mesma. Também foi feita avaliação da composição corporal através de dobras cutâneas 7 e 2 dias antes da prova. A análise de eletrólitos (Na e K) sangüíneos foi feita antes e após o evento. A variação positiva de peso ocorrida nos dias que antecederam a prova foi significativa nas 48 horas que antecederam a largada (t = -8,00) com um ganho médio de peso de 1,180 kg. O peso médio perdido pelo grupo foi de 3,023 kg que representa uma média de 4,23%. A concentração de Na aumentou na média 2,416 mEq (1,73%). Os valores médios de K de 4,7 mEq/l antes da prova e 4,49 mEq/l após a prova não obtiveram variação significativa. Os resultados mostraram que ao se aplicar o fator de correção o percentual de sujeitos que estariam desidratados baixou consideravelmente de 88,4 % para 46,15% sendo que destes nenhum com desidratação séria contra 7 ou 26,26 % assim classificados sem a correção. Houve correlação fraca entre o a concentração de Na final de a variação de peso (r = 0,263) e p= 0,195. Concluiu-se que houve uma variação positiva no peso pré-prova. Isto evidenciou o acúmulo de glicogênio e água estocados no músculo. Desta maneira, esse peso extra não contribui para a avaliação da desidratação durante a prova.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Goldfeder.pdf: 945763 bytes, checksum: 32ccf3425f80fe9aad9b9a053a866f70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: The serum concentration of creatine kinase (CK) is important for the diagnosis of certain diseases and clinical evaluation of athletes, but there are contradictory studies about the influence of individual characteristics in this concentration. Furthermore, the benchmarks may not be suitable for athletes Objective: To compare the CK levels of triathletes with the current benchmarks, and the influence of weight, lean mass, age, gender and exercise time in serum CK after exercise Methodology: They were invited to participate in the study triathletes entered in Ironman events, Florianópolis / SC, from 2003 to 2007. From 2003 to 2006, the sample was random, and the athletes had blood collected 2 days before the competition and soon after completing it. In 2007, the sample consisted of athletes from one team in Florianopolis, who had blood collected in five periods: 14 days and two days before the competition, soon after, 8 and 15 days later. In 2007, along with blood, were collected weight and skin folds. Could not participate in the study subjects using drugs in the class of statins. Results: Participated in all stages of research 96 athletes, 83 male. These showed CK before the test (CK1) 184 + 104.4 U / L and after the race (CK2) 2473 + 2181.7 U / L. Women had CK1 128 + 49.2 U / L and 1728 + CK2 923.7 U / L. All other biochemical markers measured increased significantly after the race: CK-MB, BUN, creatinine, LDH, myoglobin and hematocrit. In the 2007 review, we found that only after proof CK was different among the five times of collection. Correlation analysis showed significant correlation (p <0.05) only with CK2 and CK1 and myoglobin post-trial, and there were no significant correlation with body weight, lean body mass, race time and age. Conclusion: The reference values for the population are not suitable for the evaluation of triathletes at rest, and therefore should be reviewed. The age, lean body mass, weight and test time are not decisive in the CK, and high levels can not be explained by hemoconcentration or renal dysfunction, at least in the majority. Regarding gender, women showed lower levels of CK before the competition, but after the competition this difference was not significant. / Introdução: A concentração sérica de Creatina Kinase (CK) é importante para o diagnóstico de algumas doenças e avaliação clínica de atletas, mas há contradições na literatura sobre a influência de características individuais nesta concentração. Além disso, os valores de referência podem não ser adequados para atletas Objetivo: Comparar os níveis de CK de triatletas com os valores de referência atuais, e verificar a influência do peso, massa magra, idade, gênero e tempo de esforço na concentração sérica de CK após o exercício Metodologia: Foram convidados a participar do estudo triatletas inscritos nas provas de Ironman, em Florianópolis/SC, de 2003 a 2007. De 2003 a 2006, a amostra foi aleatória, e os atletas tiveram o sangue coletado 2 dias antes da competição e logo após completar a mesma. No ano de 2007, a amostra foi constituída por atletas de uma equipe de Florianópolis/SC, que tiveram o sangue coletado em 5 momentos: 14 dias e 2 dias antes da competição; logo após; 8 e 15 dias depois. Em 2007, além de sangue, foram coletadas as medidas de peso corporal e dobras cutâneas. Não puderam participar do estudo os indivíduos utilizando medicamentos da classe das estatinas. Resultados: Participaram de todas as etapas da pesquisa 96 atletas, sendo 83 do sexo masculino. Estes apresentaram CK antes da prova (CK1) 184 + 104,4 U/L e após a prova (CK2) 2473 + 2181,7 U/L. As mulheres apresentaram CK1 128 + 49,2 U/L e CK2 1728 + 923,7 U/L.Todos os outros marcadores bioquímicos avaliados aumentaram significativamente após a prova: CK-MB, uréia, creatinina, LDH, mioglobina e hematócrito. Na análise de 2007, constatamos que apenas após a prova a CK era diferente entre os 5 momentos de coleta. As análises de correlação mostraram correlação significativa (p<0,05) da CK2 apenas com CK1 e mioglobina pós-prova, e não houve correlação significativa com peso corporal, massa magra, tempo de prova e idade. Conclusão: Os valores de referência para a população não são adequados para a avaliação de triatletas em repouso, e por isso devem ser revistos. A idade, massa magra, peso e tempo de prova não são determinantes nos níveis de CK, e níveis elevados não podem ser justificados por hemoconcentração ou disfunção renal, na maior parte dos atletas. Com relação ao gênero, as mulheres apresentaram níveis mais baixos de CK antes da competição, mas após a competição esta diferença não foi significativa.

Triathlon är ett idrottsfenomen som ökat i popularitet under de senare åren och haft en snabb utvecklingskurva sedan den trädde in som OS-gren i Sydney år 2000. I Kalmar förknippas triathlon främst med fulldistansen Ironman, som är ett av de största och mest kända idrottsevenemangen inom triathlon. En tävling med hög status lockar fler deltagare och ett genomförande ger triathleten högre status. Det är åtråvärt att delta både som elitsatsande triathlet och motionär. Studiens syfte var att undersöka Ironmantriathleters uppfattningar om sig själva och andra utövare av triathlon, samt vilka motiv som finns till att utöva triathlon. Metoden som användes var semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet var målstyrt och inkluderade åtta informanter som samtliga är Ironmantriathleter med olika erfarenheter. Det var en jämn könsfördelning på informanterna. Resultatet visade på att samtidigt som det råder stor gemenskap och tillhörighet inom triathlonsfären så råder subkultur inom klubbarna och hierarkisk rangordning utifrån erfarenhet, prestation men även vilka tävlingar som genomförts. Vidare kan triathlon ses som ett identitetsskapande och stärkande av det egna jaget. Som motivationsfaktorer framkom hälsovinster, utmaning att testa sina gränser och målbilden av Kalmar Ironman till publikens jubel. Slutsats: Triathlon kan ses som en hälsofrämjande livvstil och identitetsskapande idrott som innefattas av både gemenskap och subkulturer med hierarkisk rangordning.

A young man, out of college and work, sets out to make his mark on the world, by winning the endurance sport of the eighties: the Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon. As he eats, sleeps and breaths "Ironman," he shuts others out of his life because he feels that he must do it alone for the victory to be genuine; a philosophy that has been dogging him all his life.

The advances in music technology and cinematography in recent years has granted a higher level of importance to the film music. There exists a gap in the academic study of film music as it relates to music technology, as no appropriate methodology exists that can accurately measure the contribution that music technology makes towards the music as it exists in film. This study aims to contribute towards existing methodologies for analysing film music, but from the perspective of music technology, and more specifically how audio processing in the domains of dynamic, spectral, spatial and temporal processing contribute towards the music in the film. This is achieved by building on the proposed methodologies of the study of film music as proposed by Kassabian (2009) and Altman (2000). This new method can be utilized to create a reference list of contributions that audio processing can make towards the soundtrack of a film by isolating the particular contribution that every moment of music is contributing to the film, and then finding how audio processing adds to this. / Mini Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Music / MMus / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: Idrottande och fysisk aktivitet har många positiva effekter på individ-, grupp- och samhällsnivå. Den allmänna folkhälsan kan gynnas avsevärt av att fler blir fysiskt aktiva. Intresset verkar öka för motions­tävlingar och annan typ av fysisk aktivitet. Flera studier har tidigare undersökt elitens utveckling samt om skillnaden mellan män och kvinnors sluttider i extrema uthållighetsidrotter har förändrats de senaste åren. Enskilda Ironman (IM) tävlingar har tidigare undersökts för att söka svar på dessa frågor. Däremot saknas en bredare och mer samlad bild över hur utvecklingen har sett ut. Syftet med studien är att kartlägga officiella IM tävlingar de senaste 15 åren. 1.) Hur har det totala samt det kvinnliga deltagarantalet förändrats? 2.) Hur har elitens sluttider förändrats? 3.) Hur har tidsskillnaden mellan elitmän och elitkvinnor förändrats i europa- och världsmästerskapen? Metod som använts är sammanställning av data från hemsidan ironman.com som hämtats med Webscraper. Materialet består av data från alla officiella IM tävlingar mellan 2002-2016 samt av mäns och kvinnors resultat från de sex största tävlingarna under samma period. Resultaten visade att totalt deltagarantal i IM hade ökat explosionsartat de senaste 15 åren, med 36 % per år i genomsnitt. Även det kvinnliga deltagandet hade stigit, mest i USA och minst i Europa och Nya Zeeland. Elittävlande hade förbättrat sina sluttider marginellt de senaste 15 åren. Tidsskillnaderna mellan elitmän och elitkvinnor var oförändrade i simning och cykling men hade minskat i löpning. Slutsats: Kvinnligt deltagande i Europa var lågt och hade inte förändrats något de senaste åtta åren. Elittävlande i de sex största IM tävlingarna förbättrade sina sluttider under de senaste 15 åren. Skillnaderna mellan de tre bästa män och kvinnor i europa- och världsmästerskapen i IM hade minskat signifikant i löpning under de senaste 15 åren.

Ironman Kalmar has been a yearly occurrence in the city of Kalmar, Sweden for ten years after the previous race, Järnmannen, was picked up by the Ironman organisation. After the takeover, the event has gone from being a national success to being an even greater international success which is shown by the result of Ironmans participation surveys where each year Ironman Kalmar is at the top of many categories. The reason for this can be connected to many different aspects of the race but mainly the proud citizens of the town and their welcoming aura and place attachment, which is present in many parts of the race, from the unique landmarks incorporated into to the course and the first-timers who’ve never done an Ironman before, to the tens of thousands of people in the crowd being present through most of the course cheering for the participants.

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