The San Andreas fault forms the right lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific tectonic plates. At various locations along the San Andreas fault the geometry of the fault surface is much more complex than a straight, vertical, plane. The San Bernardino Mountain segment of the San Andreas fault, in the San Gorgonio Pass region has one of the most complex active fault geometries in southern California due to a left-stepping restraining bend in the San Andreas fault. The evolution of the actively faulting pass has created an intricate network of active and formerly active, dipping and vertical, three-dimensionally irregular fault surfaces. The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of the mechanics of the present day active fault geometry and the evolution in the San Gorgonio pass region, through numerical modeling. We use the three-dimensional Boundary Element Method modeling code Poly3D to simulate different fault configurations. We see that fault geometries that include geologically observed and inferred fault dips match geologic data more accurately than simplified, vertical faults in the San Gorgonio Pass region of the San Andreas fault. The evolution of the San Andreas Fault in the San Gorgonio Pass region over the past million years may follow the principle of work minimization in the Earth’s crust up until the present day configuration.

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San Jacinto 1, an archaeological site located in the savanna region of the north coast of Colombia, South America, reveals evidence for logistically mobile hunter-gatherers who made pottery and collected and processed plants from 5940 ± 60 BP until 5190 ± 40 BP (6000-5000 BC calibrated dates). The site is discussed in terms of the social and economic context of the early evidence of pottery in the New World. Social activities and aggregation are indicated and tied to the use of logistic mobility strategies within a restricted territoriality in a highly seasonal environment. Lithic technology also points to the intensification of plant processing as an early stage in the continuum leading to a dependency on food production. This is the first time that a special-purpose site of this kind has been reported for the American tropics. / San Jacinto 1, un sitio arqueológico localizado en la región sabanera de la costa norte de Colombia, revela la evidencia de cazadores-recolectores que realizaron trabajos de alfarería y procesaron plantas silvestres desde 5940 ± 60 a.p. hasta 5190 ± 40 a.p. (6000-5000 a.C. en fechados calibrados). El sitio es tratado en términos del contexto social y económico de evidencia temprana de alfarería en el Nuevo Mundo. Las actividades sociales y el conjunto de artefactos arqueológicos están relacionados con el uso de estrategias de movilidad logística dentro de un territorio restringido en un ambiente muy estacional. La tecnología lítica se relaciona con el procesamiento de plantas silvestres recolectadas, algo que representa, al parecer, una etapa temprana en el proceso que llevó a una dependencia de la producción de alimentos. Esta es la primera vez que un sitio con propósitos especiales de este tipo es reportado para los trópicos americanos.

Excavations at San Jacinto: A U-Shaped Temple in the Chancay ValleySan Jacinto is the largest U-shaped complex in the Chancay valley. By excavations in 1993 the author was able to propose a fourfold sequence based on ceramic typology and comparisons, especially with Ancon and Curayacu. In phase III evidence of contacts with other sites appear as well as the "Dragonian" style, also found at Ancon, Huacoy, Garagay and Chavin de Huantar, while in phase IV Janabarriu-ceramics seem to be dominant. These ceramic changes apparently are linked to architectural modification of a complex interpreted as the center of a social political system dominating the lower and middle Chancay Valley. / San Jacinto es el complejo en U más grande del valle de Chancay. Por excavaciones llevadas a cabo en 1983, la autora propone una secuencia de cuatro fases basada en tipología cerámica y comparaciones con otros sitios, particularmente con Ancón y Curayacu. En la fase III se observa contacto con otros sitios como la aparición del estilo "Dragoniano" también presente en Ancón, Huacoy, Garagay y Chavín de Huantar. En la fase IV la cerámica es semejante a la de la fase Janabarriu. Cambios correspondientes también se observan en la arquitectura. La autora interpreta San Jacinto como centro de un sistema sociopolítico que dominaba el medio y bajo valle de Chancay.

The goal of this project being to provide a unique strategy that integrates new curriculum, instructional methods, and distance technology to position higher education as a key participant in workforce and economic development.

The Clark fault is one of the primary dextral faults in the San Jacinto fault zone system, southern California. Previous mapping of the Clark fault at its southern termination in the San Felipe Hills reveals it as a broad right lateral shear zone that ends north of the crossing, northeast-striking, left-lateral Extra fault. We investigate the relationship between the dextral Clark fault and the sinistral Extra fault to determine whether the Clark fault continues to the southeast. We present new structural, geophysical and geomorphic data that show that the Extra fault is a ~7 km wide, coordinated fault array comprised of four to six left-lateral fault zones. Active strands of the Clark fault zone persists through the Extra fault array to the Superstition Hills fault in the subsurface and rotate overlying sinistral faults in a clockwise sense. New detailed structural mapping between the San Felipe and Superstition Hills confirms that there is no continuous trace of the Clark fault zone at the surface but the fault zone has uplifted an elongate region ~950 km. sq. of latest Miocene to Pleistocene basin-fill in the field area and far outside of it. Detailed maps and cross sections of relocated microearthquakes show two earthquake swarms, one in 2007 and another in 2008 that project toward the San Felipe Hills, Tarantula Wash and Powerline strands of the dextral Clark fault zone in the San Felipe Hills, or possibly toward the parts of the Coyote Creek fault zone. We interpret two earthquake swarms as activating the San Jacinto fault zone beneath the Extra fault array. These data coupled with deformation patterns in published InSAR data sets suggest the presence of possible dextral faults at seismogenic depths that are not evident on the surface. We present field, geophysical and structural data that demonstrate dominantly left-lateral motion across the Extra fault array with complex motion on secondary strands in damage zones. Slickenlines measured within three fault zones in the Extra fault array reveal primarily strike-slip motion on the principal fault strands. Doubly-plunging anticlines between right-stepping en echelon strands of the Extra fault zone are consistent with contraction between steps of left-lateral faults and are inconsistent with steps in dominantly normal faults. Of the 21 published focal mechanisms for earthquakes in and near the field area, all record strike-slip and only two have a significant component of extension. Although the San Sebastian Marsh area is dominated by northeast-striking leftlateral faults at the surface, the Clark fault is evident at depth beneath the field area, in rotated faults, in microseismic alignments, and deformation in the Sebastian uplift. Based on these data the Clark fault zone appears to be continuous at depth to the Superstition Hills fault, as Fialko (2006) hypothesized with more limited data sets.

Although community colleges offer opportunities for diverse students to achieve their educational goals, African American males continue to rank at the bottom of most academic success measures such as semester-to-semester retention and degree completion. Research shows that factors associated with teaching excellence (how well a faculty member exhibits enthusiasm, clarity, preparation/organization, stimulation, and love of knowledge) should encourage student engagement. The following research questions are proposed for this study: 1. How do faculty discuss teaching excellence relative to the academic engagement of African American males? 2. How do African American male students discuss the importance of faculty members’ race in relationship to their academic engagement? 3. How, if at all, does the age of an African American male student impact his academic engagement? 4. How do first-generation and second-generation collegiate African American male college students differ, if at all, in academic engagement? To conduct this research, a mixed method paradigm will be used. A quantitative instrument will be utilized to identify highly engaged African American male students and those who teach them. Qualitative analysis will lead to discovery of how teaching excellence affects the engagement of the target population of students. This research will add to current literature by examining the impact of the criteria of teaching excellence on African American male students in predominately white community colleges. / text

The nation-state of Texas was forged in the crucible of frontier warfare. From 1822 to 1836, the embattled Anglo-American settlers of Colonial Tejas and the Texas Revolution formed an adaptive mounted arms tradition to facilitate territorial defense and aggression. This evolution incorporated martial influences from the United States, Mexico, and Amerindians, as the colonists first adapted tactically as mounted militia in Anglo-Indian warfare, and then adapted organizationally as nationalized corps of rangers and cavalry during the Texan War for Independence. While the colonial conflicts centered exclusively on counterguerrilla interdiction and expeditions against Native opponents, the revolutionary contest included simultaneous engagement in unconventional and conventional campaigns against tribal warriors and the Mexican Army. These combat experiences resulted in a versatile frontier cavalry tradition based in mobility, firepower, and tactical adaptation, which subsequently served Texas throughout a century of border and wartime conflicts. / text

El presente trabajo analiza la trayectoria como letrado de Jacinto Ventura de Molina (1766-c.1841), un afrodescendiente libre que escribió cartas, memoriales, oraciones y documentos jurídicos sobre diversas materias durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX en Montevideo. Es tal vez el único caso de un escritor afrodescendien te en ese período en el Río de la Plata. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar una descripción densa de su acción en un período de grandes transformaciones, ubicado entre fines del siglo XVIII y las primeras décadas del XIX, en el que cae la dominación colonial española, se dan las guerras por la independencia y se instituye el Estado-nación. En tal sentido procuraré exhibir las tramas de significación que explican a Molina, el proceso de aculturación y alfabetización del que fue objeto, la red de relaciones que fue tejiendo en Montevideo, las dificultades de tomar la palabra en una sociedad racista, su lugar en la cultura letrada montevideana, las implicancias de escribir su propia historia y de asumir la representación colectiva de otros afrodescendientes. En el primer capítulo “Jacinto Ventura de Molina en la ciudad letrada (1766-1837)” reconstruyo la trayectoria letrada de Molina desde la perspectiva del actor y a través de sus manuscritos contrastándola con otra documentación y con la bibliografía sobre el período. Como un ejercicio de microhistoria, a la manera de Carlo Ginzburg, pretendo estudiar a los letrados montevideanos, los modos de circulación de sus textos, la publicación, la educación formal e informal, las reglas de inclusión/exclusión del grupo a través de la perspectiva de un sujeto marginal que la historia dejó a un lado. En el segundo capítulo, “Cultura letrada y etnicidad en el siglo XIX rioplatense”, discuto el concepto de ciudad letrada de Ángel Rama como modelo teórico para entender al letrado como sujeto y sus relaciones con el poder en América Latina. Propongo a su vez ciertos ajustes al modelo y su sustitución por el concepto de cultura letrada a partir de las distintas críticas que el texto ha recibido desde su publicación en 1984. Asimismo recupero un texto de Rama publicado póstumamente y discuto su concepto de cultura a través de los aportes de la antropología contemporánea. En los dos capítulos siguientes abordo dos aspectos específicos de los manuscritos. En el capítulo “Escribir «yo»: mimesis y autobiografía”, analizo el resultado de asumir la palabra escrita y construir un “yo” a partir de la experiencia de ser un hombre negro en una sociedad racista, la importancia de la mimesis con la cultura de los blancos como estrategia básica para construir un yo y las implicancias de este dispositivo mimético en el caso de Molina (Ramos, 1996). Este capítulo se complementa con una perspectiva comparada sobre las autobiografías de esclavos tanto en el ámbito hispanoamericano como en el anglosajón. En el capítulo “Intermediar, representar: Jacinto Ventura de Molina entre esclavos”, estudio la dimensión colectiva de la resistencia de los africanos y sus descendientes en Uruguay y la posición fronteriza que Molina ocupó entre los colectivos de afrodescendientes y el Estado. El trabajo reconstruye el punto de vista de Jacinto Ventura de Molina en la cultura letrada del siglo XIX a través de una perspeciva étnico-racial poco o nada explorada en la historia, la crítica y la teoría de la literatura uruguaya. Creo que su caso permite describir otras posiciones liminares en América Latina y proporcionar herramientas para comprender las posibilidades emancipatorias que la escritura y el accionar colectivo ofrecen a los sujetos subalternos en contextos hostiles como la primera mitad del siglo XIX.