This thesis aims to explore the effects of tight budgetary control on employee behavior focusing on employee loyalty, employee satisfaction, job related tension and tendency towards data manipulation in public sectors. The study explores the subject on the population of three countries which includes Sweden, Jordan and Pakistan. In Pakistan and Jordan, no previous study has ever been performed which tried to explore effects of tight budgetary control in employee behavior. Method: Keeping the above fact in view, method derived for this study was the combination of qualitative and quantitative approach. Questionnaires were formulated and sent to employees of the sampled companies receiving 740 responses. For qualitative method, 5 employees were interviewed from entire three countries. Finding: the study revealed that all three countries are experiencing tight budgetary control whereas Jordan and Pakistan are experiencing it on higher level and Sweden is experiencing it in lower level as compared to Pakistan and Jordan. As far employee behavior is concerned, both the method proved that loyalty was negatively related to tight budgetary control for Pakistan and Sweden whereas positively related in case of Jordan. Satisfaction is also negatively related to tight budgetary control for Sweden and Pakistan while positively related for Jordan. Job related tension and tendency towards data manipulation are positively related to tight budgetary control for all three countries. Research type: Master’s thesis.

O processo de trabalho da enfermagem hospitalar, quando inadequado ao trabalhador que atua nessas instituições, pode trazer danos à sua integridade física e mental, por propiciar a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho típicos (ATTs) e/ou desgastes de variadas naturezas a esse grupo, com repercussões pessoais, sociais e econômicas de expressiva monta. A presente pesquisa foi realizada em um Hospital Universitário da região Norte do Paraná (HU), por meio de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, desenvolvida em duas fases. A primeira, sob o referencial teórico da epidemiologia descritiva, objetivou analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos registros de ATTs notificados pela equipe, elaborar o relatório das ocorrências, estimar indicadores de risco e identificar as 5 Divisões de Enfermagem que apresentaram os seus maiores índices. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio das Comunicações de Acidentes de Trabalho e das Notificações de Acidentes de Trabalho com Material Biológico, realizadas no período entre 1997 e 2002. Para a análise e discussão dos resultados foi preparado banco de dados com a utilização do Programa Epi-Info versão 6.04 C e a Planilha Eletrônica Excel. A segunda fase, com abordagem metodológica da hermenêutica dialética, fundamentada no referencial teórico do materialismo histórico, constou de entrevistas semi-estruturadas das 5 enfermeiras Chefes de Enfermagem das Divisões que mostraram maiores indicadores de risco, da Enfermeira da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar e da Diretora de Enfermagem, com o objetivo de descrever as contribuições que o Relatório dos ATTs trouxe para o serviço, identificar as cargas de trabalho presentes nos processos de trabalho, analisar a relação entre essas cargas e as ocorrências de acidentes, e por fim, descrever medidas preventivas institucionais passíveis de implementação. Para a análise e discussão desses resultados foi utilizado o Programa Informatizado The Ethnograph v. 5.0. Como produto da analise dos dados qualitativos foram eleitas, como categoria analítica ATTs e o processo de trabalho de enfermagem hospitalar e, como categoria empírica, ATTs e as cargas de trabalho de enfermagem. Os resultados evidenciaram que o processo de trabalho no Hospital está organizado para atender a demanda dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, atendimento esse realizado na lógica do modelo clínico, individual, curativo. Foram notificados 392 acidentes no período, sendo 89% (349) os ATTs, cujo coeficiente de risco médio anual (CRMA) estimado foi de 9,2 acidentes para cada 100 trabalhadores. Os mais acometidos foram os técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem, com 93,9% (328) dos casos e CRMA de 10,4. Os acidentes que envolveram exposição aos materiais biológicos foram os mais presentes, com 64,2% (224) das ocorrências, mostrando o CRMA igual a 5,9; que atingiram, principalmente, as mãos dos trabalhadores no manuseio de perfurocortantes. As Divisões de Enfermagem que apresentaram os maiores indicadores de risco, em ordem decrescente, foram: Pronto Socorro, Centro Cirúrgico, Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto, Divisão de Internamento e Divisão Materno-infantil. Verificou-se que o processo de trabalho de enfermagem mostrou-se dividido entre o manual, realizado majoritariamente pelos profissionais de nível médio, e o gerencial, realizado pelos enfermeiros, que estão, gradativamente, assumindo as atividades da assistência direta, especialmente nas unidades de atendimento ao paciente criticamente enfermo. As cargas de trabalho biológicas foram as que representaram os mais relevantes riscos conforme o ponto de vista da gerência, situação confirmada também nos indicadores de risco. As cargas mecânicas têm sido, aparentemente, potencializadas, dado o desgaste e o envelhecimento dos trabalhadores, chegando a impossibilitar parte do grupo de continuar na atividade laboral plena. As cargas químicas e físicas, pouco se levaram em conta, possivelmente em razão de pouco as conhecer o grupo dos trabalhadores. As cargas fisiológicas mostraram estar relacionadas à dupla jornada de trabalho, formal ou informal, às horas-extras e ao pouco tempo para o sono e o lazer. As psíquicas mostraram especial relevância, uma vez que se apresentam de maneira insidiosa, expressando a penosidade do trabalho na vida do trabalhador; ainda, a historia de vida, as dificuldades socioeconômicas pelas quais tem passado um contingente expressivo dos trabalhadores terminam por potencializá-las. O número insuficiente de pessoal, o elevado índice de absenteísmo não previsto, as contingências históricas e sociais vivenciadas na instituição pública fazem com que a realidade dos acidentes fique relegada a um segundo plano, dada a emergência de outras situações existentes no cotidiano. A instituição de espaços de discussão sobre a realidade do trabalho de enfermagem, a maior participação dos trabalhadores nas entidades de classe, as ações educativas amplamente desenvolvidas no Hospital, a implementação do trabalho desenvolvido pelo Setor de Medicina Ocupacional são algumas das medidas preventivas que podem contribuir expressivamente para a melhora das condições de vida e trabalho dessa população, que, se por um lado cuida da saúde dos outros, necessita por outro que a sua própria seja igualmente cuidada. / The work of hospital nursing, whenever inadequate to the workers in this type of labor setting, may be harmful to the mental and physical integrity of workers as it is likely to cause typical accidents and/or damages of several types with highly personal, social and economical impact. This qualitative and quantitative research was carried out in a university hospital of northern Paraná in two phases. Under the theoretical referential of the descriptive epidemiology, the first phase was meant to analyze the epidemiological profile of job-related accidents as notified by the team, to have a report of events, to estimate risk indicators, and to identify the five Divisions of Nursing with the highest risk indices. The data collection was made from the Communications of Job-related Accidents and Notifications of Job-related Accidents as caused by Biological Material in the period between the years 1997 and 2002. The analysis and the discussion of results were based on the data bank using the Epi-Info version 6.04 C program and the Excel Electronic Plan. The second phase of the research, with a dialectic hermeneutic approach and a historical materialism theoretical reference, comprehended semi-structured interviews with 5 Head Nurses from the Nursing Divisions with the highest risk indices, with a nurse from the Committee of Hospital Infection Control and with the Director of the Nursing Division, in order to identify their workload, to analyze the relationship between the workloads and the rate of accidents, and to describe the institutional preventive measures that were likely to be adopted. The computerized Ethnograph v. 5.0 program was used for the analysis and the discussion of these results. As a product of the qualitative data analysis the jobrelated accidents and the hospital nursing work were considered as analytical categories and the job-related accidents and the nursing workload, as empirical categories. The results evidenced that the work in the Hospital is organized in a way to meet the demands of patients from the Brazilian Unified Health System following a clinical, individual, and curative model. There were notifications of 392 accidents in the period under analysis, 89% (349) with average annual risk rate of 9.2 accidents for every 100 workers. Nursing assistants accounted for 93.9% (328) of the cases with 10.4 of risk rate. Most frequent accidents were related to exposition to biological material, 64.2% (224) and 5.9 risk rate, and involving the workers hands due to the use of perforating and cutting objects. In a decreasing rate, the Nursing Divisions with the highest indices of risk were: Emergency Ward, Surgery Theater, Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hospitalization Division and Maternity and Child Division. It was verified that the nursing work was divided between the manual work, most of it carried out by average level professionals, and the managerial work, performed by those nurses who are gradually taking over the duties of direct assistance, especially in the units for critically ill patients. The biological workloads presented the highest rate of relevant risks from the perspective of management and confirmed by their indices of risk. The mechanical workloads have been apparently potentialized due to workers aging and tiredness; a fact that has prevented some of them from keeping their full labor schedule. The chemical and physical loads have not been taken into account; maybe because the group knows very little about them. It was evidenced that the physiological loads related to the double shifts of work, either formal or informal, the overtime hours and the short periods of time to sleep and have some leisure. The psychic loads were seen as of special relevance as they are presented in an insidious way, expressing the hardships of the work, the workers history of life, and the social and economical difficulties a great number of them have experienced; thus these are also potentialized by the workers. The insufficient number of personnel, the high rate of unexpected absenteeism, and the historical and social contingencies experienced in the public entity turn this jobrelated accident context into a not-so-important consideration in face of other existent daily situations. The organization of moments when debates about the nursing work context may take place, a larger participation of the workers in their representative unions, the educational actions developed in the Hospital, and the implementation of the work carried out in the Sector of Occupational Medicine should be some of the preventive measures that could largely contribute for the improvement of the life and work conditions of this group who takes care of other people s health and at the same time needs to have their own health taken care of.

To address commonly cited organizational and personal outcomes in the nursing industry, it is important to identify factors that may mitigate the relationship between workplace stressors and strains such as turnover intentions, job satisfaction, burnout, and injuries. The purpose of the current study is to explore the role of trait resilience on the emotion-centered model of job stress in a sample of U.S. nurses. The study uses a multiwave design to examine the mitigating role of trait resilience on work strains in nurses. In a sample of 185 nurses and 97 multiwave pairs, resilience was found to be significantly related to job-related affect, turnover intentions, job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment. Using multiple regression analyses, the relative effects of four common stressors affecting nurses were compared: interpersonal conflict at work, quantitative workload, emotional labor, and traumatic events. After accounting for the common workplace stressors that nurses experience, interpersonal conflict at work was the only significant predictor of emotional and behavioral strains among nurses. Moreover, resilience was found to moderate the relationship between interpersonal conflict at work and job-related negative affect such that nurses that were high on resilience reported lower job-related negative affect. Given these significant relationships, resilience in the nursing industry should be further explored, as well as the potential for resilience training in the health care sector.

The study reported in this article examines the nature of relationships among job and personal resources, and psychological and behavioral outcomes. A related objective of the study is to uncover whether these relationships vary according to outcome type. Frontline employees of several hotels throughout the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus serve as the study setting. Results and their implications are discussed, and avenues for future research are offered.

Data were collected by an external company for a healthcare service firm interested in learning the job-related attitudes of their employees. Thus, archival data from 1,287 employees were collected for a different purpose. The survey consisted of 117 questions covering a broad range of constructs. Consequently, the items were used to derive effective measures of employee engagement and behavioral outcomes, as well as the emotional, mental, spiritual and physical dimensions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis procedures were used to create scales reflecting these four factors. Interestingly, six scales emerged, logically linking to and further specifying the initial dimensions. These were Organizational Linkage, Manager Relationship, Job Fit, Job Clarity, Work Pressure, and Meaningful Work. To test the hypotheses, six separate regression equations were calculated, which statistically supported modification by each of the dimensions. However, statistical significance of the interactions resulted from having a large sample, given the actual association was too small to be meaningful (e.g., a contribution of 0.6% of the variance). As each of the dimensions had a main effect on the behavioral measure during hypothesis testing, exploratory regression equations were calculated to further understand the interrelationships. Of most interest was finding that in the presence of Engagement, the main effects of only Organizational Linkage and Job Fit reached significance. However, when Engagement was not included, four of the six dimensions made a significant contribution to Behavioral Outcomes. Overall, there was support for previous conceptualizations. From the scientist-practitioner perspective, the six factors identified in this study may be more useful than the four initially proposed. The distinctions give practitioners additional information to use in interventions to improve employee behavior and retention.

Job insecurity in the current global climate has escalated and more organisations are engaged in downsizing and restructuring in an attempt to survive under difficult economic conditions. At the same time, organisations are also exposed to structural reforms and international competition leading to transformations in the labour market. Jordan, Ashkanasy and Hartel (2002) developed a model to explain the effect of job insecurity on employees’ coping behaviour. In their two stage model they propose that perceptions of job insecurity could lead to lower affective organisational commitment and higher job-related stress which in turn could lead to negative coping behaviour. They then include emotional intelligence - a moderator linking the above-mentioned constructs. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether this model will be applicable to a national soft drink company in South Africa. A literature review was conducted to determine how emotional intelligence, job insecurity, affective organisational commitment, job-related stress, and coping behaviour were conceptualised. The relationships between these constructs and the role of emotional intelligence as moderator were also determined. This was done to investigate the model of Jordan et al. (2002). A cross-sectional research design was used for the purpose of this study. Managers of a national soft drink company were the participants. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) (Schutte et al., 1998); the Job Insecurity Questionnaire (JIQ) of De Witte, (2000); the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire of Meyer and Allen (1997); the COPE Questionnaire of Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989); and the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ) of Van Zyl and Van der Walt (1991), including the biographical questionnaire, were utilised. The SPSS programme was used to perform the statistical analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Cronbach alpha coefficients were used to assess the reliability; and explorative factor analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the measuring instruments. Pearson’s product-moment coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the moderating influence of emotional intelligence. It was determined that, in this specific research group, job insecurity has a negative correlation with affective organisational commitment, but job insecurity has a positive correlation with job-related tension. A positive correlation was found between job-related tension and negative coping behaviours, such as denial, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement or alcohol-drug disengagement. A negative correlation was found between job-related tension and affective organisational commitment. Furthermore, job insecurity was found to have a negative correlation with affective organisational commitment. Lastly, problem-focused coping has a positive relationship with emotion-focused coping. All of these correlations were statistically and practically significant. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the moderating effect of emotional intelligence as mentioned above. The results indicated emotional intelligence does not moderate any of the relationships between the constructs. Conclusions and limitations of this research and recommendations for the national soft drink organisation as well as for future research were made. / MA, Industrial Psychology, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

This study was conducted among middle school principals in Virginia to determine their perceptions of job-related stress factors. The entire population of middle school principals (grades 6, 7, 8) was selected to participate in the study. The Administrative Stress Index was used to assess factors that cause principals stress on the job and to measure their stress levels. A demographic data form was used to collect data on the variables of age, gender, administrative experience, assistant principal support, student enrollment, adults supervised, percentage of students receiving free or reduced lunch, location of school, type of school, experience as a middle school principal, and educational attainment to determine if any of these variables correlated with the principals' stress as measured by the Administrative Stress Index. The Administrative Stress Index contained five subscales of seven questions each, which were used to indicate the perceptions of stress factors among the middle school principals in the study. The responses to the questionnaires were analyzed and the following statistics were computed from the data: percentage distribution, content analysis, multiple linear regression, and descriptive statistics. The results of the study suggest that public middle school principals in Virginia are experiencing low to moderate levels of stress in their work and report that they are mainly stressed by administrative constraints such as increased workloads, excessive meetings, time constraints, and unrealistic policy demands. Analysis of multiple linear regression revealed that the culminating effect of the principals' demographic characteristics contributed no more than 27.7% to the prediction of the principals' level of job-related stress. Further research on stress could be conducted among elementary and high school principals and with principals of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. This study indicates a need for increased awareness of the causes of stress experienced by middle school principals experience so that superintendents, school boards, staff, and community can help reduce these stressors.

In recent years, School-Based Agricultural Education has been facing a shortage of secondary teachers, due in part to low retention rates of these valuable educators. In light of this shortage, a multitude of research has been conducted throughout the country on challenges faced by agricultural educators, some as indicators of intent to leave the profession. This thesis sought to synthesize the research conducted on job satisfaction, retention, and attrition of School-Based Agricultural Educators order to identify prevalent problems facing these teachers which may contribute to the decision to leave the classroom. From the research, seven themes emerged as job-related factors contributing to agriculture teacher job satisfaction, retention, and attrition: Work-Life Balance, Workload, Time Management, Student Discipline, Administrative Support, Salary, and Student Motivation.

Job insecurity in the current global climate has escalated and more organisations are engaged in downsizing and restructuring in an attempt to survive under difficult economic conditions. At the same time, organisations are also exposed to structural reforms and international competition leading to transformations in the labour market. Jordan, Ashkanasy and Hartel (2002) developed a model to explain the effect of job insecurity on employees’ coping behaviour. In their two stage model they propose that perceptions of job insecurity could lead to lower affective organisational commitment and higher job-related stress which in turn could lead to negative coping behaviour. They then include emotional intelligence - a moderator linking the above-mentioned constructs. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether this model will be applicable to a national soft drink company in South Africa. A literature review was conducted to determine how emotional intelligence, job insecurity, affective organisational commitment, job-related stress, and coping behaviour were conceptualised. The relationships between these constructs and the role of emotional intelligence as moderator were also determined. This was done to investigate the model of Jordan et al. (2002). A cross-sectional research design was used for the purpose of this study. Managers of a national soft drink company were the participants. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) (Schutte et al., 1998); the Job Insecurity Questionnaire (JIQ) of De Witte, (2000); the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire of Meyer and Allen (1997); the COPE Questionnaire of Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989); and the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ) of Van Zyl and Van der Walt (1991), including the biographical questionnaire, were utilised. The SPSS programme was used to perform the statistical analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Cronbach alpha coefficients were used to assess the reliability; and explorative factor analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the measuring instruments. Pearson’s product-moment coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the moderating influence of emotional intelligence. It was determined that, in this specific research group, job insecurity has a negative correlation with affective organisational commitment, but job insecurity has a positive correlation with job-related tension. A positive correlation was found between job-related tension and negative coping behaviours, such as denial, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement or alcohol-drug disengagement. A negative correlation was found between job-related tension and affective organisational commitment. Furthermore, job insecurity was found to have a negative correlation with affective organisational commitment. Lastly, problem-focused coping has a positive relationship with emotion-focused coping. All of these correlations were statistically and practically significant. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the moderating effect of emotional intelligence as mentioned above. The results indicated emotional intelligence does not moderate any of the relationships between the constructs. Conclusions and limitations of this research and recommendations for the national soft drink organisation as well as for future research were made. / MA, Industrial Psychology, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

A plethora of extant research focuses on the positive outcomes of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). However, there has been a relatively recent shift of focus that sheds light on the changing parameters and workplace perceptions of what such behaviors entail, as well as their adverse outcomes. As organizations and their employees endure changes, work expectations have consequently changed through differing perceptions of job tasks that individuals feel required or obligated to do, even when it is not included in their formal job description. Such feelings point to the concept of citizenship pressure (CP), which this thesis further explores and adds to the relatively little, but growing, research on the construct. Specifically, this thesis explores the relationship between OCB and job-related affective well-being (JAW), and the impact of CP on that relationship. A survey study was conducted to test the hypothesized moderation of CP on the relationship between OCB and JAW. The participants included 59 individuals over the age of 18 who were employed part-time or full-time, either at the time of their participation or within the preceding six months. While the hypothesized model was not significant, supplemental analyses were run on variations of this model. The additional models provided some significant findings that may lead to viable paths for further research. Future research directions, limitations, and practical implications are included.