Arc welding still requires deeper process understanding and more accurateprediction of the heat transferred to the base metal. This can be provided by CFD modelling.Most works done to model arc discharge using CFD consider the arc corealone. Arc core simulation requires applying extrapolated experimental data asboundary conditions on the electrodes. This limits the applicability. To become independent of experimental input the electrodes need to be included in the arcmodel. The most critical part is then the interface layer between the electrodesand the arc core. This interface is complex and non-uniform, with specific physicalphenomena.The present work reviews the concepts of plasma and arc discharges that areuseful for this problem. The main sub-regions of the model are described, andtheir dominant physical roles are discussed.The coupled arc-electrode model is developed in different steps. First couplingsolid and fluid regions for a simpler problem without complex couplinginterface. This is applied to a laser welding problem using the CFD softwareOpenFOAM. The second step is the modelling of the interface layer betweencathode and arc, or cathode layer. Different modelling approaches available inthe literature are studied to determine their advantages and drawbacks. One ofthem developed by Cayla is used and further improved so as to satisfy the basicprinciples of charge and energy conservation in the different regions of thecathode layer. A numerical procedure is presented. The model, implementedin MATLAB, is tested for different arc core and cathode conditions. The maincharacteristics calculated with the interface layer model are in good agreementwith the reference literature. The future step will be the implementation of theinterface layer model in OpenFOAM.

There is a strong industrial driving force to find alternative production technologies in order to make the production of aero engine components of superalloys even more efficient than it is today. Introducing new and nonconventional machining technologies allows taking a giant leap to increase the material removal rate and thereby drastically increase the productivity. However, the end result is to meet the requirements set for today's machined surfaces.The present work has been dedicated to improving the knowledge of how the non-conventional machining methods Abrasive Water Jet Machining, AWJM, Laser Beam Machining, LBM, and Electrical Discharge Machining, EDM, affect the surface integrity. The aim has been to understand how the surface integrity could be altered to an acceptable level. The results of this work have shown that both EDM and AWJM are two possible candidates but EDM is the better alternative; mainly due to the method's ability to machine complex geometries. It has further been shown that both methods require post processing in order to clean the surface and to improve the topography and for the case of EDM ageneration of compressive residual stresses are also needed.Three cold working post processes have been evaluated in order to attain this: shot peening, grit blasting and high pressure water jet cleaning, HPWJC. There sults showed that a combination of two post processes is required in order to reach the specified level of surface integrity in terms of cleaning and generating compressive residual stresses and low surface roughness. The method of high pressure water jet cleaning was the most effective method for removing the EDM wire residuals, and shot peening generated the highest compressive residual stresses as well as improved the surface topography.To summarise: the most promising production flow alternative using nonconventional machining would be EDM followed by post processing using HPWJC and shot peening.

Fügen und Montieren spielt seit jeher eine entscheidende Rolle in der Herstellung von Alltags- bis hin zu Hochtechnologieprodukten. Die Füge- und Montagetechnik ist an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz fast seit ihrer Gründung eine etablierte Wissenschaftsdisziplin. So wurde bereits 1922 an der damaligen staatlichen Gewerbeakademie als erste Hochschule Deutschlands das Fachgebiet Schweißtechnik in Lehre und Forschung eingerichtet. Mit der wissenschaftlichen Fachkonferenzreihe FüMoTeC will das Institut für Füge- und Montagetechnik (IFMT) der Technischen Universität Chemnitz seine laufenden Erkenntnisse in Wissenschaft und Forschung einem breiten Publikum zugänglich machen aber auch eine Plattform für Industrie und Wissenschaft zur Diskussion füge- und montagetechnischer Aspekte bieten. / Joining and Assembly has always played a crucial role in the production of everyday up to high-technology products. These research priorities are well-established scientific disciplines at the Technische Universität Chemnitz almost since its foundation. Already in 1922 at the former state “Gewerbeakademie” the field of welding technology was set up in teaching and research for the first time in Germany. With the scientific conference series FüMoTeC the institute for joining and assembly technology (IFMT) of the Technische Universität Chemnitz wants to present current findings in science and research to a broad audience as well as offering a platform for industry and academia for discussions.

This thesis is about fundamental interaction mechanisms of laser remote fusion cutting, RFC, which is based on the formation of a quasi-stationary laser-induced boiling front that causes drop ejection, preferably downwards. Laser cutting of metals, invented in 1967, has developed from a niche to a well established high quality cutting technique in the manufacturing industry. Usually a gas jet is employed concentric to the laser beam, to eject the molten metal. One technique option, interesting though hardly applied yet because of usually low quality and speed, is remote laser cutting. Two techniques are distinguished, remote ablation cutting, grooving down through a sheet, layer-by-layer, and the here addressed remote fusion cutting, by a single pass through the sheet. For the latter, the ablation pressure from laser-induced boiling at the cutting front continuously accelerates and ejects the melt downwards. Advantages of remote laser cutting, facilitated by high brilliance lasers during the last decade, are the possibility of a larger working distance along with the avoidance of cutting gas and of a gas jet nozzle.   The review paper of the thesis surveys different laser remote cutting techniques, including their modelling, as well as the transition to keyhole welding, owing to similarities particularly from the boiling front and from root spatter ejection. The six Papers I-VI that compose the thesis address fundamental mechanisms of laser remote fusion cutting, theoretically and experimentally. In Paper I a simplified mathematical model of the RFC cutting front enables to estimate the geometrical and energetic conditions of the process. By evidence and post-modelling from high speed imaging, HSI, the simplified smooth cutting front model is developed further to a wavy topology in Paper III, for more sophisticated absorption analysis. As a systematic support, Paper II categorizes and analyses for the first time the different wavy topologies observed at the front, from HSI. The melt dynamics induced by a pulsed laser beam was studied in Paper IV, again from HSI. Apart from other interesting transient melt phenomena it was demonstrated that the ablation pressure can push the melt to a certain pending position during the laser pulse while the melt retreats by surface tension during the pulse break. To engage remote fusion cutting with additive manufacturing, Paper V introduces a novel technique where the drops ejected from RFC are transferred to a substrate, about a centimetre underneath, on which a continuous track forms. This technique can even be applied as an efficient recycling approach. In Paper VI a variant of the technique is presented, to develop a boiling front along the edge of a metal sheet from which the drop transfer takes place, in a different manner. This enables to systematically machine-off the entire sheet, which can be converted to a new shape and product.   Summarizing, the thesis provides a variety of analysis of fundamental mechanisms of a laser-induced boiling front that bear a certain simplicity and in turn controllability, of interest for established as well as for new applications, in manufacturing and in other sectors, including remote fusion cutting.

Fügen und Montieren spielt seit jeher eine entscheidende Rolle in der Herstellung von Alltags- bis hin zu Hochtechnologieprodukten. Die Füge- und Montagetechnik ist an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz fast seit ihrer Gründung eine etablierte Wissenschaftsdisziplin. So wurde bereits 1922 an der damaligen staatlichen Gewerbeakademie als erste Hochschule Deutschlands das Fachgebiet Schweißtechnik in Lehre und Forschung eingerichtet. Mit der wissenschaftlichen Fachkonferenzreihe FüMoTeC will das Institut für Füge- und Montagetechnik (IFMT) der Technischen Universität Chemnitz seine laufenden Erkenntnisse in Wissenschaft und Forschung einem breiten Publikum zugänglich machen aber auch eine Plattform für Industrie und Wissenschaft zur Diskussion füge- und montagetechnischer Aspekte bieten. / Joining and Assembly has always played a crucial role in the production of everyday up to high-technology products. These research priorities are well-established scientific disciplines at the Technische Universität Chemnitz almost since its foundation. Already in 1922 at the former state “Gewerbeakademie” the field of welding technology was set up in teaching and research for the first time in Germany. With the scientific conference series FüMoTeC the institute for joining and assembly technology (IFMT) of the Technische Universität Chemnitz wants to present current findings in science and research to a broad audience as well as offering a platform for industry and academia for discussions.

In recent years a strong interest has been expressed to produce lighter structures.One possible solution to reduce the weight is to utilize high strength steels and use welding as the joining method. Many components experience fatigue loadingduring all or part of their life time and welded connections are often the prime location of fatigue failure. This becomes more critical in welded high strength steels as fatigue strength of welds does not increase by increasing the steel strength. A possible solution to overcome this issue is to use fatigue improvement methods.The main objectives of this project are, therefore, to increase understanding of the factors that control fatigue life and to investigate how the fatigue strength improvement methods; high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment and use of Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) consumables will affect fatigue properties of welds in high strength steels. In this regard, Gas Metal Arc Welding(GMAW) was used to produce butt and fillet welds using LTT or conventional fillers in steels with yield strengths ranging from 650-1021 MPa and T-joint weldsin a steel with 1300 MPa yield strength. The effect of HFMI on fatigue strength of the welds in 1300 MPa yield strength steels was also investigated. Butt and fillet welds in 650-1021 MPa steels were fatigue tested under constant amplitude tensile loading with a stress ratio of 0.1 while T-joints were fatigue tested under constant amplitude fully reversed bending load with a stress ratio of -1. The nominal stress approach was used for fatigue strength evaluation of butt and fillet welds whereas the effective notch stress approach was used in case of T-joints. Relative effectsof the main parameters such as residual stress and weld toe geometry influencing fatigue strength of welds were evaluated. Residual stresses were measured using X-ray diffraction for as-welded and HFMI treated welds. Neutron diffraction was additionally used to investigate the near surface residual stress distribution in 1300 MPa LTT welds.Results showed that use of LTT consumables increased fatigue strength of welds in steels with yield strengths ranging from 650-1021 MPa. For butt welds, the vii characteristic fatigue strength (FAT) of LTT welds at 2 million cycles was up to46% higher when compared to corresponding welds made with conventional fillermaterials. In fillet welds, a maximum improvement of 132% was achieved when using LTT wires. The increase in fatigue strength was attributed to the lower tensile residual stresses or even compressive stresses produced close to the weldtoe in LTT welds. Weld metals with martensite transformation start temperatures around 200 °C produced the highest fatigue strength. In 1300 MPa yield strength steel, similar FAT of 287 MPa was observed for LTT welds and 306 MPa for conventional welds, both much higher than the IIW FATvalue of 225 MPa. The relative transformation temperatures of the base and weldmetals, specimen geometry and loading type are possible reasons why the fatigue strength was not improved by use of LTT wires. Neutron diffraction showed that the LTT consumable was capable of inducing near surface compressive residual stresses in all directions at the weld toe. It was additionally found that there arevery steep stress gradients both transverse to the weld toe line and in the depth direction, at the weld toe. Due to difficulties to accurately measure residual stresses locally at the weld toe most often in the literature and recommendations residual stresses a few millimetre away from the weld toe are related to fatigue properties. However, this research shows that caution must be used when relating these to fatigue strength, in particular for LTT welds, as stress in the base materiala few millimetre from the weld toe can be very different from the stress locally at the weld toe.HFMI increased the mean fatigue strength of conventional welds in 1300 MPa steels about 26% and of LTT welds by 13%. It increased the weld toe radius slightly but produced a more uniform geometry along the treated weld toes. Large compressive residual stresses, especially in the longitudinal direction, were introduced adjacent to the weld toe for both LTT and conventional treated welds. It was concluded that the increase in fatigue strength by HFMI treatment is due to the combined effect of weld toe geometry modification, increase in surface hardness and introduction of compressive residual stresses in the treated region.It was concluded that the residual stress has a relatively larger influence than the weld toe geometry on fatigue strength of welds. This is based on the observation that a moderate decrease in residual stress of about 15% at the 300 MPa stress level had the same effect on fatigue strength as increasing the weld toe radius by approximately 85% from 1.4 mm to 2.6 mm, in fillet welds. Also, a higher fatigue strength was observed for HFMI treated conventional welds compared to as welded samples having similar weld toe radii but with different residual stresses.

Continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics often are offered as impregnated and consolidated semi-finished products which are known as organic sheets. The thermoplastic matrix leads to several advantages including the thermoformability and weldability. Parts made of organic sheets are frequently produced by forming the semi-finished product into half-shells and stiffening those shells in the course of the process e.g. by the injection moulding of ribs. Larger and more complex parts with hollow body structures can be manufactured e.g. by forming the semi-finished products into half-shells and joining the half-shells. However, the currently available manufacturing technologies for parts made of organic sheets have cap profile shaped joints which prevent the use of the reinforcing fibres across the joint plane. Investigations have proven that overlapping weld joints in organic sheets show much higher strengths than cap profile shaped joints which can be explained by the fibre use across the joint plane. Furthermore, the infrared welding technology was verified as an appropriate process for the welding of organic sheets since no need for additional welding material is given, short heating times can be realized and no contact of the infrared emitters to the joining parts is required. Therefore, the present study shall reveal the high potential of the overlapping welding of organic sheets. Influences on the weld strengths of infrared welded organic sheets are described and potential improvements concerning the materials to be welded as well as the welding process are shown.

Endlosfaserverstärkte Thermoplaste werden oftmals als imprägnierte und konsolidierte Halbzeuge angeboten. Solche thermoplastischen Prepregs werden üblicherweise als Organobleche bezeichnet. Die thermoplastische Matrix ermöglicht unter anderem die Warmformbarkeit und Schweißbarkeit von Organoblechen. Organobleche sind, durch die ausschließliche Möglichkeit sie mittels Thermoformen umzuformen, in ihrer Formgebung auf halbschalige Strukturen beschränkt, welche begrenzte Torsions-, Verwindungs- und Beulsteifigkeiten aufweisen. Um die Steifigkeiten dieser schalenförmigen, offenen Bauteile zu erhöhen, können z. B. versteifende Rippen oder Verstärkungssegmente eingebracht werden. Aufgrund des Thermoformprozesses sind mit Organoblechen, verglichen mit duroplastischen Systemen, jedoch nur kleine und einfache Bauteilgeometrien realisierbar. Um neben der Steifigkeitserhöhung auch größere und komplexere Bauteile herzustellen, können die schalenförmigen Organobleche während des Umformvorgangs gefügt werden. Auf diese Weise werden Hohlkörper in Doppelhutprofilform gefertigt. So werden, auch ohne Einbringung von Rippen o. ä., hohe Bauteilsteifigkeiten erreicht. Die Doppelhutprofilform hat jedoch eine nicht optimale Nutzung der Faserverstärkung über die Fügeebene hinweg zur Folge, da die Fasern von der Belastungsrichtung abweichend umgelenkt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird daher das überlappende Infrarotschweißen von Organoblechen behandelt, was eine Faserverstärkung über die Fügeebene hinweg ermöglicht. Die Prozess- und Werkstoffeinflüsse auf die Verbindungseigenschaften werden beschrieben und Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung der Schweißnahteigenschaften dargestellt. Des Weiteren werden Optimierungskriterien für überlappende Infrarotschweißungen an den untersuchten Organoblechen festgelegt. Die im Verlauf der Forschungsarbeiten umzusetzenden Verfahrensvarianten zur Herstellung von Hohlkörperbauteilen aus Organblechen werden zudem vorgestellt.

Aufgrund der komplexen Strahler-Werkstoff-Wechselwirkung beim Erwärmen von Kunststoffen mit Infrarotstrahlung ist in vielen Infrarotschweißprozessen eine Rauchentwicklung zu beobachten. Diese tritt oftmals bei ruß- und/oder glasfasergefüllten Kunststoffen auf und resultiert in einem thermisch-oxidativen Werkstoffabbau, welcher zu einer Abnahme der mechanischen und thermischen Verbindungseigenschaften führt. Die Rauchbildung kann zudem lufttechnische Maßnahmen, wie Absaugeinrichtungen, an der Schweißmaschine erforderlich machen. Der Problematik der Rauchentwicklung beim Infrarotschweißen (IR-Schweißen) von Kunststoffen wird derzeit mit zeitintensiven, empirischen Voruntersuchungen zur Parameterfindung entgegengewirkt. Ziel ist es Strahlerabstands-Erwärmzeit-Kombinationen zu finden, die zu einer ausreichenden Schmelzeerzeugung bei möglichst niedriger thermisch-oxidativer Werkstoffbelastung führen. Ein Ansatz zur Reduzierung des Vorversuchsaufwandes ist die Temperaturmessung der bestrahlten Substratoberfläche, welche unterhalb der Zersetzungstemperatur des bestrahlten Kunststoffs liegen sollte. Derzeitig können jedoch nur ergänzende thermographische und pyrometrische Temperaturmesssysteme eingesetzt werden, welche eine vergleichende Messung der Prozesstemperaturen beim IR-Schweißen ermöglichen und die Prozessstabilität des IR-Schweißprozesses in einem festgelegten Prozessfenster gewährleisten. Eine Messung der tatsächlichen Kunststofftemperaturen ist mit diesen Systemen nicht möglich. Aktuell hat eine Änderung der zu schweißenden Kunststoffe, der Füllstoffe (z. B. Glasfasern) oder ein Schwanken der Füll-und Verstärkungsstoffgehalte der Kunststoffe zur Folge, dass neue Voruntersuchungen zur Prozessparameterfindung des IR-Schweißprozesses notwendig werden. Aufgrund dessen entwickeln die Professur Kunststoffe an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz und die Firma Eugen Riexinger aus Bad Liebenzell eine Temperaturmessmethodik zur Bestimmung der tatsächlich auftretenden Substrattemperaturen während der Infraroterwärmung von Kunststoffen. Die Methodik soll eine IR-Erwärmung von Kunststoffen auf eine kunststoffabhängige Soll-Temperatur ermöglichen und verhindert so die Rauchbildung während der IR-Erwärmung und damit die thermisch-oxidative Werkstoffschädigung. Der Beitrag beschreibt die aktuell auftretenden Herausforderungen beim IR-Schweißen von Kunststoffen, die gewählte Herangehensweise an die Entwicklung der Temperaturmessmethodik zur Bestimmung der tatsächlichen Substrattemperatur sowie die Ergebnisse des Entwicklungsprozesses.

Residual stresses are one of the major challenges in additive manufacturing of metallic materials today. They are induced during manufacturing because of the rapid local heating and cooling and may cause distortions, cracking and delamination between layers. The magnitude of the residual stresses depends on factors such as manufacturing technology, material, part geometry, scanning strategy, process parameters, preheating temperature and density of the component. In the present work, the magnitudes of residual stresses and distortions in austenitic stainless steel 316L components manufactured by Selective Laser melting have been investigated. Four specimens with rectangular cross-sections where produced with different heights and wall thicknesses. The residual stresses were measured by two different methods, x-ray diffraction and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) incremental hole drilling in order to see how well they correspond to each other. The results showed peaks of high tensile stresses in the building direction in all specimens. The magnitudes of stresses were similar in all four specimens. The largest distortions occurred when the wall thickness was increased, and the height was reduced. It was also shown that the measurements made by x-ray diffraction and ESPI incremental hole drilling were not consistent with each other. The latter showed unrealistically high measurements near the surface.