Some special features of polaritons, quasi-particles being normal modes of system of excitons interacting with photons in so called strong coupling regime, are theoretically and numerically analyze in low dimensional systems. In Chapter 1 is given a brief overview of 0D, 1D and 2D semiconductor structures with a general introduction to the polariton field. Chapter 2 is devoted to micro / nano wires. The so called whispering gallery modes are studied in the general case of an anisotropic systems as well as polariton formation in ZnO wires. Theoretical model is compared with an experiment. In the Chapter 3 Josephson type dynamics with Bose-Einstein condensates of polaritons is analyzed taking into account pseudospin degree of freedom. Chapter 4 start with an introduction to Aharonov-Bohm effect, as the best known represent of geometrical phases. An another geometrical phase - Berry phase, occurring for a wide class of systems performing adiabatic motion on a closed ring, is main subject of this section. We considered one proposition for an exciton polariton ring interferometer based on Berry phase effect. Chapter 5 concerns one 0D system : strongly coupled quantum dot exciton to cavity photon. We have discussed possibility of obtaining entangled states from a quantum dot embedded in a photonic crystal in polariton regime.

Nesta dissertação estudamos, no âmbito teórico, algumas propostas recentes de processamento de informação quântica passiva, isto é, descartando protocolos de correção de erros. Recorrendo à criação de subespaços livres de decoerência através de um sistema físico de quatro spins acoplados ao resto do universo por um agente degenerado, mostramos ser possível construir um conjunto universal de portas lógicas (C-NOT, T e Hadamard) neste mesmo subespaço, alcançando, por conseguinte, a realização de qualquer operação computacional, insensivelmente ao resto do universo. Partimos de um hamiltoniano geral com interações individuais de cada spin com campos externos, além de acoplamentos controlados entre pares de spins. Experimentalmente, hamiltonianos deste tipo são comuns no contexto de junções Josephson, motivo pelo qual tratamos esta implementação em um capítulo especial. Introduzindo perturbativamente ao hamiltoniano operadores espúrios ao subespaço livre de decoerência, incluímos sensibilidade do sistema frente ao ambiente, criando a possibilidade da incursão de erros através de mecanismos de dissipação. Tais mecanismos foram investigados em termos da intensidade do parâmetro de acoplamento entre o sistema e o ambiente, revelando uma clara evidência teórica do Efeito Zenão Quântico, através da excelente concordância entre resultados de operações realizadas em subespaços livres de decoerência e operações realizadas em sistemas fortemente acoplados ao resto do universo. Neste sentido, selecionamos a fidelidade como medida de distância entre um estado em evolução a partir de um certo estado inicial do subespaço livre de decoerência (e submetido a dissipação), e um estado em evolução regida pela mesma operação quântica e a partir das mesmas condições iniciais no caso ideal, livre de decoerência. Essa abordagem explícita permitiu-nos obter a razão necessária entre os parâmetros associados a perturbação (que remove o estado do subespaço original) e acoplamento (entendido como a freqüência entre as medidas promovidas pelo resto do universo), para alcançar a eficiência desejada na realização de uma certa porta lógica. Tecnicamente, o trabalho envolveu vários resultados matemáticos novos e operacionalmente úteis, levando a simplificações importantes durante os cálculos envolvidos. / In this dissertation we studied theoretical aspects of some recent proposals of passive quantum information processing, that is, discarding error correction protocols. Falling back upon the creation of decoherence-free subspaces through a physical system of four spins coupled to the rest of the universe by a degenerate agent, we showed to be possible to build a universal set of logical quantum gates (C-NOT, T and Hadamard) in this same subspace, reaching, consequently, the accomplishment of any computational operation, callously to the rest of the universe. We started from a general Hamiltonian with individual interactions of each spin with external fields, besides controlled couplings between spin pairs. Experimentally, Hamiltonians like this are common in the context of Josephson junctions and, therefore, we treated this implementation in a special chapter. Perturbatively introducing spurious operators to the hamiltonian in the decoherence-free subspace, we included sensibility of the system to the environment, creating the possibility of the incursion of errors through dissipation mechanisms. Such mechanisms were investigated in terms of the intensity of the coupling parameter between the system and the environment, revealing an obvious theoretical evidence of the Quantum Zeno Effect, through the excellent agreement between the results of operations accomplished in decoherence-free subspace and operations accomplished in systems strongly coupled to the rest of the universe. In this sense, we selected the fidelity as the distance measure between a state in evolution starting from a certain initial state of the decoherence-free subspace (and submitted to the dissipation), and a state in evolution governed by the same quantum operation and starting from the same initial conditions in the ideal decoherence-free case. This explicit approach allowed us to obtain the necessary quotient between the associated disturbance parameter (that removes the state from the original subspace) and coupling parameter (understood as the frequency between the measurements promoted by the rest of the universe), to reach the efficiency desired in the accomplishment of a logic gate. Technically, the work involved several new operationally useful mathematical results, leading to important simplifications during the involved calculations.

Orientador: Iakov Veniaminovitch Kopelevitch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:43:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GutierrezYatacue_DiegoFernando_M.pdf: 13276293 bytes, checksum: 707c38ac7116b9830e881ac37cc37b9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: No intuito de verificar a existência de correlações supercondutoras em grafite, estudamos a possível existência do fenômeno conhecido como efeito de proximidade gigante em amostras de grafite pirolítica altamente orientada (HOPG). Medidas de magneto-transporte realizadas em amostras de HOPG com eletrodos supercondutores de In ou In-Pb revelaram a ocorrência de efeito de proximidade em uma escala muito maior que o comprimento de coerência dos eletrodos supercondutores, o que indica que a grafite pode ser considerada um supercondutor com flutuações de fase. Além disso, nossos estudos revelaram uma supressão do efeito de proximidade para campos magnéticos da ordem de 1 kOe aplicado perpendicularmente aos planos de grafite. Adicionalmente, realizamos estudos comparativos do efeito de proximidade em bismuto metálico. Discutimos os resultados obtidos em termos de modelos teóricos propostos para este assunto. / Abstract: In order to verify the existence of superconducting correlations in graphite, in this work we studied the possibility of the so-called giant proximity effect in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples. Magnetoresistance measurements performed on various thoroughly characterized HOPG samples with attached superconducting In or Pb-In electrodes revealed the occurrence of proximity effect on a scale much bigger than a coherence length of superconducting electrodes, indicating that graphite can be considered as a phase-fluctuating superconductor, indeed. Besides, our studies revealed a suppression of the proximity effect in magnetic field H ~ 1 kOe applied perpendicularly to graphene planes. Additionally, we performed comparative studies of the proximity effect in semimetallic bismuth. We discuss the obtained results in terms of available theoretical models. / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

En circuit-QED, la technique la plus usuelle pour lire l'état d'un qubit est d'utiliser le couplage transverse entre le qubit et une cavité micro-onde dans la limite dispersive. Cependant, malgré d'importants progrès au cours de cette décennie, obtenir une lecture rapide, en un seul coup et hautement fidèle d'un qubit reste un défi majeur. En effet, la distinction de l'état d'un qubit est limitée par le compromis entre vitesse d'acquisition et précision. Cette limite a pour origine le couplage transverse qui impose deux importantes contraintes expérimentales : premièrement, augmenter les interactions pour lire plus rapidement restreint la durée de vie du qubit via l'effet Purcell. La seconde contrainte est sur la force du signal, qui est limitée pour éviter des transitions non voulues et induites par la mesure. Par conséquent, le défi expérimental à relever avec le couplage transverse est d'acquérir un signal faible en un temps court...Pour surmonter ces limitations, nous voulons changer de paradigme en introduisant un nouveau schéma de lecture qui se base sur un couplage cross-Kerr direct. Ce schéma est obtenu grâce à une molécule artificielle supraconductrice couplée à une cavité micro-onde 3D. La molécule est construite en couplant inductivement deux atomes transmons supraconducteurs. Elle manifeste alors deux modes propres : le mode symétrique qubit transmon et le mode antisymétrique ancilla. En insérant cette molécule dans la cavité de manière optimale, une hybridation transverse entre l'ancilla et la cavité conduit à deux résonateurs faiblement anharmoniques, appelés polaritons. Ces derniers possèdent un couplage cross-Kerr direct et large avec le qubit transmon. En mesurant le signal micro-onde transmis par un polariton, l'état du qubit peut être résolu.Théoriquement, dans ce nouveau paradigme, le qubit est immunisé contre les limitations du couplage transverse tel que l'effet Purcell. Cependant, pour les deux échantillons étudiés, un couplage transverse résiduel existe à cause d'imperfections expérimentales. Même faible, il limite pour l'instant la durée de vie du qubit et nos performances de lecture. Malgré cela, nous avons obtenu une lecture du qubit en un seul coup avec une fidélité allant jusqu'à 97.2 % en 500 ns par une mesure dite de verrouillage grâce à la non-linéarité du polariton. Dans une limite linéaire à faible nombre de photons, nous démontrons une fidélité atteignant 94.7 % en seulement 50 ns de lecture grâce à l'ajout d'un amplificateur paramétrique Josephson. Dans ce régime, les sauts quantiques sont résolus et le qubit est lu de manière non-destructive 99.2 % du temps. / Using the transverse coupling between a qubit and a microwave cavity in the dispersive limit is the most common technique in circuit-QED to readout a qubit state. However, despite important progress in the last decade, implementing a fast single shot high fidelity readout remains a major challenge. Indeed, inferring the qubit state is limited by the trade-off between speed and accuracy. The transverse coupling imposes two significant experimental limitations: firstly, increasing the interaction for faster readout leads to limited qubit lifetime via the Purcell effect. Secondly, the strength of the signal is limited to avoid unwanted measurement-induced transitions. Therefore, the experimental challenge with transverse coupling is to acquire a weak signal in a short time...To overcome these limitations, we want to change this coupling paradigm by introducing a new readout scheme relying on a direct cross-Kerr coupling. This scheme is obtained thanks to a superconducting artificial molecule coupled to a microwave 3D cavity. The molecule is built by inductively coupling two transmon artificial atoms, resulting in two eigenmodes: a symmetric mode, the transmon qubit and an antisymmetric mode, the ancilla. By optimal positioning of the molecule in the cavity, a transverse hybridization between ancilla and cavity leads to two weakly anharmonic resonators, called polaritons. The latter possess a large and direct cross-Kerr coupling with the transmon qubit. By driving one of the polariton, the qubit states can be resolved.Theoretically, in such a coupling scheme, the qubit is immune to the limitation of the transverse coupling such as the Purcell effect. However, for the two studied samples, a residual transverse coupling remains due to experimental imperfections. Even if it is weak, it limits for now the qubit lifetime and the readout performances. Despite this, we observe single shot qubit readout performance with fidelity as high as 97.2 % in a 500 ns latching measurement using the non-linearity of the polariton. In a low photons number linear regime, we report fidelity as high as 94.7 % in only 50 ns thanks to the addition of a Josephson parametric amplifier. In this regime, quantum jumps are resolved and the qubit is measured non-destructively 99.2 % of the time.

Quelques particularités des polaritons, (quasi) particules-modes normaux du système d'excitons en interaction avec des photons en régime de couplage dit fort, sont théoriquement et numériquement analysés dans les systèmes de dimensionnalité basse. Dans le chapitre 1 est donné un bref aperçu en structure 0D, 1D et 2D semi-conductrices avec une introduction générale au domaine des polaritons. Le chapitre 2 est consacré aux micro / nano fils. Les modes de galerie sifflants sont étudiés dans le cas général d'un système anisotrope ainsi que la formation des polaritons dans les fils de ZnO. Le modèle théorique est comparé à l’expérience. Dans le chapitre 3 la dynamique de type Josephson pour les condensats de Bose-Einstein des polaritons est analysé en prenant en compte le pseudospin. Le chapitre 4 commence par une introduction à l'effet Aharonov-Bohm, qui est la phase géométrique la plus connue. Une autre phase géométrique - phase de Berry, qui existe pour une large classe de systèmes en évolution adiabatique sur un contour fermé, est l'objet principal de cette section. Nous avons examiné une proposition d'un interféromètre en anneau avec exciton-polaritons basé sur l'effet phase de Berry. Le chapitre 5 concerne un système 0D: un exciton d’une boîte quantique fortement couplé avec des photons dans une cavité optique. Nous avons discuté de la possibilité d'obtenir des états intriqués à partir d'une boîte quantique embarquée dans un cristal photonique en régime polaritonique. / Some special features of polaritons, quasi-particles being normal modes of system of excitons interacting with photons in so called strong coupling regime, are theoretically and numerically analyze in low dimensional systems. In Chapter 1 is given a brief overview of 0D, 1D and 2D semiconductor structures with a general introduction to the polariton field. Chapter 2 is devoted to micro / nano wires. The so called whispering gallery modes are studied in the general case of an anisotropic systems as well as polariton formation in ZnO wires. Theoretical model is compared with an experiment. In the Chapter 3 Josephson type dynamics with Bose-Einstein condensates of polaritons is analyzed taking into account pseudospin degree of freedom. Chapter 4 start with an introduction to Aharonov-Bohm effect, as the best known represent of geometrical phases. An another geometrical phase – Berry phase, occurring for a wide class of systems performing adiabatic motion on a closed ring, is main subject of this section. We considered one proposition for an exciton polariton ring interferometer based on Berry phase effect. Chapter 5 concerns one 0D system : strongly coupled quantum dot exciton to cavity photon. We have discussed possibility of obtaining entangled states from a quantum dot embedded in a photonic crystal in polariton regime.

The work presented in this thesis investigates transitions between quantum states in superconducting double dots (SDDs), a nanoscale device consisting of two aluminium superconducting islands coupled together by a Josephson junction, with each dot connected to a normal state lead. The energy landscape consists of a two level manifold of even charge parity Cooper pair states, and continuous bands corresponding to charge states with single quasiparticles in one or both islands. These devices are fabricated using shadow mask evaporation, and are measured at sub Kelvin temperatures using a dilution refrigerator. We use radio frequency reflectometry to measure quantum capacitance, which is dependent on the quantum state of the device. We measure the quantum capacitance as a function of gate voltage, and observe capacitance maxima corresponding to the Josephson coupling between even parity states. We also perform charge sensing and detect odd parity states. These measurements support the theoretical model of the energy landscape of the SDD. By measuring the quantum capacitance in the time domain, we observe random switching of capacitance between two levels. We determine this to be the stochastic breaking and recombination of single Cooper pairs. By carrying out spectroscopy of the bath responsible for the pair breaking we attribute it to black-body radiation in the cryogenic environment. We also drive the breaking process with a continuous microwave signal, and find that the rate is linearly proportional to incident power. This suggests that a single photon process is responsible, and demonstrates the potential of the SDD as a single photon microwave detector. We investigate this mechanism further, and design an experiment in which the breaking rate is enhanced when the SDD is in the antisymmetric state rather than the symmetric state. We also measure the quantum capacitance of a charge isolated double dot. We observe 2e periodicity, indicating the tunnelling of Cooper pairs and the lack of occupation of quasiparticle states. This work is relevant to the range of experiments investigating the effect of non-equilibrium quasiparticles on the operation of superconducting qubits and other superconducting devices.