Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 albuquerque_cm_me_sjrp.pdf: 2192673 bytes, checksum: 95c4d486da5e0308e967a8ea5475dd6c (MD5) / A recuperação dos sólidos solúveis presentes na membrana central da laranja, separada durante a etapa de extração industrial do suco, normalmente produz um suco contendo de 5 a 6ºBrix e uma série de outros compostos insolúveis (cerca de 9%), muitos dos quais contribuem para a baixa qualidade do suco, sendo responsáveis pelo amargor e adstringência. O presente trabalho propôs-se a clarificar esse suco contendo sólidos recuperados, empregando um pré-tratamento com enzimas pectinolíticas seguido por tratamento por flotação por injeção de ar comprimido auxiliada por agentes clarificantes: bentonita, sílica sol e colágeno hidrolisado. Constituíram-se os objetivos: (i) a determinação das melhores condições (tipo de enzima pectinolítica, duas hidrolases e duas pectinases, e tempo de incubação) para a degradação enzimática da pectina presente; (ii) a determinação da melhor combinação dos agentes clarificantes visando obter um subproduto clarificado através do monitoramento de parâmetros físico-químicos (capacidade floculante e transmitância) e (iii) a avaliação do processo de flotação com diferentes concentrações de bentonita (500, 1.000 e 1.500 mg L-suco-1 e pressões (490, 680 e 880 kPa) pela determinação do grau de clarificação através de monitoramento da transmitância do clarificado, pela determinação da velocidade de flotação/separação das fases, através da verificação das frações volumétricas das fases separadas (clarificado, sedimentado e flotado), em intervalos de tempos regulares durante o processo de flotação e pela análise do produto final clarificado. Os produtos clarificados foram analisados com relação ao conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e insolúveis, pH, acidez titulável, polpa, transmitância, cor (parâmetros L*, a*, b*) proteína, pectina total, sódio, hesperidina, polifenóis e bioflavonóides. Para o tratamento... / Core membrane of the orange fruit separated during the juice extraction step in the citrus processing industrial plant, is currently submitted to a soluble solids recovery process, normally producing a by product (secondary) juice containing about 5 to 6º Brix and other insoluble components (about 9%), which contribute to the juice’s low quality, since many are responsible for the bitterness and adstringency. This research aimed to clarify this by-product juice containing recovered solids, by enzyme pre-treatment with pectic enzymes, followed by a flotation treatment with compressed air injection using fining agents: bentonite, silica sol and hydrolyzed collagen. The objectives were (i) to determine the best conditions (enzyme type, two hydrolyses and two pectin-liases and incubation time) for the enzyme treatment for pectin degradation; (ii) to determine the best combination of the fining agents to obtain a clarified by-product through monitoring physical chemical parameters (flocculating ability and product transmittance); and (iii) to evaluate the flotation process and the effects of bentonite concentration (500, 1.000 and 1.500 mg L-juice-1) and saturation pressure (490, 680 and 880 kPa) by determining the degree of clarification through monitoring the product transmittance and by determining the flotation rate (and phase separation) through measurements of volumetric fractions of the separated phases (clarified, floated and sediment) over time during the flotation and phase separation processes. Both untreated and clarified juices were analyzed for soluble and insoluble solid contents, pH, total titratable acidity, pulp content, transmittance, color (parameters L*, a* and b*), protein and pectin contents, sodium, hesperidine, poliphenols and bioflavonoids. The results indicates a purified poligalacturonase as the adequate for the enzyme treatment in 1 hour, 45ºC, with 0,05 mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_abstract.pdf: 73887 bytes, checksum: 3f348de8ab7b9bec00479392ed9cc128 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aguardando liberação do SIGILO / Aguardando liberação do SIGILO

The subject of the thesis is study of possible applications of isoform of glutamic acid polymer (-PGA). The theoretical part is focused on the properties of this biopolymer and potential applications in various areas. Producers and mechanisms of biosynthesis are also mentioned. In the experimental part, the polymer was firstly characterised by following methods: FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and SEC-MALS. Its isoelectric point, antimicrobial activity and solubility in various solvents were also determined. The biopolymer was also precipitated by divalent cations and its interaction with oppositely charged CTAB surfactant was studied. The main experimental study was researching the effect of -PGA on viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus under stress conditions by flow cytometry. The performed stresses included ethanol exposure, high temperature and freezing stress, in which its effects were compared to conventional cryoprotectants. The cells of the mentioned microorganisms were also stressed osmotically and exposed to model gastrointestinal juices - gastric, pancreatic and bile. The protective effects of -PGA on the cells were recorded in ethanol stress on Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Its excellent cryoprotection properties were confirmed and its protective effect of gastric juice exposure on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was also observed. At the end of the experimental part, -PGA/alginate beads suitable for encapsulation of probiotic bacteria and -PGA/chitosan nanoparticles for encapsulation of biologically active substances.

Ovocné šťávy jsou celosvětově nejoblíbenějšími nealkoholickými nápoji. Kromě vitamínů a minerálů jsou také bohatým zdrojem polyfenolů, které jsou považovány za látky přispívající k celkové antioxidační aktivitě. Zvyšující se požadavky konzumentů na kvalitu a bezpečnost potravin nutí výrobce k zvyšování výrobních a kvalitativních standardů potravin. Nedávné inovace ve výrobě ovocných šťáv vedly k modifikacím výrobních podmínek, které zahrnují změny ve složení šťávy (např. přídavek ovocné dužiny nebo malých ovocných kousků), vylepšování vlastností obalových materiálů a modifikace produkční atmosféry. Cílem diplomové práce bylo pomocí metod EPR a UV-VIS spektroskopie posoudit vliv různých výrobních postupů na vybrané kvalitativní znaky (antioxidační aktivita, změna barvy a koncentrace vybraných fytochemikálií) pomerančových šťáv s dužinou a ananasových šťáv, a charakterizovat jejich změny v průběhu dlouhodobého skladování. Získané výsledky byly zpracovány metodami multivariační statistické analýzy s cílem posoudit vliv původu suroviny, roku produkce a použitých výrobních podmínek na sledované parametry a celkovou kvalitu ovocných džusů. Výsledky jasně prokázaly, že pasterizace ovlivňuje kvalitu výrobku; ačkoli byla použita „šetrná“ pasterizace, byl u těchto vzorků pozorován mírný pokles prakticky všech monitorovaných parametrů v porovnání s čerstvými – nepasterizovanými šťávami. Avšak pokud jde o po-pasterizační změny, byl prokázán významný vliv produkční atmosféry na monitorované kvalitativní parametry šťáv, prokazující, že náhrada kyslíku inertními plyny může výrazně prodloužit trvanlivost šťáv. Kinetické studie změn sledovaných parametrů na době skladování ukazují, že ve většině případů dochází k postupnému zhoršování všech monitorovaných parametrů, a to bez ohledu na technologii zpracování šťávy. Ve vzorcích vyrobených použitím modifikované atmosféry bylo, v závislosti na typu inertního plynu, pozorováno zpomalení poklesu jednotlivých kvalitativních parametrů šťáv jako výsledek aplikace inertní atmosféry. Tento trend byl zřejmý především pro delší skladovací období, zatímco na začátku skladování (6 - 7 týdnů po výrobě dané šťávy) byly pozorované trendy nejednoznačné. Lze proto předpokládat že tento „ochranný“ efekt inertní atmosféry je ovlivňován fyzikálně-chemickými vlastnostmi jednotlivých plynů, zejména jejich rozpustností v kapalném médiu. Výsledky také prokázaly že vlastnosti šťáv jsou ,bez ohledu na druh ovoce, výrazně ovlivňovány také sezónními vlivy a původem surové šťávy. Z výsledků statistické analýzy vyplývá, že rok výroby je silným diskriminačním faktorem. Na základě všech monitorovaných charakteristik, bylo dosaženo absolutní diskriminace vzorků pomocí kanonické diskriminační analýzy. Pokud jde o původ surovin, byla dosažena pouze částečná diferenciace, i když s poměrně vysokým klasifikačním skóre. Pokud jde o technologii výroby, byla dosažena pouze částečná diferenciace vzorků podle typu použitého inertního plynu. Získané poznatky pomohou výrobcům ovocných šťáv s optimalizací výrobních podmínek s cílem získat výrobek s maximem prospěšných vlastností, které by si udržel po celou dobu expirace, jejíž délka může být také optimalizovány na základě prezentovaných výsledků.

Antioxidant properties and some other characteristics of selected organic and conventional products (wine, spelt flours) were evaluated in view of their potential utilization as markers suitable for food unambiguous differentiation according to the affiliation to production system. Beside these, study of fruit juices stability during storage in dependence on different technological procedures of juice processing was performed. In both cases, combination of dominantly EPR and UV/VIS spectroscopy but also other methods (e.g., HPLC, AAS, electrophoresis) was applied to evaluate the stability and antioxidant properties of selected samples. Statistical methods, especially methods of multivariate statistics were used to assess the influence of production and technological-processing operations on antioxidant status of foods and their selected characteristics. Qualitative analysis of Slovak and foreign organic and conventional wines proved that their antioxidant properties are influenced by production system, vintage and variety. On the basis of statistical analysis, descriptors of AAE, kTEMPOL and %RS were selected as the most powerful markers for Slovak organic and conventional wines discrimination. The discrimination of white and red organic and conventional wines possessed 100% and 95.2% correctness, respectively. High correctness of differentiation of Slovak and foreign wines was also achieved. Monitored descriptors of antioxidant activity of spelt flours varied in dependence on season, origin, variety, production system and depend also on way of spelt treatment, although this effect is not so significant. It was also confirmed that the type of extraction agent substantially affects the composition of extracts including polyphenols and flavonoids concentration, affecting thus also their antioxidant activity. Mixture of 50% ethanol/water was selected as the most promising extraction system. Although the results of individual spectroscopic assays revealed high variability and often ambiguous trends, the differences found were sufficient for successful differentiation of both wines and spelt flour samples according to the selected criteria by multivariate statistical processing of the data. Influence of changes in technological procedures of fruit juice processing (nitrogen atmosphere application, utilization of caps with oxygen scavengers) on radical-scavenging properties of 100% pineapples juices with pieces of pineapple and 100% orange juices with pulp was assessed as well. Results obtained proved that antioxidant activity of juices varied in dependence on storage conditions (temperature, storage time, light exposure) and depends also on origin, variety and quality of fruit used. However, the application of nitrogen atmosphere and active packaging materials is not sufficient enough to eliminate the oxidation reactions in juices, but changes in antioxidant activity are better predictable. It can be concluded that EPR spectroscopy could be effectively applied for wines and spelt flours differentiation according to the way of production and to assess the stability of food products, either alone or in combination of UV/VIS spectroscopy and the other methods, utilizing multivariate statistics for processing of experimental data.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad presentar la idea de negocio de jugos naturales, cuyo nombre es “Juicy Vit”. En la actualidad, las personas están tomando más conciencia por los alimentos y las vitaminas que consumen debido a la pandemia mundial que existe. Por esta razón, nuestro emprendimiento busca contribuir a que las personas tengan los nutrientes necesarios mediante el consumo de jugos naturales hechos a base de frutas que contienen diferentes propiedades que benefician la salud de las personas. Este proyecto está dirigido a hombres y mujeres de 18 a 50 años que pertenecen a niveles socioeconómicos A, B y C que estén interesados en mejorar su alimentación y llevar una vida mucho más saludable. Para el análisis de viabilidad de la propuesta se realizaron diversos experimentos para sustentar la propuesta de negocio y su rentabilidad. Asimismo, se realizaron validaciones de la venta de los jugos naturales y las interacciones con el cliente por medio de las redes sociales.Los canales digitales permitió conocer que esta idea de negocio era muy bien acogida por las personas que interactúan con las publicaciones de las páginas de Facebook e Instagram de Juicy Vit. Por otro lado, se ha podido determinar que el negocio será rentable,ya que de acuerdo a los diversos indicadores financieros se ha podido determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto. Por último, las ventas proyectadas para los próximos 5 años nos brindan resultados positivos por lo que el proyecto es rentable. Esto se debe a que los consumidores debido a la coyuntura actual consumen más productos naturales a base de frutas frescas que no contengan colorantes, etc. Asimismo, evaluando diferentes escenarios entre optimista y pesimista los resultados son beneficiosos para Juyci Vit. / The purpose of this research work is to present the business idea of ​​natural juices, whose name is “Juicy Vit”. Currently, people are becoming more aware of the food they consume due to the global pandemic that exists. For this reason, this venture seeks to help people have the necessary nutrients through the consumption of natural juices made from fruits that contain different properties that benefit people's health.This project is aimed at men and women between 18 and 50 years old belonging to socioeconomic levels A,B and C who are interested in improving their diet. For the feasibility analysis of the proposal, various experiments were carried out to support the business proposal and its profitability. Likewise, the sale of natural juices and interactions with the client through social networks were validated. Digital channels allowed us to know that this business idea was very well received by the people who interact with the publications of the pages on Facebook and Juicy Vit's Instagram On the other hand, it has been determined that the business will be profitable, since according to the various financial indicators it has been possible to determine the profitability of the project. Finally, the projected sales for the next 5 years provide us with positive results, making the project profitable. This is because consumers due to the current situation consume more natural products based on fresh fruits that do not contain colorants, etc. Likewise, evaluating different scenarios between optimistic and pessimistic the results are beneficial for Juicy Vit. / Trabajo de investigación

Thesis (PhD (Viticulture and Oenology. Wine Biotechnology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Although bananas are widely grown worldwide in many tropical and a few subtropical countries, banana beverages are still among the fruit beverages processed by use of rudimentary methods such as the use of feet or/and spear grass to extract juice. Because banana juice and beer remained on a home made basis, there is a research drive to come up with modern technologies to more effectively process bananas and to make acceptable banana juices and wines. One of the main hindrances in the production of highly desirable beverages is the pectinaceous nature of the banana fruit, which makes juice extraction and clarification very difficult. Commercial enzyme applications seem to be the major way forward in solving processing problems in order to improve banana juice and wine quality. The particular pectinolytic enzymes that were selected for this study are Rapidase CB, Rapidase TF, Rapidase X-press and OE-Lallzyme. In addition this study, investigate the applicability of recombinant yeast strains with pectinolytic, xylanolytic, glucanolytic and amylolytic activities in degrading the banana polysaccharides (pectin, xylan, glucan starch) for juice and wine extraction and product clarification. The overall objective of this research was to improve banana juice and wine by enzymatic processing techniques and to improve alcoholic fermentation and to produce limpid and shelf-stable products of clarified juice and wine. The focus was on applying the selected commercial enzyme preparations specifically for the production of better clarified banana juice and wine. This is because the turbid banana juice and beer, which contain suspended solids that are characterised by a very intense banana flavour, require a holistic approach to address challenges and opportunities in order to process pure banana beverages with desirable organoleptic qualities. The specific objectives of applying commercial enzymes in the processing of banana juice and wine, comparing with grape winemaking practices, use of recombinant yeast and analyses of various parameters in the juices and wines made have enabled generation of information that could be of help to prospective banana juice and wine processors. The research findings obtained could be used to establish a pilot plant or small-scale industry in the banana processing beverages producing large quantities,and finally the overall objective of obtaining limpid and shelf stable products would be achieved.

No Brasil os dados sobre a utilização dos sulfitos pela indústria de alimentos e pesquisas sobre o seu consumo são escassos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o nível de sulfitos em sucos de frutas e estimar seu consumo por escolares de 5ª. a 8ª. séries de escolas públicas, do ensino fundamental, do município de São Caetano do Sul-SP, Brasil. Foi aplicado questionário de freqüência de consumo de alimentos (QFCA) em 313 escolares, sendo 56,9 % do sexo feminino e 43,1 % do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 14,7 anos. Os alimentos sulfitados mais consumidos foram os néctares ou sucos de frutas, o açúcar refinado, as batatas fritas congeladas, o coco ralado, o suco de caju e as frutas secas e cristalizadas. Considerando os limites máximos permitidos (LMP) pela legislação brasileira, o consumo de SO2, em mg SO2/kg pc/dia, foi de 0,12 mg SO2/kg pc/dia, sendo que este valor médio corresponde a 17% da IDA (0,7 mg SO2/kg pc/dia). Já os resultados das análises dos sucos de frutas demonstram que a análise por injeção em fluxo (Flow injection analysis - FIA) modificada obteve resultados de sulfitos nas amostras analisadas com menor variação do que aqueles obtidos pelo método Monier-Williams (M-W) otimizado, e que nenhuma amostra ultrapassou os LMP. / In Brazil there are no data on use of sulphites by the food industry and research on their consumption by population. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate sulphites in fruits juices and estimate intake sulphites in a group of 5th 8th schoolchildren of public schools in São Caetano do Sul-SP, Brazil. It was applied a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 313 schoolchildrens (56.9% female, 43.1% male and average age 14.7 years). Sulphited products identified were fruits juices, sugar, frozen chips, grated coconut, cashew juice and dried fruits. Considering maximum permitted levels (MPL) stabilished by Brazilian legislation, none of the students exceeded the ADI of 0.70 mg SO2/kg bw/day, with average of consumption of 0.12 mg SO2/kg bw/day (17 % of the ADI). The results of the fruits juices analysis demonstrated flow injection analysis (FIA) modified obtained better results than optimized Monier-Williams method (M-W) and no sample exceeded the MPL.

<p>Sprovedena studija po prvi put izve&scaron;tava o prisustvu patulina, sekundarnog metabolita određenih vrsta plesni, u proizvodima od jabuka, kao i proceni rizika usled unosa patulina od strane odojčadi, dece, adolescenata i odrasle populacije u Republici Srbiji. Ukupno 356 uzoraka sokova i ka&scaron;ica za odojčad i malu decu (48 i 66, redom), sokova za decu (mala pakovanja sa cevčicom, 100) i sokova u porodičnom pakovanju (142), sakupljeno je sa trži&scaron;ta tokom tri godine i analizirano primenom tečne hromatografije sa ultraljubičastom detekcijom, metodom koja je predhodno validirana. Prisustvo patulina je detektovano u 44% i 17% uzoraka sokova i ka&scaron;ica za odojčad i malu decu, redom, u količinama nižim od zakonskog ograničenja od 10 &mu;g/kg (maksimalno 8,3 i 7,7 &mu;g/kg, redom). Udeo kontaminiranih uzoraka među sokovima za decu iznosio je 43%, sa najvi&scaron;om koncentracijom patulina od 30,2 &mu;g/kg ispod maksimalno dozvoljenog nivoa od 50 &mu;g/kg. Patulin je detektovan u 51% sokova u porodičnom pakovanju, sa 0,7% uzoraka iznad zakonske granice od 50 &mu;g/kg (prosečna koncentracija 4,3 &mu;g/kg). Sokovi od jabuka su pokazali značajno vi&scaron;i udeo kontaminiranih uzoraka (74% u odnosu na 28%), kao i vi&scaron;i prosečni sadržaj patulina (6,4 u odnosu na 2,1 &mu;g/kg) u poređenju sa sokovima od me&scaron;anog voća. Procena rizika usled unosa patulina od strane odojčadi, dece, adolescenata i odrasle populacije u Republici Srbiji, sprovedena primenom determinističkog i probabilističkog pristupa, uključujući rezultate biodostupnosti patulina, pokazala je da je odnos između procenjenog dnevnog unosa i toksikolo&scaron;ke referentne doze za patulin od 0,4 &mu;g/kg telesne mase, koji se označava kao &ldquo;hazard quotient&rdquo;, znatno ispod 1, &scaron;to ukazuje na tolerantan nivo izloženosti i nepostojanje razloga za zabrinutost za zdravlje populacije. Dodatno, analiza ostataka pesticida i toksičnih metala potvrdila je bezbednost proizvoda od jabuka na trži&scaron;tu. Međutim, identifikacija vi&scaron;estrukih ostataka pesticida je razlog za aktivan pristup i pažljivo planiranje i sprovođenje monitoringa bezbednosti hrane, posebno hrane za odojčad i malu decu, kao najosetljivije populacione grupe.</p> / <p>This study reports for the first time the occurrence of patulin, a secondary metabolite of certain fungi, in apple-based food, as well as risk assessment related to patulin intake by infants, children, adolescents and adults in Serbia. In total, 356 samples of infant fruit juices (48), infant pur&eacute;e (66), juices for children (small package with straw, 100), and juices in family package (142) were collected from the market over three years (2013&ndash;15) and analysed using validated method based on liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Patulin was found in 44% of infant juices and 17% of infant pur&eacute;e, with all values below the legal limit of 10 &mu;g/kg (maximum 8.3 and 7.7 &mu;g/kg, respectively). The proportion of contaminated samples among fruit juices for children was 43%, with the highest patulin concentration at 30.2 &mu;g/kg, not exceeding the maximum allowed level of 50 &mu;g/kg. Patulin was found in 51% of juices in family package, with 0.7% of the samples in excess of the legal limit of 50 &mu;g/kg (mean 4.3 &mu;g/kg). Apple juices showed significantly higher percentage of contaminated samples (74% versus 28%), as well as higher mean patulin content (6.4 versus 2.1 &mu;g/kg) when compared with the multifruit ones. Risk assessment of patulin intake by Serbian infants, children, adolescents and adults, conducted by deterministic and probabilistic approaches and including the bioaccessibility results, revealed a ratio between exposure and toxicological reference dose for patulin of 0,4 &mu;g/kg body weigth, called hazard quotients, well below 1, indicating a tolerable exposure level and no health concern. Furthermore, analysis of pesticide residues and toxic metals confirmed safety of apple products on the market. However, identification of multiple pesticide residues is a reason for an active attitude and carefully planned and conducted monitoring of food safety, expecialy in the case of food for infants and young children, as they are the most susceptible population group.</p>

No Brasil os dados sobre a utilização dos sulfitos pela indústria de alimentos e pesquisas sobre o seu consumo são escassos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o nível de sulfitos em sucos de frutas e estimar seu consumo por escolares de 5ª. a 8ª. séries de escolas públicas, do ensino fundamental, do município de São Caetano do Sul-SP, Brasil. Foi aplicado questionário de freqüência de consumo de alimentos (QFCA) em 313 escolares, sendo 56,9 % do sexo feminino e 43,1 % do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 14,7 anos. Os alimentos sulfitados mais consumidos foram os néctares ou sucos de frutas, o açúcar refinado, as batatas fritas congeladas, o coco ralado, o suco de caju e as frutas secas e cristalizadas. Considerando os limites máximos permitidos (LMP) pela legislação brasileira, o consumo de SO2, em mg SO2/kg pc/dia, foi de 0,12 mg SO2/kg pc/dia, sendo que este valor médio corresponde a 17% da IDA (0,7 mg SO2/kg pc/dia). Já os resultados das análises dos sucos de frutas demonstram que a análise por injeção em fluxo (Flow injection analysis - FIA) modificada obteve resultados de sulfitos nas amostras analisadas com menor variação do que aqueles obtidos pelo método Monier-Williams (M-W) otimizado, e que nenhuma amostra ultrapassou os LMP. / In Brazil there are no data on use of sulphites by the food industry and research on their consumption by population. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate sulphites in fruits juices and estimate intake sulphites in a group of 5th 8th schoolchildren of public schools in São Caetano do Sul-SP, Brazil. It was applied a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 313 schoolchildrens (56.9% female, 43.1% male and average age 14.7 years). Sulphited products identified were fruits juices, sugar, frozen chips, grated coconut, cashew juice and dried fruits. Considering maximum permitted levels (MPL) stabilished by Brazilian legislation, none of the students exceeded the ADI of 0.70 mg SO2/kg bw/day, with average of consumption of 0.12 mg SO2/kg bw/day (17 % of the ADI). The results of the fruits juices analysis demonstrated flow injection analysis (FIA) modified obtained better results than optimized Monier-Williams method (M-W) and no sample exceeded the MPL.