Uppsatsen skall utreda och analysera en byggherres rätt till ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör när det föreligger samordnad generalentreprenad med AB 92 som avtalsvillkor mellan byggherren och generalentreprenören. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt är Bravidadomen, där en byggherre inte gavs rätt att utfå ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör. Flera frågor blir aktuella, t ex om det föreligger något avtalsförhållande mellan en byggherre och en underentreprenör och vilka avtalsvillkor som i så fall skulle vara tillämpliga dem emellan. Vidare undersöks om en underentreprenör kan hållas ansvarig gentemot en byggherre på utomobligatorisk grund, samt huruvida en skadelidande kan välja att utfå ersättning från skadevållaren på kontraktsrättslig eller på utomobligatorisk grund.

This study proposes a navel method for continuously particle sorting utilizing cascade squeeze jumping effect under microfluidic configuration. Microparticles with different sizes can be successfully separated at different stages of squeezing sheath flow. The method is based on that particles can not flow stably within a flow stream with the smaller stream width than their sizes. Big particles will jump from their original flow stream into the wider neighboring sheath flow. In this study, we have successfully designed and fabricated two kinds of particles/cells sorters using MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical Systems) technology. The proposed microchip device includes a multi-stage sheath flow particles/cells sorter and an improved design of a cascade squeezed flow scheme. In the study, theoretical formulations, computer simulations and experimental operations are used to analyze the flow field in the microchip and evaluate the sorting performance of the devices. Results show the good sorting performance with cell recovery rate of 87.7% and yield rate of 94.1% can be obtained using the proposed micro particles/cells sorter. Furthermore, it is also important to continiously prepare reagents for in-column bio-chemical reactions. Therefore, this study presents a sheath-flow based microfluidic device for concentration fraction delivery of liquid samples. The simple and novel structure proposed in this study is able to prepare reagent with different concentration and is also easy to be integrated with other multifunctional microfluidic device. In order to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed concentration fraction delivery device, this study designs an integrated microchip device for in-line preparation of lysin reagent for cell lysis and an integrated T-form microfluidic mixer for demonstration of RBC lysis in the same microchip. Reagents for cell lysis are firstly prepared by the concentration faction delivery part of the chip. The prepared reagent is mixed with RBC sample downstream in the reaction channel using the T-form mixer. Results show a high RBC lysing rate of upto 100% in 10 mm downstream the T-junction can be achieved utilizing the proposed chip. In this study, we have successfully demonstrated three kinds of microfluidic device including a micro particles/cells sorter, a concentration fraction delivery device and a cell lysis reactor. Numerical analysis and experimental investigation confirm the proposed concepts and performance of the microfluidic devices. The contributions of the study are highly potential for developing a low-cost bioreactor system in the

Highly effective and power efficient biological mechanisms are common in nature. The use of biological design principles in engineering domain requires adequate training in both engineering and biological domains. This requires cooperation between biologists and engineers that leads to a new discipline of biomimetic science and engineering. Biomimetic is the abstraction of good design from nature. Because of the fact that biomimetic design has an important place in mechatronic applications, this study is directed towards biomimetic design of grasshopper-like jumping mechanism. A biomimetic design procedure is developed and steps of the procedure have followed through all the study. A literature survey on jumping mechanisms of grasshoppers and jumping robots and bio-robots are done and specifically apteral types of grasshoppers are observed. After the inspections, 2D and 3D mathematical models are developed representing the kinematics and dynamics of the hind leg movements. Body-femur, femur-tibia and tibia-ground angles until take-off are obtained from the mathematical leg models. The force analysis of the leg models with artificial muscles and biological muscles are derived from the torque analysis. A simulation program is used with a simple model for verification. The horizontal displacement of jumping is compared with the data obtained from the simulation program and equation of motion solutions with and without air resistance. Actuators are the muscles of robots that lead robots to move and have an important place in robotics. In this scope, artificial muscles are studied as a fourth step of biomimetic design. A few ready-made artificial muscles were selected as an actuator of the grasshopper-like jumping mechanism at the beginning of the study. Because of their disadvantages, a new artificial muscle is designed and manufactured for mini bio-robot applications. An artificial muscle is designed to be driven by an explosion obtained due to the voltage applied in a piston and cylinder system filled with dielectric fluid. A 3.78-mm diameter Teflon piston is fitted with a clearance into a Teflon cylinder filled with a 25.7- mm fluid height and maximum 225 V is applied to the electrodes by using an electrical discharge machine (EDM) circuit. The force on the piston is measured by using a set-up of Kistler piezoelectric low level force sensor. The data obtained from the sensor is captured by using an oscilloscope, a charge meter, and a GPIB connecting card with software, Agilent. From the experiments, the new artificial muscle force is about 300 mN giving a 38:1 force to weight ratio and percentage elongation is expected to be higher than that of the natural muscles and the other artificial muscles. From the force analysis of the leg model, it is shown that the measured force is not enough alone for jumping of an about 500 mgr body. An additional artificial muscle or a single muscle designed with the same operating principle giving higher force to weight ratio is recommended as a future study.

The purpose of this study was to display increase in eccentric hamstring strength after 10-weeks training program. Secondly, if such an increase occurred, would this strength change result in altered landing kinetics and improved jumping performance? 27 recreational female athletes assigned into experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 13) groups. Baseline measures of landing kinetics were collected using a force plate, strength data and proprioceptive measurements were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer and vertical jump performance were determined by a jumping mat. Results indicated that NHST group increased their eccentric hamstring strength after eccentric strength training program (week-1 = 233.6&plusmn / 27.5, week-10 = 253.8&plusmn / 28.4 Nm/kgbw / p&lt / .05). The results demonstrated that there were significant differences in landing mechanics for NHST group. PVGRF (week-1 = 6.2&plusmn / 0.9, week-5 = 5.3&plusmn / 0.9 / p&lt / .05), PAPGRF (week-1 = 1.1&plusmn / 0.2 &amp / week-10 = 0.8&plusmn / 0.3 / p&lt / .05) and APImp results demonstrated significant differences in trained group (week-1 = 78.1&plusmn / 13.6 &amp / week-10 = 67.8&plusmn / 9.2 / p&lt / .05). NHST group exhibited significant increase in vertical jumping ability (week-1 = 0.25&plusmn / 0.0 &amp / week-10 = 0.27&plusmn / 0.0 cm / p&lt / .01). This study supported the following points: 1) increases in the eccentric hamstring strength were evident after NHST program, 2) the increases in isokinetic strength were sufficient to cause alterations in landing kinetics to decrease the applied joint forces, so the NHST program would be an influential factor in decreasing the lower extremity injuries, and 3) the increase in the efficiency of force transfer at the final take off phase of jumping contributed to a higher performance in vertical jump.

Darbo tikslas - įvertinti 13 – 16 metų moksleivių fizinį išsivystymą bei jų aktyvumą 2005 – 2006 metais. Skyriuje „Literatūros apžvalga“ supažindinama su vaiko biologijos tyrimų raida, vaikų augimo ir vystymosi ypatumais, vaik�� augimų ir brendimų, kaip svarbiais bendros sveikatos būklės rodikliais, antropometriniais matavimais, apžvelgiamos moksleivių morfologinės būklės poslinkiais per pastaruosius 20 metų. Nurodomos naujai patvirtintos antropometrinių tyrimų normos. Skyriuje „ Darbo rezultatai „ vertinami 2005 – 2006 metų rugsėjo – spalio mėn. tyrimų metų surinkti 13 – 16 metų moksleivių antropometriniai parametrai, analizuojamas fizinis aktyvumas bei nustatomas ryšys tarp dviejų kintamųjų: ūgio ir šuolio į tolį bei ūgio ir atsilenkimų skaičiaus per 30s, taip pat kūno masės ir šuolio į tolį bei kūno masės ir atsilenkimų skaičiaus per 30s. Išanalizavus duomenis, suformuojamos galutinės išvados. Ryšys tarp moksleivių fizinio išsivystymo bei fizinio aktyvumo kūno kultūros pamokose yra vidutinis. 2006 metais 13 – 16 metų merginų padaugėjo aukštaūgių ir vidutinio ūgio merginų ir sumažėjo žemaūgių, negu buvo 2005 metais. Vaikinų 13 – 16 metų nei 2005, nei 2006 metais nebuvo aukštaūgių, be to 2006 metais padaugėjo žemaūgių, negu buvo 2005 metais. Tyrimų duomenis rodo, kad 2006 metais 13 – 16 metų merginų sumažėjo turinčių per didelę kūno masę, taip pat sumažėjo turinčių vidutinę masę, padaugėjo - mažos kūno masės, negu 2005 metais. Vaikinų 13 – 16 metų, pagal duomenis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The goal of the work (paper) is to evaluate the physical development and activity of the 13-16- year – old pupils in 2005 – 2006. In the part “The Review of the Literature” it is acquainted with the development of the teenagers’ biological researches, with some peculiarities of teenagers’ growing and development, with the their growing and maturation as the most important parameters of the common health’s condition, with anthropometrical measures; the changing of pupils’ morphological condition during the last 20 years is reviewed. The recently confirmed and recommended standards of pupils’ anthropometrical researches are indicated. In the part “The Results of the Work (Paper)” the collected in September – October 2005 – 2006 anthropometrical parameters of the 13 – 16 - year - old pupils are evaluated; the physical activity during is analyzed and the relation between this component is clarified: the height and the jumping into the length as well as the height the rejections’ number per 30s, in addition to this the weight and the jumping into the length as well as the weight and the rejections’ number per 30s. After analyzing of all the data, the last conclusion were drown. The relation between pupils’ physical development and physical activity is average. The number of the 13 – 16 – year – old high and middle – high girls is increased in 2006 in comparison to 2005. There are not high boys in the group of the 13 – 16 – year – old boys nor in 2006 neither in 2005; in addition... [to full text]

Karatė kyokushinkai yra viena iš populiariausių dvikovinių sporto šakų Lietuvoje. Jėga, galingumas, lankstumas ir pusiausvyra yra svarbiausios fizinės ypatybės norint tapti pajėgiu karatė kovotoju (Probst et al., 2007; Violan et al., 1997). Yra žinoma, kad pliometrinės treniruotės (PT) gali ženkliai padidinti jėgą, galingumą ir greitumą nesportuojantiems (Drinkwater et al., 2009) ir suaugusiems sportininkams (Terzis et al., 2009), tačiau trūksta duomenų ar PT gali pagerinti 11 – 13 m. intensyviai sportuojančių karatė kyokushinkai vaikų fizinį pajėgumą. Taip pat nėra žinoma, ar po 6 savaičių PT programos padidės specifinių karate kyokushinkai smūgių (Gyaku tsuki, Mae geri ir Mawashi geri) jėga. Tyrimo tikslas: Nustatyti 6 savaičių trukmės PT įtaką 11-15 m. amžiaus karatė kyokushinkai sportininkų jėgos, greitumo, galingumo ir specifinių karatė smūgių rezultatams. Siekiant patvirtinti arba paneigti tyrimo hipotezę buvo iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti 6 savaičių trukmės PT įtaką 11-15 m. amžiaus karatė kyokushinkai sportininkų jėgos, greitumo ir galingumo rezultatams. 2. Nustatyti 6 savaičių trukmės PT įtaką 11-15 m. amžiaus karatė kyokushinkai sportininkų specifinių smūgių jėgai. Metodai: Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 36 sportininkai, 11-15 m amžiaus berniukai Tauragės karatė kyokushinkai sporto klube “TAURUS” sportuojantys 2-4 metus, pratybose dalyvaujantys 3 kartus per savaitę. Prieš ir po 6 savaičių PT programą (Vissing et al., 2008) buvo nustatytas tiriamųjų dinaminės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / It is known, that PT can significantly increase strength and power. We raise the hypothesis that the 6 week PT will improve speed and power performance of 11-15 years old karate kyokushinkai athletes, while significant improvement in these results only slightly increase karate stroke force (due to failure to comply with the principle of specificity). The purpose of the research was to estimate how 6 week PT affects power, speed, strength and specific karate strokes performance of 11-15 years old karate kyokushinkai athletes. In order to confirm or refute the hypothesis the following tasks have been raised: 1. To estimate how 6 week PT affects power, speed and strength performance of 11-15 years old karate kyokushinkai athletes. 2. To estimate how 6 week PT affects specific karate strokes performance of 11-15 years old karate kyokushinkai athletes. Methods: 36 athletes participated in the research, 11-15 aged boys, which have been trained in Taurage karate kyokushinkai sport club “TAURUS” for 2-4 years and having training 3 times a week. Before and after the 6 week PT program (Vissing et al., 2008) it was determined the electrically evoked, isometric and dynamic force moment of the subjects‘. During isometric contraction vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and biceps femoris muscles electrical activity (EMG) were recorded. Jump height, 30 m. running, Illinois agility test results and the power of specific kyokushinkai kiks (Gyaku tsuki, Mae geri and Mawashi geri) have been... [to full text]

The physical education of physical education students of the VPU is carried out during the academic sports training and during the training session of a chosen sport. The number of hours of academic sports training differs in the course of four years as well as differ the sports skills of every student. Therefore a scientific problem and a practical need to establish if the system of sports studies by branches has the influence on the level of sports students education, and to identify the changes in third and fourth year of studies, after the students have been through the study programs and have adjusted themselves to the social environment, arise. The goal of the paper is to analyze the indexes of speed, jumping ability and power of the physical education students and to establish their level and changes occurring in the third and the fourth year. One of the key tasks during the physical training is to develop the need in a student for physical education, to form motives which encourage his/her physical activeness, self-development and self-expression. The third year students of physical education, both male and female, were checked up at the laboratory of the VPU in the middle of every academic year. The results of the investigation showed, that the study programs of physical education students, which cover lectures and training, supports or inconsiderably increase the indexes of speed, power , ability to jump and by this provider the opportunity for normal... [to full text]

The purpose of the study was to determine the affect of SkyFlex training would have on jumping ability. The SkyFlex is a shoe constructed with a forefoot platform elevating the heel. The design purports enhancement of the stretch reflex in the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles. The SkyFlex includes an Airlon Flexfit sock liner designed to keep the ankle warm during training, minimizing tightness and flexibility reductions. Division I varsity male volleyball players (n= 17) were tested for the following: standing vertical jump, approach jump, court sprint, shuttle run, and anthropometry. Two-way AN OVA found no statistical significance (p<0.05) on any of the variables except for the differences between sessions of reaction forces. SkyFlex test group Ankle flexibility decreased with dorsiflexion while the control group increased both dorsal and plantar flexion. Based on the results of this study, training in the SkyFlex does not provide training advantages over training in a regular athletic shoe. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the jump landing impact absorption kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the four subject groups: a) male high school athletes, b) female high school seasonal athletes, c) female high school year-round athletes, and d) female college athletes who train year-round. Subjects dropped onto a force platform from a height of 40 centimeters. Variables analyzed were flexibility, strength, Fz, Fy, and Fx force, free moment, range of motion, contact and maximum angles, time to maximum angle, contact and maximum angular velocities, and time to maximum angular velocity. Significant differences among subject groups were determined through use of a factorial analysis of variance and Scheffe' post hoc test.A difference was noted in the landing patterns of males and females. Male subjects exhibited a significantly longer time to first vertical peak force. This longer time may allow for greater initial force attenuation; however, the male athletes had a significantfy greater second peak force. Males also differed significantly from females in anteroposterior and mediolateral force.The differences in method of force attenuation may be due to significantly greater ankle eversion shown by the males and greater knee flexion used by the females. Additionally, the males had significantly greater leg strength, which may have allowed them to increase the time to first peak.The year round female high school athletes were found to use the best biomechanical landing method. They had a greater range of motion in the knee and ankle, and subsequently produced the lowest amount of vertical and anterio-posterior force. / School of Physical Education

The impact forces at landing are predominately absorbed by the hip, knee and ankle joints. Fatigue has been shown to increase the amount of work performed by the ankle and to reduce the work performed by the knee during landings. The purpose of this study was to assess the kinematic lower extremity motion and kinetic patterns during landings to fatigue, with and without ankle brace usage. Nine recreationally active males (n = 7) and females (n = 2) performed repetitive drop jumps to fatigue for an un-braced and braced condition. Kinematic and kinetic variables were assessed during the first 100 ms after ground impact. Due to the high skill level of the participants, none of the individuals reached a fatigued state. No significant main effect of fatigue was demonstrated on ankle work (p= 0.260). There was no significant main effect due to fatigue on the hip (p= 1.000), knee (p= 1.000) or ankle (p= 0.636) relative work contributions. Fatigue caused a shift toward a more erect landing position at initial ground contact (IGC). No significant main effect of the brace on hip (p= 0.437), knee (p= 0.283) or ankle (p= 0.314) angles was observed at IGC angles. The use of Ankle Stabilizing Orthosis® (ASO) ankle braces caused a shift toward greater knee contribution in a fatigued state. Plantar flexion angles were decreased the most during the braced un-fatigued condition. There was an inverse relationship between knee and hip angles as compared to ankle angles at IGC. When the hip and knee joint displayed less flexion at IGC, the ankle balanced the positions out by landing in more plantar flexion. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science