published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This study focused on a 1978 teacher strike in the Verde Unified School District, Verde, Arizona, and was designed to investigate the impact the strike had on these teachers' attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. These factors were examined in terms of: perceptions of the strike issues and causes; influences by significant others to strike or not to strike; personal relationships with significant others prior to, during, and after the strike; viewpoints or perceptions of the strike; personal attitudes concerning professionalism and what it meant to be a professional; and experienced feelings of stress. A questionnaire was developed and administered to forty junior high school teachers to investigate their attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors concerning the strike. The theoretical framework developed for this study, drawn from the literature of perceptual psychology, was used to examine and discuss the data regarding the teachers' attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. The theoretical framework consisted of the following five categories: The Development and Maintenance of an Adequate Self, The Perceptual Field as a Determinant of Behavior, The Concept of Resistance to Attacks on the Self, The Concept of Economic Welfare as Related to Politics and Human Dignity and the Concept of Self-Maintenance of an Organization or System. Teacher respondents reported the following perceptions regarding the strike and their participation in it: (1)Issues and Causes of the Strike: The most significant perceived issue of the strike, as reported by the junior high school teacher respondents, was "The loss of the established negotiating policy" and a "Challenge to personal dignity." The respondents felt that the strike resulted because of "The way the Board and the District's central administration handled the issues." (2)Influences by Others to Strike or Not to Strike: The respondents reported that they were significantly influenced to strike or not to strike by the teachers' association and by teachers in their respective schools. The respondents indicated that they communicated with teachers in other schools when they were unable to talk to fellow teachers in their own schools. (3)Personal Relationships with Significant Others Prior to, During, and After the Strike: Personal relationships figured as a significant influence in each teacher's decision to strike or not to strike. At the building level, principals were perceived by the respondents as administrative representatives and as such were viewed as threatening and lacking empathy. The striking teacher respondents reported that a special feeling of camaraderie developed among the strikers on the picket lines. The strikers, furthermore, reported supportive relationships existing between themselves, the parents, and the students. (4)Viewpoints or Perceptions of the Strike: From the striking respondents' point of view, the strike was perceived as a phenomenon which they had hoped would never occur. From the non-strikers' point of view, though, the strike was perceived as a battle between two major forces, the National Education Association and the National School Board Association. (5)Personal Attitudes Concerning Professionalism and What it Meant to be a Professional: Professionalism, the teacher respondents reported, meant being involved with and having input into such issues as curriculum development, classroom management, class size, and discipline procedures. The respondents indicated that they had been denied the opportunity to participate in these matters. (6)Experiences of Stress: Stress played a significant role in the strike process from beginning to end. The data indicated many stressful and agonizing moments spent reaching the decision to strike or not to strike. Strained personal relationships developed and appeared to have evoked much stress. For non-strikers especially, the entire stike process was reported to have been stressful.

This survey study utilized two self-report questionnaires for the purpose of clarifying the interdependent relationship among the following variables: (a) the academic aspirations of junior and senior secondary school students (b) their knowledge about British Columbia public college and university general academic admission criteria, (c) the geographical location of the students (urban or rural). Over all, the students who participated in the study showed high academic aspirations, but little awareness of the nature of post-secondary admissions policies. Few students were fully aware of the open admissions policies of their local community colleges and most students incorrectly identified most of the non-academic items (such as attitude and fitting in socially) as being important for admission. Students with post-secondary academic aspirations and urban students were more aware of the academic expectations of their local universities and colleges. Among males, grade nines, and students not planning to attend college or university, rural students were less knowledgable than urban students about post-secondary admission criteria.

A Comprehensive Career Needs Survey was designed to assess the career needs of junior high and senior high school students. The survey consisted of questions regarding students, teachers, parents, counselors and administrators evaluation of career education and support needs in Southern Alberta. Due to the recent research that suggests that adolescent perceptions of their needs, often differ from teacher or parent perceptions, it was important to examine how adolescents perceive "career" and "occupation" and how this perception evolves overtime and through developmental stages. Quantitative results show that the themes of "occupation" and "career" do not differ significantly across grade level, nor are there any prevalent themes within grade levels. However, the results of the qualitative research suggest that the way in which individuals think about these themes does evolve throughout developmental stages. Based on this research, it is suggested the Career Education begin earlier, be more integrated and comprehensive. In addition, increased adolescent involvement in future needs assessments is also recommended. Implications for teachers and counselors will be discussed. / ix, 108 leaves ; 28 cm.

The purpose of the study was to measure student attitudes toward Clay Middle School and selected components of the school in South Bend, Indiana, and to compare the results of student achievement, attendance, and dropout rate from the two years prior to the implementation of the intermediate school program with the results of student achievement, attendance, and dropout rate three years following the implementation of the intermediate school program. The study was limited to include all students in grades 7-9 in the Clay attendance district from 1970-75 and to a sample of all Clay Middle School certified staff members with school-wide responsibility.Two questionnaires, together with computer scored standardized tests, computer-generated attendance data, and a tally form for recording dropouts were used to collect the data. The first questionnaire was administered to the sample of Clay Middle School staff and was used to establish the credibility of the Clay Middle School program as a middle school. The second questionnaire was administered to Clay Middle School students in grades 7-9 from 1972-75 to collect data on attitudes toward school. The standardized tests were the Cooperative School and College Ability Tests and the Sequential Tests of Educational Progress from Educational Testing Service and were administered to seventh and ninth grade students in the Clay attendance district to evaluate any change in student achievement. The attendance data and ninth grade dropout data were collected for all students in grades 7-9 from the Clay attendance district from 1970-75 and were used to determine any change in student attendance and ninth grade student dropout rate.The data collected throughout the study indicated:The following basic middle school principles were implemented to a high degree in the Clay middle School program: student services, exploratory and enrichment programs, continuous progress, auxiliary staffing, team teaching, use of multimedia, and physical experiences. The following basic middle school principles were implemented to a low degree in the Clay Middle School program: student security factors, flexible schedule, intramural activity, and planned gradualism.Most students held positive attitudes toward the open concept intermediate school program as implemented at Clay Middle School.Almost all of the Clay Middle School students were able to become well-adjusted and effectively oriented toward Clay Middle School.Most Clay Middle School students considered the course offerings at Clay Middle School adequate.A sizeable minority of Clay Middle School students was dissatisfied in regard to certain aspects of the courses offered in the open classroom areas and suggested more teacher involvement in student learning problems.Nearly one-half of the Clay Middle School students considered the faculty and staff at Clay Middle School unresponsive and unavailable.A majority of the Clay Middle School students had an overall positive feeling toward the school. The physical layout of the Clay Middle School building was serviceable to the basic needs of students.The changes in student achievement as measured by the standardized tests at Clay Middle School from two years prior to the implementation of the intermediate school program to three years following the implementation of the intermediate school program were minor and could not be attributed to the Clay Middle School Program.The changes in student attendance in the Clay attendance district from two years prior to the implementation of the intermediate school program to three years following the implementation of the intermediate school program were minor and could not be attributed to the Clay Middle School program.12. The percentage of ninth grade dropouts in the Clay attendance district decreased as a result of the ninth grade being a part of the intermediate school unit.

本研究旨在瞭解資深輔導教師面對個案哭泣行為的處遇行動，研究透過文獻分析、實地訪談資深教師、分析受訪資料，而形成研究發現、結論與建議，以及自我反思。 研究目的有三： 一、 探討國中資深輔導教師如何看待不同輔導階段的個案哭泣行為。 二、 探討國中資深輔導教師在不同輔導階段如何處理個案的哭泣行為。 三、 探討國中資深輔導教師由資淺到資深面對個案哭泣行為之歷程轉變，提供新進輔導教師面對個案哭泣行為處理之掌握。 研究過程一共訪談五位資深輔導教師，以故事軸線的方式，呈現輔導教師們在個別輔導上的經驗。資淺階段的教師們，經歷初期的慌張、急切、不知從何反應的心情寫照與處遇行動，在督導的提醒、經驗的累積、回顧與反思，跨越初期的障礙，並在態度、心情、資源的連結上，有所轉變。進入資深階段後，對於個別輔導三階段，個案落淚哭泣的狀況，在五位資深教師的口中，涵括了各種更深度的意義，對於三階段哭泣意涵的解讀，亦讓輔導教師們在處遇行動上展現了不同的方法與訣竅，並提供給新進教師在處遇行動上的建議。 根據分析結果得知，「研究發現」哭泣個案需要專業輔導人員來處理；處遇 受到性別、時間、輔師議題、導師與家長的限制；以及說明衛生紙的提供與否有不同需要注意的地方。「研究結論與建議」統整了國中資深輔導教師對不同輔導階段個案哭泣行為的解讀與處遇、說明結案階段個案因彼此的關係、輔導架構、以及畢業可隨時回校見到輔導老師，而較少出現個案哭泣的現象，並整理了資淺到資深階段面對個案哭泣行為的轉變；在「研究建議」上，包含對新進教師與未來研究兩部份提出建議。研究最末，研究者針對研究歷程和研究影響省思。 / This research is focus on experienced junior high school counselors deal with the cry of clients. According to the analysis of reference, interview of senior teachers, we can deduce some suggestion, conclusion and introspection. There are three objectives for this research: 1. To realize how junior high school counselors perceive to cry of client of different phase of counseling. 2. To realize how junior high school counselors deal with cry of client of different phase of counseling. 3. What is the difference between the junior and senior on client treatment, and provide new comer some experience of counseling. According to interview five experienced junior high school counselors, the research express as a story form, and provided suggestions for new junior high school counselors and new research.

本研究旨在瞭解國民中學校長分散式領導與學校教育成效現況，並探討國民中學校長分散式領導對學校教育成效之影響。本研究採用調查研究法，自編「分散式領導量表」與「學校教育成效量表」，以八個縣市的公立國民中學正式教師為研究對象，並另外發送校長版問卷以求得校長基本資料。藉由專家效度審查與預試回收有效教師問卷173份，進行項目分析、一階驗證性分析、二階驗證性分析以及信度分析，以形成正式問卷。正式問卷發送1000份教師問卷和100份校長版問卷，回收有效教師問卷567份，回收率為56.7%。本研究以描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、多變量變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關以及結構方程模式等統計方式，對回收資料進行分析。 本研究獲致之結論如下： 一、國民中學校長分散式領導實施現況，尚稱良好。 二、校長分散式領導目前最需加強的是學校「情境」文化部分。 三、校長分散式領導目前表現最好的前三項指標是「校長謙遜有禮」、「校長鼓勵團隊合作」、「校長有清楚的學校願景」。 四、校長分散式領導目前表現最差的三項指標是「本校教職員工勇於嘗試學校新事物」、「本校會依同仁的實際表現來評鑑教職員工的績效」、「本校針對表現不佳的同仁會給予改善建議」。 五、國民中學學校教育成效現況方面，教師部分尚稱良好，學生部分尚可。 六、國民中學學校教育成效，教師成效表現最好的是「教師信任」，最差的是「教師學習」。 七、國民中學學校教育成效方面，學生成效表現最好的是「學生教育機會均等」，最差是「學生學習」。 八、教師因「教師擔任職務」不同，知覺校長分散式領導有顯著差異。 九、教師因「教師性別、教師擔任職務」不同，知覺學校教育成效有顯著差異。 十、教師因「學校規模、校史、學校地區」不同，知覺校長分散式領導有顯著差異。 十一、教師因「學校規模、校史、學校地區」不同，知覺學校教育成效有顯著差異。 十二、教師因「校長性別、校長曾經主要任教領域」不同，知覺校長分散式領導有顯著差異。 十三、教師因「校長性別、校長年齡、校長最高教育程度、校長曾經主要任教領域」不同，知覺學校教育成效有顯著差異。 十四、分散式領導與學校教育成效（學生、教師），均有高度正相關。 十五、校長分散式領導可以有效的預測學校教育成效。 根據研究結果分別提出對教育行政機關、校長以及未來研究的建議如下： 一、對教育行政機關的建議 (一) 宜多辦理教育理念與教育革新議題的相關研習給教師進修。 (二) 舉辦分散式領導相關研習，鼓勵學校成員參與。 (三) 檢視校史達60年以上的學校之教師責任與教師信任。 (四) 建立更有效的學校成員績效評鑑機制。 (五) 加強鄉鎮地區的教育成效關注。 (六) 在學生教育機會均等的進步上，可以參考「導師」的建議。 二、對校長的建議 (一) 校長宜增加與學校成員的互動機會。 (二) 校長可以多鼓勵學校成員嘗試學校新事務。 (三) 學校宜建立更專業發展的回饋機制。 (四) 鼓勵教師主動研究與學習。 (五) 提升學生學習動機。 (六) 關心學生自我概念與具備優良公民美德的能力。 (七) 支持學校成員團隊合作。 三、未來研究的建議 (一) 研究對象：包括不同層級的校長、家長、學生對分散式領導的知覺均為 可能的研究對象。 (二) 研究工具：針對不同研究對象發展不同的問卷。 (三) 研究變項：家長背景亦為可行之研究變項。 (四) 研究方法：加入質性研究加以後續探討。 (五) 統計方法：探討更複雜的分散式領導與各種教育內涵的線性關係。 / The study was to understand the current status of the distributed leadership for junior high principals and effectiveness of school education and to probe into the influences of the distributed leadership for junior high principals on the effectiveness of school education. In this study, I adopted the investigation method, self-prepare the “Distributed Leadership Scale” and the “Effectiveness of School Education Scale”, and took the public junior high school formal teachers in 8 counties/cities as my research samples. Then, I additionally distributed questionnaires to principals for basic information. Through the expert review of validity and pretesting on 173 effective questionnaires, I conducted the item analysis, first order confirmatory factor analysis, second order confirmatory factor analysis, and the reliability analysis to construct the formal questionnaires. Then, 1000 formal questionnaires were issued to the teachers and another 100 questionnaires were issued to the principals with 567 effective teacher questionnaires returned, i.e., 56.7% return rate. Also in this study, I analyzed the returned data by using the descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (or one-way ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (or MANOVA), Pearson's correlation and simple linear regression and the structural equation models. The study concludes as follows： 1. The current implementation status of the distributed leadership for junior high principals was moderately good and what needs to be improved most is the “cultural environment” part. 2. The top 3 indexes of the distributed leadership for junior high principals were that “the principal is civil”, that “the principal encourages teamwork”, and that “the principal has a clear vision for the school” while the bottom 3 indexes were that “the faculty staff at this school are brave to try new things”, that “the faculty at this school evaluate each other’s performance based on reality”, and that “the school recommend improvement to the underperforming staff.” 3. For the current status of effectiveness of junior school education, it was moderately good for teachers and above average for the students; Teachers performed best at “teacher trust” but worst at “teacher learning” while students performed best at “equal educational opportunities for students” but worse at “student learning.” 4. For teachers, there was a significant difference in the consciousness of the distributed leadership for principals due to different “teachers positions”, “school size, history, and districts”, and “principal genders and main teaching fields in the past” while there was a significant difference in consciousness of the effectiveness of school education due to different “teacher genders and positions” and “principal genders, ages, and the highest levels of education.” 5. There was a high positive correlation between the distributed leadership and the effectiveness of school education (both for students and teachers) and through the distributed leadership for principals, I could effectively predict the effectiveness of school education. Recommendations for the educational administration, principal, and future research are as follows: Recommendations for the educational administration I recommend the educational administration conduct more workshops concerning further educational believes and innovations for teachers, hold the distributed leadership, encourage school members to participate in relevant workshops, review teacher responsibility and trust at the 60-year-old or older schools, build a more effective school member performance evaluation mechanism, enhance its focus on the educational effectiveness in the rural areas, and refer to “recommendations for the mentors” based on the equality of educational opportunities for the students. Recommendations for the principals I recommend the principals increase opportunities for school member interactions, encourage school members to try new things more, build a more professionally developed mechanism for the students, encourage the teachers to research and learn actively, promote students’ learning motivation, care about student self-concepts and virtues of citizens, and support teamwork at school. Recommendations for future research I recommend the future research include different levels of principals, parents, elder siblings, and students, and their consciousness in distributed leadership in research objects, develop various questionnaires for various research objects in research instruments, include parents and elder siblings in feasible research variables, supplement with qualitative research for further probe in research methods, and probe into the linear relationship between the distributed leadership of more complexity and all kinds of educational contents in statistical methods.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1932.