Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK) is one of the most popular arts festivals in South Africa, but ticket sales have alarmingly declined since 2005 resulting in the Festival already being in a decline phase of its product life cycle. This has a negative impact on the Festival's economic impact and future sustainability. It is therefore vital to increase the ticket sales in order for the Festival to maintain a steady growth rate. Market segmentation can assist the Festival's marketers/organisers to address this problem by identifying the high spending segment at the Festival since they stay longer and are keener to buy tickets supporting the Festivals shows/productions. Market segmentation is the process of dividing the festival market into smaller, more clearly defined groups that share similar, needs, wants and characteristics. The more detailed the knowledge of the needs and motives of potential visitors, the closer the Festival can get to a customised festival program creating greater satisfaction, long-term relationships, repeat visits and an increase in tickets supporting the shows/productions. The main purpose of this study was therefore to determine the spending behaviour of visitors the KKNK by means of establishing the determinants which influence visitor's expenditure and by applying expenditure-based segmentation in order to determine the high spending segment at the Festival. To determine the above goal, the study is divided into 2 articles. Research for both the articles was undertaken at the Festival and data obtained from 2005 to 2008 were used. Questionnaires were interview-administered and distributed randomly during the course of the Festival. In total 1940 questionnaires have been completed in the visitor survey since 2005. Article 1 is titled: "Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of visitor spending at the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival." The main purpose of this article was to identify the various socio-demographic and behavioural determinants that influence visitor spending at the KKNK. This was done in order to determine which visitors spend most at the Festival and which determinants are most significant in determining their expenditure levels. A regression analysis was used as an instrument to achieve the mentioned goal. Results indicated that occupation, distance travelled, length of stay, the reason for attending the Festival and preferred type of shows/productions were significant determinants that influence the amount of money visitors spent at the Festival. These results generated strategic insights on marketing for the festival in order to increase visitor spending especially on purchasing more tickets for shows/productions. Article 2 is titled: "Expenditure-based segmentation of visitors at the Klein Karoo National Arts festival." The main purpose of this article was to apply expenditure-based segmentation to visitors at the KKNK in order to identify the high spending segment at the festival. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were significant differences between the different expenditure groups. The Festival's market was divided into high, medium and low expenditure groups. Results revealed that the high spenders at the Festival were distinguishable from the low spenders based on their longer length of stay, older age, higher income, main reason to attend the Festival and preferred type of shows/productions. These results were used to compile a complete profile of the high spenders and how the Festival's appeal can be maximised in order to attract more high spenders. This research therefore revealed that certain socio-demographic determinants influence visitor's spending behaviour at the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival. There are further two distinct expenditure groups at the Festival, namely a high and low expenditure group. Knowledge of the determinants which influence visitor spending can be used in combination with the profile of the high spenders to maximise the Festival's appeal in order to attract more high spenders who buy tickets supporting the Festivals shows/productions. This will lead to an increase in ticket sales, a greater economic impact and ultimately to the continuous sustainability of the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Research in tourist behaviour follows the cognitive approach. This contains the behavioural cycle of stimulation (motivation and intention formation), the actual behaviour and experience, and finally the evaluation of consequences. These stages are referred to in tourism as: the pre-trip experience (motivation and intention formation), travel stage (actual behaviour) and the post-travel stage (evaluation of the travel experience). The characteristics, which influence tourist behaviour, indicate that travel motivations are the result of how tourists behave (tourist behaviour). These characteristics are: the decision-making process, demographical factors, marketing mix, external/social factors and internal/ psychological factors (motivations). Motivations to travel have a major influence on the travel behaviour of tourists. Tourists' motivations to satisfy their needs directly influence their behaviour, or the actions they take, in order to satisfy these needs. Due to its impelling and compelling nature, motivation is considered to be one of the most important variables in explaining tourist behaviour. As countries and destinations strive to increase their share of the international and national tourism market, it becomes important to understand why people travel and why they choose a specific ecotourism destination. If travel motivations of tourists are known to the product, it will be an aid when developing a competitive marketing strategy. From the literary review, the following travel motivations occurred regularly: leisure, excitement, socialisation, relaxation, family togetherness, escape, culture, novelty, attractions, knowledge seeking, adventure, prestige, nature, facilities, recreation, attributes, nostalgia, photography, exploration and activities. The literary review further revealed that there are travel motivations commonly found with regard to tourism destinations, and on the other hand, there are travel motivations which are product related. The aim of this research was to determine the travel motivations of tourists to selected national parks in South Africa: Karoo-, Kgalagadi Transfrontier- and Tsitsikamma National Parks. Secondary data was used to determine the visitors' profile, as well as the factor analysis on travel motivations. For the visitors' profile, 286 questionnaires were administered for Karoo National Park, 468 for the Tsitsikamma National Park and 582 for Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park. For the factor analysis, 318 questionnaires were administered for Karoo National Park, 673 for the Tsitsikamma National Park and 534 for Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park. Primary data was used to determine the reasons for visiting these parks. 101 Questionnaires were administered for Karoo National Park, 192 for the Tsitsikamma National Park and 104 for Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park. The foremost findings of the research were divided into three categories, namely: visitors' profile, reasons for visiting the parks and travel motivations. Regarding visitors profile; it was found that profiles for the three parks were quite similar, except for the following: expenditure of tourists at Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park, where the average spending of tourists was higher and directly linked to the duration of stay; duration of stay indicated that tourists visiting Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park stayed longer. Two major markets were revealed by the research for all three parks, namely: Gauteng and Western Cape, with the exception of Tsitsikamma National Park, which had a third market of importance, namely Eastern Cape. This information is important when developing marketing strategies. It was especially evident that 4x4 vehicles are the preferred mode of transport for visitors to Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park. Therefore, this park can be marketed as a 4x4 destination. From these results one can conclude that the profile of tourists to the three selected national parks showed minor differences. Primary data was used to determine the reasons why tourists visit the selected parks. Among the most important travel reasons why tourists visit the selected parks, was: to relax, for family recreation, to get away from regular routine and for the benefit of the children. The factor analysis regarding travel motives revealed the following: five factors were identified for Karoo National Park and six factors were identified for both Tsitsikamma- and Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Parks. Results illustrated that these parks have common and unique motives. Common travel motives in these parks include: park attributes, escape and relaxation, as well as knowledge seeking. Unique to Karoo National Park, was attractions and family togetherness, compared to photography and adventure for Kgalagadi Transfrontier National Park, and adventure and attractions for the Tsitsikamma National Park. A combined factor analysis was also conducted, which showed knowledge seeking, park attributes, as well as escape and relaxation as the most important travel motives of tourists visiting the three selected national parks. This research, therefore, confirmed that different attractions and destinations feed different travel motives, even when classified as similar types of products. Marketers can use this information to position these parks and to develop better marketing strategies, to enable national parks to outwit their competitors. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the social impacts of arts festivals with reference to the KKNK and to make a comparison between the different cultures (white and coloured). This goal was achieved by firstly conceptualising culture. Secondly, a literature study was conducted in order to examine the social impacts of events. Thirdly the results of the empirical research were discussed, and lastly conclusions were drawn from the research and recommendations were made with regard to the social impacts of events, as well as further research. From the literature, social impacts were defined as the changes in the norms and values of society that are more apparent in the short-term. It was noted that when tourists vacate to a specific destination, visible impacts are notices. Events can, however, provide employment opportunities, promote international peace and pride, as well as promote educational and cultural experiences. It can also lead to increased levels of irritation, crime, drug and alcohol abuse and cultural change. These positive and negative impacts were measured by means of a questionnaire, as adapted from Fredline. The objective of the questionnaire is therefore to measure whether the community is positive or negative towards the festival, and whether there were any differences in the social impacts when comparing the results of the white and coloured communities. The questionnaire was distributed amongst the community members of Oudtshoorn, based on a stratified sampling method, followed by a random sampling method. A total of 258 questionnaires were completed, 110 from the white community and 148 from the coloured community. Two factor analyses were performed to determine the social impacts factors in order to determine differences in the social impacts on the white community and the social impacts on the coloured community. The first analysis resulted in eight factors and accounted for 58.1% of the total variance and was labelled as: community issues, negative impacts, everyday living, social opportunities, economic impacts, community rights, visitors and environmental impacts. The second analysis resulted in four factors that accounted for 59.54% of the total variance and were labelled according to similar characteristics which included: development opportunities, community involvement, motivational factors and social risks. Means and standards deviations had been determined, after which the affected sizes were determined to explore the differences between the social impacts on the white community and on the coloured community on the dimensions of the various factors as determined in the factor analysis. It is clear that there is a small affect (0.2-0.4) on the two communities. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the social impact of arts festivals with reference to the ABSA KKNK. This goal was achieved by firstly analysing the social impact phenomena and the role thereof in events tourism. Secondly, a literature study was conducted in order to examine events as tourism products. Thirdly the results of the empirical research were discussed. Lastly conclusions were drawn from the research and recommendations were made with regard to the social impact of events as well as further research. From the literature, social impact was defined as the changes in the norms and values of society that are more apparent in the short-term. It was noted that when tourists vacate to a specific destination, visible impacts are noticed. Events can however provide employment opportunities, promote international peace and pride, as well as promote educational and cultural experiences but it can also lead to increased levels of irritation, crime, drug and alcohol abuse and cultural change. These positive and negative impacts were measured in the questionnaire, as adapted from Fredline and it was therefore the objective of the questionnaire to measure whether the community is positive or negative towards the festival, and whether there were any differences in the social impact when comparing the results of 2006 and 2007. The questionnaires were distributed in the community of Oudtshoorn based on a stratified sampling method followed by a random sampling method. A total of 444 questionnaires were completed, 179 in 2006 and 265 in 2007. On a positive note respondents agreed on the following aspects in 2006 and 2007: the public money spent on the ABSA KKNK would be better spent on other things, media coverage of the ABSA KKNK promotes development in Oudtshoorn and the basic skill base for event management in Oudtshoorn has increased. On a negative note respondents agreed on the following aspects in 2006 and 2007: ordinary residents get no say in the planning and management of the festival and traffic congestion is a problem. The positive impact has increased from 2006 to 2007. Two factor analyses were performed to determine the social impact factors in order to determine differences in the social impact of 2006 and 2007. The first analysis resulted in nine factors which accounted for 56.85% of the total variance and were labeled as: community issues, damage to the environment, community activities, local business and community opportunities, pricing, public facilities, traffic, disturbances and visitors. The second analysis resulted in three factors that accounted for 44.22% of the total variance and were labelled according to similar characteristics which included: community opportunities, community problems and community image. Means and standards deviations were determined after which the effect sizes were determined to explore the differences between the social impact for 2006 and 2007 on the dimensions of the various factors as determined in the factor analysis. It is clear that a small effect (0.2-0.4) exists between 2006 and 2007 concerning local business opportunities (0.25), pricing of goods (0.24), community activities (0.35), public facilities (0.39) and community activities (0.48). There were therefore no huge differences in the social impact between 2006 and 2007. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (MA)--Universiteit van Stellenbosch, 1940. / No abstract available.

A presente dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma descrição detalhada do primeiro dicinodonte reportado para o Permiano da América do Sul. O material (PV 0226) é composto por um crânio parcial e mandíbulas associadas, proveniente da Serra do Cadeado, estado do Paraná, Formação Rio do Rasto. O espécime foi descrito preliminarmente na década de 70 e atribuído ao gênero Endothiodon. Tal classificação implicava em uma correlação direta com algumas das consagradas biozonas do Grupo Beaufort da África do Sul, já que este táxon é encontrado nesse depósito. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho era verificar a identidade taxonômica do material brasileiro, e a partir da confirmação ou da proposição de outra identificação para o espécime, discutir brevemente as implicações bioestratigráficas e paleobiogeográficas da presença deste fóssil no Brasil. O exemplar em questão foi comparado com espécimes de Endothiodon da coleção do American Museum of Natural History, e uma extensa revisão bibliográfica foi realizada para obter informações sobre espécimes depositados em outras instituições. Por fim, o material brasileiro foi confirmado como pertencendo ao táxon Endothiodon, devido à presença de: forame pineal situado em uma bossa, protuberâncias em forma de bulbo localizadas na face antero-lateral dos dentários, bossa situada na margem ventral do jugal, grande número de dentes inseridos na superfície dorso-medial do dentário, sulco do dentário lateral à fileira de dentes na mandíbula, porção mais anterior da mandíbula em forma de um bico curvo e pontiagudo, entre outras características. Entretanto, não foi possível atribuir a este exemplar uma das quatro espécies do gênero, visto que a atual separação das espécies é dada basicamente por diferenças no comprimento do crânio. Esta feição pode refletir meramente o estágio ontogenético dos indivíduos e não diferenças em nível específico, exceto para E. mahalanobisi que aparenta ser uma forma de pequeno porte. Na realidade, outras características (região interorbital larga, presença de sínfise do dentário grácil ou robusta) apontadas como diagnósticas para o táxon são problemáticas e deveriam ser evitadas ou substituídas por outras mais informativas. Além disso, a forma de Endothiodon do Brasil apresenta uma estrutura denominada “dentary table”, recentemente identificada neste gênero. Em relação à bioestratigrafia, as correlações propostas para as faunas de tetrápodes da Formação Rio do Rasto ressaltam a semelhança dessas com associações faunísticas do Meso e Neopermiano da África do Sul e do Leste Europeu. Porém, até o momento, essas correlações são tentativas, pois poucos elementos dessas faunas são conhecidos para o Brasil e sobre estes, faltam informações relativas aos níveis estratigráficos em que foram coletados. Este último fator gera incertezas em relação à contemporaneidade dos fósseis encontrados em uma mesma localidade. Sobre a aparente escassez de vertebrados para esta formação, quando comparada a outros depósitos de mesma idade, esta parece advinda de um artifício de coleta, ou seja, o material conhecido até o momento não reflete a diversidade que essas localidades devem abrigar. O estudo detalhado de PV 0226 resultou em um artigo submetido para publicação em um periódico de cunho paleontológico. / The present master´s thesis presents a detailed description of the first dicynodont reported for the Permian of South America. The material (PV 0226) comprises a partial skull and associated lower jaws, collected in the Serra do Cadeado locality, Paraná state, Rio do Rasto Formation. The specimen was described preliminary during the 1970´s and assigned to the genus Endothiodon. This identification implied a direct correlation with some of the well-established biozones of the Beaufort Group, South Africa, since this taxon is found in this deposit. Thus, the main objective of this work was to verify the taxonomic identity of the Brazilian material and based on the confirmation or proposition of another classification for the specimen, to discuss briefly the biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeogrpahic implications of the presence of this fossil in Brazil. The specimen studied herein was compared with Endothiodon material housed in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, and an extensive review of the literature was carried out in order to collect information about specimens housed in other institutions. Finally, it was confirmed the material from Brazil belongs to Endothiodon, due to the presence of: pineal foramen situated on a boss, prominent bulbous swellings on the anterolateral sides of the dentary, boss situated on the ventral margin of the jugal, extensive number of teeth on the mid-dorsal surface of the dentary, dentary sulcus lateral to the lower teeth row, anterior portion of the lower jaw prolonged into upwardly curved and pointed beak, among other characteristics. However, it was not possible to assign the material to one of the four species of the genus, as the current distinction of them is based mainly on differences in the skull lenghth. This feature may reflect merely the ontogenetic stage of the specimens and not differences at species level (except from E. mahalanobisi, which seems to be a small form). In fact, other characters (wide interorbital region, slender or robust dentary symphysis) pointed as diagnostic for this taxon are problematic and should be avoided or substituted for others more informative. Besides, the Brazilian form of Endothiodon bears a dentary table, recently indentified in this genus. Regarding biostratigraphy, the correlations proposed for the tetrapod faunas of the Rio do Rasto Formation highlight the similarities between these associations and others from the Mid and Late Permian of South Africa and Eastern Europe. But, until now, these correlations are tentative because few elements of these faunas were recovered from Brazil and most of them lack data about the stratigraphic levels from where they were collected. The latter leads to uncertainty concerning the age of the fossils found in the same locality. About the apparent poverty of vertebrates for this formation when compared to other deposits of the same age, it seems to be a collecting artifact, i.e. the amount of material recovered from this formation until the present does not reflect the potential diversity of it. The detailed study of PV 0226 resulted in an article submitted to a palaeontological journal.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv & Cons Biol) / Fire as a form of disturbance is unique in the way it impacts upon the environment, acting like a herbivore with a ubiquitous appetite. Consuming both dead and living material, converting complex organic molecules into organic and mineral products, which return to the soil. The role of disturbance has long been considered a driver of diversity within Mediterranean type ecosystems. Recently the interest in soil microbes has been piqued, as the importance thereof has been emphasised, particularly their role in nutrient cycling and the chelation of essential plant nutrients. The occurrence of fire results in several environmental and ecological impacts on soil, as well as the dynamics of the microbial populations present. This study explores the impact of fire as a disturbance on the plant and bulk soil microbial communities of the Succulent Karoo. This was achieved through two sub-studies, in which three different states were studied: unburnt, 7-year and 2-year post-fire. Today microbial profiles are also used as indicators of disturbance, thus many techniques exploring microbial community composition are available.

A presente dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma descrição detalhada do primeiro dicinodonte reportado para o Permiano da América do Sul. O material (PV 0226) é composto por um crânio parcial e mandíbulas associadas, proveniente da Serra do Cadeado, estado do Paraná, Formação Rio do Rasto. O espécime foi descrito preliminarmente na década de 70 e atribuído ao gênero Endothiodon. Tal classificação implicava em uma correlação direta com algumas das consagradas biozonas do Grupo Beaufort da África do Sul, já que este táxon é encontrado nesse depósito. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho era verificar a identidade taxonômica do material brasileiro, e a partir da confirmação ou da proposição de outra identificação para o espécime, discutir brevemente as implicações bioestratigráficas e paleobiogeográficas da presença deste fóssil no Brasil. O exemplar em questão foi comparado com espécimes de Endothiodon da coleção do American Museum of Natural History, e uma extensa revisão bibliográfica foi realizada para obter informações sobre espécimes depositados em outras instituições. Por fim, o material brasileiro foi confirmado como pertencendo ao táxon Endothiodon, devido à presença de: forame pineal situado em uma bossa, protuberâncias em forma de bulbo localizadas na face antero-lateral dos dentários, bossa situada na margem ventral do jugal, grande número de dentes inseridos na superfície dorso-medial do dentário, sulco do dentário lateral à fileira de dentes na mandíbula, porção mais anterior da mandíbula em forma de um bico curvo e pontiagudo, entre outras características. Entretanto, não foi possível atribuir a este exemplar uma das quatro espécies do gênero, visto que a atual separação das espécies é dada basicamente por diferenças no comprimento do crânio. Esta feição pode refletir meramente o estágio ontogenético dos indivíduos e não diferenças em nível específico, exceto para E. mahalanobisi que aparenta ser uma forma de pequeno porte. Na realidade, outras características (região interorbital larga, presença de sínfise do dentário grácil ou robusta) apontadas como diagnósticas para o táxon são problemáticas e deveriam ser evitadas ou substituídas por outras mais informativas. Além disso, a forma de Endothiodon do Brasil apresenta uma estrutura denominada “dentary table”, recentemente identificada neste gênero. Em relação à bioestratigrafia, as correlações propostas para as faunas de tetrápodes da Formação Rio do Rasto ressaltam a semelhança dessas com associações faunísticas do Meso e Neopermiano da África do Sul e do Leste Europeu. Porém, até o momento, essas correlações são tentativas, pois poucos elementos dessas faunas são conhecidos para o Brasil e sobre estes, faltam informações relativas aos níveis estratigráficos em que foram coletados. Este último fator gera incertezas em relação à contemporaneidade dos fósseis encontrados em uma mesma localidade. Sobre a aparente escassez de vertebrados para esta formação, quando comparada a outros depósitos de mesma idade, esta parece advinda de um artifício de coleta, ou seja, o material conhecido até o momento não reflete a diversidade que essas localidades devem abrigar. O estudo detalhado de PV 0226 resultou em um artigo submetido para publicação em um periódico de cunho paleontológico. / The present master´s thesis presents a detailed description of the first dicynodont reported for the Permian of South America. The material (PV 0226) comprises a partial skull and associated lower jaws, collected in the Serra do Cadeado locality, Paraná state, Rio do Rasto Formation. The specimen was described preliminary during the 1970´s and assigned to the genus Endothiodon. This identification implied a direct correlation with some of the well-established biozones of the Beaufort Group, South Africa, since this taxon is found in this deposit. Thus, the main objective of this work was to verify the taxonomic identity of the Brazilian material and based on the confirmation or proposition of another classification for the specimen, to discuss briefly the biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeogrpahic implications of the presence of this fossil in Brazil. The specimen studied herein was compared with Endothiodon material housed in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, and an extensive review of the literature was carried out in order to collect information about specimens housed in other institutions. Finally, it was confirmed the material from Brazil belongs to Endothiodon, due to the presence of: pineal foramen situated on a boss, prominent bulbous swellings on the anterolateral sides of the dentary, boss situated on the ventral margin of the jugal, extensive number of teeth on the mid-dorsal surface of the dentary, dentary sulcus lateral to the lower teeth row, anterior portion of the lower jaw prolonged into upwardly curved and pointed beak, among other characteristics. However, it was not possible to assign the material to one of the four species of the genus, as the current distinction of them is based mainly on differences in the skull lenghth. This feature may reflect merely the ontogenetic stage of the specimens and not differences at species level (except from E. mahalanobisi, which seems to be a small form). In fact, other characters (wide interorbital region, slender or robust dentary symphysis) pointed as diagnostic for this taxon are problematic and should be avoided or substituted for others more informative. Besides, the Brazilian form of Endothiodon bears a dentary table, recently indentified in this genus. Regarding biostratigraphy, the correlations proposed for the tetrapod faunas of the Rio do Rasto Formation highlight the similarities between these associations and others from the Mid and Late Permian of South Africa and Eastern Europe. But, until now, these correlations are tentative because few elements of these faunas were recovered from Brazil and most of them lack data about the stratigraphic levels from where they were collected. The latter leads to uncertainty concerning the age of the fossils found in the same locality. About the apparent poverty of vertebrates for this formation when compared to other deposits of the same age, it seems to be a collecting artifact, i.e. the amount of material recovered from this formation until the present does not reflect the potential diversity of it. The detailed study of PV 0226 resulted in an article submitted to a palaeontological journal.