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Exploring the origin and limitations of kidney regeneration / 腎再生を担う細胞群の探索とその再生能力の限界Endo, Tomomi 23 March 2020 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13330号 / 論医博第2198号 / 新制||医||1044(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 山下 潤 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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In vitro nephrogenesis from human pluripotent stem cellsHariharan, Krithika 25 May 2018 (has links)
Die Homöostase wird maßgeblich durch die Niere, bestehend aus Millionen funktioneller Untereinheiten, den Nephronen, aufrechtherhalten. Chronisch geschädigte Nephrone führen zur Entwicklung einer terminalen Nierenerkrankung (TNE). Die Erzeugung renaler Zellen aus humanen pluripotenten Stammzellen (hPSCs) stellt eine vielversprechende Strategie zur regenerativen Therapie und Behandlung von TNE dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Protokoll zur Differenzierung von renalen Vorläufern (RV) aus hPSCs entwickelt, welches nephronale Zelltypen und Strukturen in vitro und ex vivo erzeugte. Eine selektierte Kombination von Faktoren wurde in diesem 8-Tage-Protokoll genutzt, um die schrittweise Differenzierung der hPSCs zu lenken, indem die embryonale Organogenese der Niere abgebildet wurde. Am Tag 6 der Differenzierung konnten SIX2+/CITED1+ Zellen des metanephrischen Mesenchyms und HOXB7+/GRHL2+ Zellen, welche auf Vorläufer der Ureterknospe hindeuten, nachgewiesen werden. Diese entwickelten sich am Tag 8 weiter zu LGR5+/JAG1+/WT1+ renalen Vesikelzellen. Weiterführende Kultivierung in drei verschiedenen induktiven Medien führte zu WT1+/PODXL+/SYNPO+ Podozytenvorläufern, PDGFRß+/DESMIN+/αSMA+ Mesangialzellen und epithelialen Zellen des proximalen und distalen Tubulus sowie des Sammelrohrs. Außerdem bildeten die Tag-8-Vorläuferzellen spontan 3D renale Organoide aus. Die RV induzierten tubuläre Strukturen an einer Luft-Flüssigkeits-Grenzfläche und integrierten sich in embryonale Nierenaggregate. Zusammenfassend konnte demnach ein Protokoll entwickelt werden, welches entstehenden Nephronen ähnliche RV generierte, die innerhalb von 14 Tagen in spezialisierte nephronale Zelltypen differenzierten. Diese einfache Methode, um renale Zellen aus einem gemeinsamen Vorläuferpool in einer 2D -Kultur zu erzeugen, schafft die Grundlage für eine Produktion im größeren Maßstab, sowie für Modellsysteme in toxikologischen Untersuchungen oder Zelltherapien. / Kidneys are the central organ for homeostasis for our body systems and composed of around a million functional units, the nephrons. Chronically damaged nephrons deteriorate progressively towards end stage renal disease (ESRD), owing to the limited regenerative capacity of adult mammalian kidneys. The generation of renal cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is a promising strategy to develop regenerative therapies for ESRD. In this study, we established a protocol to differentiate hPSCs to renal progenitors (RP), capable of producing nephronal cell types and structures in vitro and ex vivo. An effective combination of factors obtained after intensive screening, was used to create an 8-day-protocol that steered hPSCs to the renal lineage by a step-wise process outlining the embryonic milestones in kidney organogenesis. Six days after growth factor treatment, a mixture of SIX2+/CITED1+ cells representing metanephric mesenchyme and an HOXB7+/GRHL2+ population indicative of ureteric bud progenitors was obtained that developed into LGR5+/JAG1+/WT1+ renal vesicle cells by the day 8. Prolonged cultivation of these day 8 cells in three inductive media resulted in generation of WT1+/PODXL+/SYNPO+ podocyte-precursors, PDGFRß+/DESMIN+/αSMA+-mesangial cells and fractions of proximal, distal and collecting duct tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Moreover, day 8 cells differentiate spontaneously into renal organoids in culture. The hPSC-derived RP gave rise to tubular structures upon culture as a pellet in air-liquid interface and integrated into embryonic kidney re-aggregations. Thus, we demonstrate that our protocol generates RP reminiscent of nascent nephrons, which can be coaxed into specialized nephronal cell types in vitro after 14 days from hPSCs. This simple and rapid method to produce renal cells from a common precursor pool in 2D culture provides the basis for scaled-up production of tailored renal cell types, applicable for drug testing or cell therapies.
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Exogenous modulation of embryonic tissue and stem cells to form nephronal structuresSebinger, David Daniel Raphael 04 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Renal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine represent a significant clinical objective because of the very limited prospect of cure after classical kidney treatment. Thus, approaches to isolate, manipulate and reintegrate structures or stimulating the selfregenerative potential of renal tissue are of special interest. Such new strategies go back to knowledge and further outcome of developmental biological research. An understanding of extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and composition forms thereby a particularly significant aspect in comprehending the complex dynamics of tissue regeneration. Consequently the reconstruction of these structures offers beneficial options for advanced cell and tissue culture technology and tissue engineering. In an effort to investigate the influence of natural extracellular structures and components on embryonic stem cell and renal embryonic tissue, methodologies which allow the easy application of exogenous signals on tissue in vitro on the one hand and the straight forward evaluation of decellularization methods on the other hand, were developed. Both systems can be used to investigate and modulate behaviour of biological systems and represent novel interesting tools for tissue engineering. The novel technique for culturing tissue in vitro allows the growing of embryonic renal explants in very low volumes of medium and optimized observability, which makes it predestined for testing additives. In particular, this novel culture set up provides an ideal opportunity to investigate renal development and structure formation. Further studies indicated that the set is universally applicable on all kinds of (embryonic) tissue. Following hereon, more than 20 different ECM components were tested for their impact on kidney development under 116 different culture conditions, including different concentrations and being either bound to the substrate or dissolved in the culture medium. This allowed to study the role of ECM constituents on renal structure formation. In ongoing projects, kidney rudiments are exposed to aligned matrix fibrils and hydrogels with first promising results. The insights gained thereof gave rise to a basis for the rational application of exogenous signals in regenerative kidney therapies. Additionally new strategies for decellularization of whole murine adult kidneys were explored by applying different chemical agents. The obtained whole matrices were analysed for their degree of decellularization and their residual content and composition. In a new straight forward approach, a dependency of ECM decellularization efficiency to the different agents used for decellularization could be shown. Moreover the capability of the ECM isolated from whole adult kidneys to direct stem cell differentiation towards renal cell linage phenotypes was proved. The data obtained within this thesis give an innovative impetus to the design of biomaterial scaffolds with defined and distinct properties, offering exciting options for tissue engineering and regenerative kidney therapies by exogenous cues.
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Exogenous modulation of embryonic tissue and stem cells to form nephronal structuresSebinger, David Daniel Raphael 26 April 2013 (has links)
Renal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine represent a significant clinical objective because of the very limited prospect of cure after classical kidney treatment. Thus, approaches to isolate, manipulate and reintegrate structures or stimulating the selfregenerative potential of renal tissue are of special interest. Such new strategies go back to knowledge and further outcome of developmental biological research. An understanding of extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and composition forms thereby a particularly significant aspect in comprehending the complex dynamics of tissue regeneration. Consequently the reconstruction of these structures offers beneficial options for advanced cell and tissue culture technology and tissue engineering. In an effort to investigate the influence of natural extracellular structures and components on embryonic stem cell and renal embryonic tissue, methodologies which allow the easy application of exogenous signals on tissue in vitro on the one hand and the straight forward evaluation of decellularization methods on the other hand, were developed. Both systems can be used to investigate and modulate behaviour of biological systems and represent novel interesting tools for tissue engineering. The novel technique for culturing tissue in vitro allows the growing of embryonic renal explants in very low volumes of medium and optimized observability, which makes it predestined for testing additives. In particular, this novel culture set up provides an ideal opportunity to investigate renal development and structure formation. Further studies indicated that the set is universally applicable on all kinds of (embryonic) tissue. Following hereon, more than 20 different ECM components were tested for their impact on kidney development under 116 different culture conditions, including different concentrations and being either bound to the substrate or dissolved in the culture medium. This allowed to study the role of ECM constituents on renal structure formation. In ongoing projects, kidney rudiments are exposed to aligned matrix fibrils and hydrogels with first promising results. The insights gained thereof gave rise to a basis for the rational application of exogenous signals in regenerative kidney therapies. Additionally new strategies for decellularization of whole murine adult kidneys were explored by applying different chemical agents. The obtained whole matrices were analysed for their degree of decellularization and their residual content and composition. In a new straight forward approach, a dependency of ECM decellularization efficiency to the different agents used for decellularization could be shown. Moreover the capability of the ECM isolated from whole adult kidneys to direct stem cell differentiation towards renal cell linage phenotypes was proved. The data obtained within this thesis give an innovative impetus to the design of biomaterial scaffolds with defined and distinct properties, offering exciting options for tissue engineering and regenerative kidney therapies by exogenous cues.:Table of Contents
LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................VII
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................IX
NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................X
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1
2 FUNDAMENTALS..................................................................................................2
2.1 KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION ...............................................................................2
2.1.1 Function of the kidney............................................................................................2
2.1.2 Development of the metanephric kidney ................................................................2
2.1.3 Selfregenerative potential of the kidney.................................................................5
2.2 THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AS BIOLOGICAL SCAFFOLD ...............................................................6
2.2.1 Molecular composition of the ECM........................................................................7
2.2.1.1 An overview of the main ECM components..................................................................................8
2.2.2 Cell/tissue-matrix interactions.............................................................................12
2.2.2.1 Biochemical signals....................................................................................................................13
2.2.2.2 Mechanical signals......................................................................................................................14
2.2.2.3 Structural signals........................................................................................................................15
2.3 TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES .....................................................................15
2.3.1 An overview of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.............................15
2.3.2 Biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine...........................18
2.3.2.1 Decellularization approach as tool to extract natural matrices....................................................19
2.3.3 Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in kidney treatment.....................19
2.4 ORGAN AND TISSUE CULTURE AS TOOL FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING...................................................22
2.4.1 Common organ culture systems............................................................................24
3 OBJECTIVES AND MOTIVATION...................................................................25
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................27
4.1 A NOVEL, LOW-VOLUME METHOD FOR ORGAN CULTURE OF EMBRYONIC KIDNEYS THAT ALLOWS
DEVELOPMENT OF CORTICO-MEDULLARY ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION..............................................27
4.1.1 Additional evidences (to Appendix A) for stress reduction of kidney rudiments
cultured in the novel system than those grown in conventional organ culture.....28
4.1.2 Additional evidences (to Appendix A) for corticomedullary zonation and improved
development of kidney rudiments cultured in the novel system for a period of 12
days......................................................................................................................30
4.1.3 Additional evidences (to Appendix A) for the application of the glass based low
volume culture system for other organs................................................................32
4.2 ECM MODULATED EARLY KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT IN ORGAN CULTURE ...........................................34
4.3 ESTABLISHING AND EVALUATING DECELLULARIZATION TECHNIQUES TO ISOLATE WHOLE KIDNEY ECMS
FROM ADULT MURINE KIDNEYS................................................................................................37
4.4 THE ABILITY OF WHOLE DECELLULARIZED ECM CONSTRUCTS TO INFLUENCE MURINE EMBRYONIC STEM
CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND RENAL TISSUE BEHAVIOUR IN A NEW STRAIGHT FORWARD APPROACH..........38
iv
5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK.............................................................................39
5.1 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................39
5.2 OUTLOOK...........................................................................................................................42
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................49
7 APPENDICES..........................................................................................................I
7.1 APPENDIX A: A NOVEL, LOW-VOLUME METHOD FOR ORGAN CULTURE OF EMBRYONIC KIDNEYS
THAT ALLOWS DEVELOPMENT OF CORTICO-MEDULLARY ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION......................I
7.2 APPENDIX B: ECM MODULATED EARLY KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT IN EMBRYONIC ORGAN CULTURE ....XIX
7.3 APPENDIX C: THE DEWAXED ECM: AN EASY METHOD TO ANALYZE CELL BEHAVIOUR ON
DECELLULARIZED EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES.......................................................................XLIV
7.4 PUBLICATIONS AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS......................................................................LXV
7.5 SELBSTSTÄNDIGKEITSERKLÄRUNG......................................................................................LXIX
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Studying normal and cancer stem cells in the kidney using 3D organoids and genetic mouse modelsMyszczyszyn, Adam 17 August 2021 (has links)
Organoide aus adulten Mäusen sind vielversprechende Modelle für die Nierenforschung. Ihre Charakterisierung wurde jedoch nicht auf ein zufriedenstellendes Niveau gebracht. Hier habe ich ein langfristiges 3D-Maus-Organoid (Tubuloid)-Modell etabliert und charakterisiert, das die Erneuerung und die Reparatur sowie die Architektur und die Funktionalität der adulten tubulären Epithelien rekapituliert. In der Zukunft wird das Modell detaillierte Untersuchungen der Trajektorien selbsterneuernder Zellen sowohl zur teilweisen Wiederherstellung der Niere als auch zur malignen Transformation der Niere ermöglichen.
Das klarzellige Nierenzellkarzinom (ccRCC) ist der häufigste und aggressivste Nierenkrebs. Die Inaktivierung des Tumorsuppressorgens Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ist der Haupttreiber des ccRCCs. Zuvor hatten wir die Hochregulation der Wnt- und Notch-Signalübertragung in den CXCR4+MET+CD44+-Krebsstammzellen (CSC) aus primären humanen ccRCC-Tumoren identifiziert. Das Blockieren von Wnt und Notch in von Patienten stammenden Xenotransplantaten, Organoiden und nicht-anhaftenden Sphären unter Verwendung von niedermolekularen Inhibitoren beeinträchtigte die Selbsterneuerung der CSC und das Tumorwachstum. Um CSC-gesteuertes humanes ccRCC in genetischen Mausmodellen nachzuahmen, begann ich mit der Erzeugung von zwei Doppelmausmutanten; β-Catenin-GOF; Notch-GOF und Vhl-LOF; β-Catenin-GOF. Sowohl die β-Catenin-GOF; Notch-GOF Mausmutante als auch die Vhl-LOF; β-Catenin-GOF Mausmutante entwickelten innerhalb einiger Monate schwere Krankheitssymptome. Überraschenderweise beobachtete ich weder Tumore oder Tumorvorläuferläsionen noch höhere Zellproliferationsraten in den mutierten Nieren. Weitere Analysen ergaben, dass die Mausmutanten Merkmale chronischer Nierenerkrankung (CKD) aufwiesen. / Adult mouse organoids are promising models for kidney research. However, their characterization has not been pushed forward to a satisfying level. Here, I have generated and characterized a long-term 3D mouse organoid (tubuloid) model, which recapitulates renewal and repair, and the architecture and functionality of the adult tubular epithelia. In the future, the model will allow detailed investigations of trajectories of self-renewing cells towards both the partial recreation and malignant transformation of the kidney.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive kidney cancer. Inactivation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is the major driver of ccRCC. Earlier, we identified the upregulation of Wnt and Notch signaling in CXCR4+MET+CD44+ cancer stem cells (CSCs) from primary human ccRCCs. Blocking Wnt and Notch in patient-derived xenografts, organoids and non-adherent spheres using small-molecule inhibitors impaired self-renewal of CSCs and tumor growth. To mimic CSC-governed human ccRCC in genetic mouse models, I started from the generation of two double mouse mutants; β-catenin-GOF; Notch-GOF and Vhl-LOF; β-catenin-GOF. Surprizingly, I observed neither tumors or tumor precursor lesions nor higher cell proliferation rates in the mutant kidneys. Further analyses revealed that the mutant mice displayed features of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, β-catenin-GOF; Notch-GOF and Vhl-LOF; β-catenin-GOF mouse mutants did not develop kidney tumors under the given experimental conditions.
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